1.

Attendance is the main same philosophy these companies put in all their Market research, which includes social and opinion
contractors mark up for specific marketing efforts in reducing the cost of production research, is the systematic gathering and
services it has to provide for and strengthening their distribution system. In order interpretation of information about individuals or
to reduce the cost of production and to bring it down organizations using statistical and analytical
individual suppliers or sub-
to the minimum level, these companies indulge in methods and techniques of the applied social
contractors. This might include items large scale production. sciences to gain insight or support decision making
such as material This helps them in effecting the economics of the
handling, scaffolding and rubbish large scale production. Consequently, the cost of
clearance. production per unit is reduced.
Attendance can be general or The utility of this philosophy is apparent only when
special. demand exceeds supply. Its greatest drawback is
General attendance is the description that it is not always necessary that the customer
of main every time purchases the cheap and easily available
goods or services.
contractor attendance available site Product Concept
wide to 4.While market segmentation can be done in many
all contractors/subcontractors such ways, depending on how you want to slice up the
as: pie, three of the most common types are: 5
Welfare facilities. Geographic
External scaffolding. Geographic segmentation involves segmenting the
Temporary power and lighting. market based on location. Home addresses are one
example, however depending on the scope of your
Platform and business this could be by neighborhood, city,
passenger hoists. province/state, region, or even country if your
Tower crane lifts by prior business is international.
arrangement. Geographic segmentation relies on the notion that
Site security. groups of consumers in a particular geographic area
Waste disposal. may have specific product or service needs; for
instance, a lawn care service may want to focus
Special attendance is specific to a their marketing efforts in a particular village or
particular contractor/subcontractor if subdivision that has a high percentage of seniors.
it requests it to be provided by Demographic
the main contractor such as: Demographic segmentation is based on measurable
Special hoisting. statistics, such as gender, age, income, marital
Builders work such as status, education, race, religion, etc. Demographic
information is crucial for many businesses. For
a concrete plinth.
example, a liquor vendor might want to target their
Special scaffolding. marketing efforts based on the results of Gallup
It is important to establish within polls, which indicate that beer is the beverage of
the contract documents whether choice for people below the age of 54 (particularly
items that the sub-contractorwill in the 18-34-year-old age range) while those aged
require will 55 and older prefer wine. Elemental cost estimating
Psychographic * To reveal the distribution of costs among the
constitute attendances that will be
Psychographic segmentation divides the target constituent element of the project.
provided by the main contractor, or * To relate the cost of any constituent element to its
market based on socio-economic class, personality,
whether they will provide them importance as a part of the whole project.
or lifestyle preferences. The socio-economic scale
themselves (such as their own ranges from the affluent and highly educated at the * To compare the cost of the same element in
specialist equipment). top to the uneducated and unskilled at the bottom. different projects.
Attendance should not be confused The UK-based National Readership Survey defines * To enable a determination of how costs could have
with general social class according to the following categories: been allocated to obtain a better project.
site preliminaries or builders work in These pricing preambles are a standard and * To obtain and use cost data for future projects.
comprehensive set and hence may exceed the Ratio Used for Elemental Estimation
connectionwith mechanical and
requirements of this particular project. The bidder is 1. Element quantity to base unit quantity
electrical services. These items are 2. Element cost to total project cost
supposed to refer to the relevant sections of
separately priced. Elements
these Preamble Notes.
---------------------------------------- Market research is any organized effort to gather Normal Foundations,.* Basement excavations and
Over-head and establishment cost of the contractor. information about target markets or customers. It is backfill. Not applicable.*Lowest-floor construction
Over- head cost includes general office expenses a very important component of business strategy. *Upper-floorconstruction *Roofc onstruction
which are in-direct expenses to the site. These [1]
The term is commonly interchanged *Exterior Cladding*Interior Partitions*Vertical
expenses may include (but not limited to) salaries of with marketing research; however, expert Movement*Interior Finishes*Fittings and
head office-staff, stationary, printing, postal and practitioners may wish to draw a distinction, in Equipment*Electrical*Mechanical
telecommunication charges, travelling expenses, that marketing research is concerned specifically Customer orientation is a business strategy in the
rents and taxes, repairs to vehicles, depreciation, about marketing processes, while market research is lean business model that requires management and
interest on investment, losses on advances, and concerned specifically with markets. employees to focus on the changing wants and
other obligations arising out of the contract Market research is one of the key factors used in needs of its customers. In other words, it's a
conditions etc. Generally this is in the range of 12% maintaining competitiveness over competitors. company-wide philosophy that the customer'swants
to 14% for a mid range contractor. viz: ICTAD Market research provides important information to and needs are the first priority of all management
categorization M4 or below. (Site over heads are identify and analyze the market need, market size and employees
covered under preliminaries) and competition. Market-research techniques Example for Priciing preambles
encompass both qualitative techniques such as focus This BOQ provides for the items of work intended
Production Concept groups, in-depth interviews, and ethnography, as to be carried out in connection with this Contract
Those companies who believe in this philosophy well as quantitative techniques such as customer and the Bidder is required to price each such
think that if the goods/services are cheap and they surveys, and analysis of secondary data. Individual item. If no price has been stated against
can be made available at many places, there cannot any item of work hereunder the Contractor will not
be any problem regarding sale.Keeping in mind the be entitled to claim any money for such items even
though he is obliged to execute the work or provide
services described therein. The items priced by the
Bidder are deemed to include the cost of unpriced
items. The work under this Contract consists of
providing labour, materials, together with all plant,
tools, scaffolding & the like for the satisfactory
Construction & completion of the works.When
estimating the cost for a project, product or other
item or investment, there is always uncertainty as to
the precise content of all items in the estimate, how
work will be performed, what work conditions will
be like when the project is executed and so on.
These uncertainties are risks to the project. Some
refer to these risks as "known-unknowns" because
the estimator is aware of them, and based on past
experience, can even estimate their probable costs.
The estimated costs of the known-
2.Those companies who believe in this philosophy
are of the opinion that if the quality of goods or
services is of good standard, the customers can be
easily attracted. The basis of this thinking is that the
customers get attracted towards the products of
good quality. On the basis of this philosophy or idea
these companies direct their marketing efforts to
increasing the quality of their product. It is a firm
belief of the followers of the product
concept that the customers get attracted
to the products of good quality. This is
not the absolute truth because it is not
the only basis of buying goods.
The customers do take care of the price of the
products, its availability, etc. A good quality product
and high price can upset the budget of a customer.
Therefore, it can be said that only the quality of the
product is not the only way to the success of
marketing.
3. Selling Concept
Those companies who believe in this concept think
that leaving alone the customers will not help.
Instead there is a need to attract the customers
towards them. They think that goods are not bought
but they have to be sold.
The basis of this thinking is that the customers can
be attracted. Keeping in view this concept these
companies concentrate their marketing efforts
towards educating and attracting the customers. In
such a case their main thinking is selling what you
have. This concept offers the idea that by repeated
efforts one can sell-anything to the customers. This
may be right for some time, but you cannot do it for
a long-time. If you succeed in enticing the customer
once, he cannot be won over every time. On the
contrary, he will work for damaging your
reputation. Therefore, it can be asserted that this
philosophy offers only a short-term advantage and is
not for long-term gains.
Marketing Concept
Those companies who believe in this concept are of
the opinion that success can be achieved only
through consumer satisfaction. The basis of this
thinking is that only those goods/service should be
made available which the consumers want or desire
and not the things which you can do.
In other words, they do not sell what they can make
but they make what they can sell. Keeping in mind
this idea, these companies direct their marketing
efforts to achieve consumer satisfaction.
In short, it can be said that it is a modern concept
and by adopting it profit can be earned on a long-
term basis. The drawback of this concept is that no
attention is paid to social welfare.
The marketing mix and the 4Ps of marketing are
often used as synonyms for each other. In fact, they
are not necessarily the same thing.
"Marketing mix" is a general phrase used to
describe the different kinds of choices organizations
have to make in the whole process of bringing a
product or service to market. The 4Ps is one way
probably the best-known way of defining the
marketing mix, and was first expressed in 1960 by E
J McCarthy.
The 4Ps are:
Product (or Service).,Place.Price.Promotion.
A good way to understand the 4Ps is by the
questions that you need to ask to define your
marketing mix. Here are some questions that will
help you understand and define each of the four
elements:
Product/Service
3.What does the customer want from
the product /service? What needs does it satisfy?
1,What features does it have to meet these needs?
2,Are there any features you've missed out?
3,Are you including costly features that the
customer won't actually use?
4.How and where will the customer use it?
5.What does it look like? How will customers
experience it?
6.What size(s), color(s), and so on, should it be?
7.What is it to be called?
8.How is it branded?
9.How is it differentiated versus your competitors?
10.What is the most it can cost to provide, and still
be sold sufficiently profitably? (See also Price,
below).
Place
1.Where do buyers look for your product or service?
2.If they look in a store, what kind? A specialist
boutique or in a supermarket, or both? Or online?
Or direct, via a catalogue?
3.How can you access the right distribution
channels?
4.Do you need to use a sales force? Or attend trade
fairs? Or make online submissions? Or send
samples to catalogue companies?
5.What do your competitors do, and how can
you learn from that and/or differentiate?
Price
1.What is the value of the product or service to the
buyer?
2.Are there established price points for products
or services in this area?
3.Is the customer price sensitive? Will a small
decrease in price gain you extra market share? Or
will a small increase be indiscernible, and so gain
you extra profit margin?
4.What discounts should be offered to trade
customers, or to other specific segments of your
market?
5.How will your price compare with your
competitors?
Promotion
1.Where and when can you get across your
marketing messages to your target market?
2.Will you reach your audience by advertising
online, in the press, or on TV, or radio, or on
billboards? By using direct marketing mailshot?
Through PR? On the Internet?
3.When is the best time to promote? Is there
seasonality in the market? Are there any wider
environmental issues that suggest or dictate the
timing of your market launch, or the timing of
subsequent promotions?
4.How do your competitors do their promotions?
And how does that influence your choice of
promotional activity?
Definition:
Target Marketing involves breaking a market into
segments and then concentrating your marketing
efforts on one or a few key segments. It can be the
key to attracting new business and making your
small businesss a success.
The beauty of target marketing is that it makes the
promotion, pricing, and distribution of your
products and/or services easier and more cost-
effective. It provides a focus to all of your
marketing activities.
So if, for instance, I open a catering business
offering catering services in the clients home,
instead of advertising with a newspaper insert that
goes out to everyone, I could target my market with
a direct mail campaign that went only to particular
residents.
6 Unknowns is referred to by cost estimators as cost
contingency
* foundations and whether temporary support
of excavation will be required. ... determine if
sub pricing for shoring needs to be included in
the estimate or if a .... formwork
there will be additionalconcrete required in
order to fill the shape of the ..
* When estimating concrete reinforcing costs,
ascertain that the reinforcing steel supplier has
included all accessories, cutting, bending, and
allowences for lapping, splicing, and waste. If no
lap specifications are given, a good rule of thumb
when estimating the amount of reinforcing steel
is to add 10% to your quantities for lapping,
splices, and waste. Also, 10% waste should be
allowed for welded wire fabric.
* The other option is to find out if your frame
company has a design staff. ... For instance, the
choices for the home's heating system should
include pricing for in-floor, ... Ultimately,
the cost of your timber frame will depend on its
size, complexity ...
Mixing concrete 1:2:4 (3/4)
Per cube
Materials
18 cwt cement (50 Kg bags)/0.50 cubes sand
0.88 cubes metal/1/3 day hire of mixer
water-(120 gals)
labour/1/3 day skilled labourer/2 days U/Sk labourer
Mixing concrete 1: 1 : 3 (3/4)
Per cube
Materials
23 cwt cement (50 Kg bags)/0.42 cubes sand
0.82 cubes metal/1/3 day hire of mixer
Water (150 gals)
Labour
1/3 day skilled labourer/2 days U/Sk labourer
9 thick brick wall cement sand 1:5 in ground
floor.
Per square/Materials
1090 bricks/Add 5% for wastage/3.00 cwt
cement (50 Kg bags)/0.20 cubes sand/ Water (115
gals)
Labour
2 1/4 days mason/3 3/4 days U/Sk labourer
Scaffolding Add 3%
4 thick Hollow block masonry in cement and sand
mortar 1:5 with cavities unfilled Per square
10 0 x 10 0 area (size of each block 16 x 8 x
4)
Materials
112 Hollow cement bricks/Allow 5% for wastage
0.40 cwt cement (50 Kg bags)/0.03 cubes sand
Labour/1 day mason/2 days U/Sk labourer
Scaffolding Add 5%
5/3 thick plastering to wall in lime cement and
sand 1:1:5 finished smooth with lime putty floating.
Materials/0.80 cwt cement (50 Kg bags)
0.60 cwt slaked lime/0.07 cubes sand /Water (10
gals)
Labour /1 days mason/1 days U/Sk labourer
Scaffolding Add 3
thick rendering in cement and sand 1:3 finished
smooth.Per square/Materials
1.07 cwt cement (50Kg bags)/0.05 cube sand
Water 10 gals
Labour/1 day mason/1 days U/Sk labourer
(curing)/ day U/Sk labourer (Curing)
Painting walls with emulsion paint (2 coats)
*Stabilize the victim(s) and request medical
attention when/if necessary
Sometimes, there are shortcomings in law *Understanding the process for addressing the
enforcement and access to justice. Due to various kinds of traffickers and victims (i.e. Coyotes
complexity of the society the acts have to form by and illegal immigrants)
the parliament otherwise no accessibility to the *Awareness that the victims suffer a violation of
justice. Especially crime done in electronically human rights and need protection
using computer or internet or other electronic *Promotion of the safety and wellbeing of victims is
media, still have to be approved the acts relevant to paramount
the crimes. Sometimes human right sector, the Have a plan of action
people have not aware on the sector or they think when it relates to the
that they have no right to enter to the justice. This incidents involving
not a shortcoming of the law but some incidents, human trafficking
cannot prove due to the unclear definition of the Use relationship
law. Also there are some facts have defined in building skills when it
various means and these situations still have to open relates to the victims
to discuss or arguments. of this kind of crime
Issues for law enforcement Above few points can be mentioned there may be
*Knowing which laws have been violated some shortcoming in law enforcements and enter to
*Respond to hate crime incidents the justice.