Written By: Shamsul Amin (Jahanzebian) Contact # 0342-1963944

S.NO QUESTIONS ANSWERS

1 The sum of mole frictions of solute and solvent is always is equal to 1 or 1.0
2 One mole is the amount of substance which contain as many element 0.012kg of C-12
particles as there are in
3 The solids in which the molecules or ions are arranged in a regular repetitive crystals
manner are called
4 The bond between carbon and oxygen atoms in aldehyde and ketone due sp2-sp
to overlap of
5 The ionization potential of hydrogen atom is 13.6 V
6 The part of electromagnetic spectrum in which lyman series lie is Ultra violet region
7 Lyman series lies in Ultra violet region
8 Balmer series lies in Visible region
9 Paschan series lies in Near IR region
10 Brackett series lies in Mid IR region
11 Pfund series lies in Far IR region
12 The melting point and boiling point of ionic solids are High
13 If radius of circle become half keeping other quantities constant, then 100%
percentage change in centripetal force is
14 The London dispersion forces are present in polar and Non polar molecule
15 The frequency of electromagnetic do not change in Vacume
16 If electron moves from 1 to 2 orbit , the radius of orbit will increase 4 times
17 The first law of thermodynamics has a statement which implies that Energy is conserved
18 The bond in NaH is Ionic bond
19 Liquids crutals are Isotropic
20 Because of regular and well ordered arrangement crystalline solids are Anisotropic
21 Crystalline solids are also called True solids
22 Amorphous solids are also called Super cooled liquids
23 In the periodic table, period represent The number of shells in
an element
24 In the periodic table, group represents Number of outermost
shell electrons
25 The wavelength of radio waves > microwaves > IR > VL > UV > X-rays > Gamma rays

26 The weight of the molecules exerts a force on the wall of the container is Ideal gas
cause of exerting pressure by
27 The precipitation of AgCl will occur if ionic product is More than Ksp
28 Number of hydrogen atom presents in one mole of water 1.204 x1024 atoms
29 Charge on one electron 1.6022 x 10-19 C
30 Number of electrons in one coulomb of charge is 6.25 x 1018
31 If Kc for certain reaction is large it indicates that Product concentration
will be high
32 AlCl3 is Lewis acid
33 Forces controlling the reaction are proportional to the product of active The law of mass action
masses
34 Hydrogen bond in possible in NH3
35 Most stable covalent hydride HF
36 At constant temperature when volume of given mass of gas is doubled its Half
density becomes
37 In all reversible process the entropy of the system Increases
38 0.1000 Mole of NaCl is dissolved in 1.000dm3 distilled water at 298K, the 0.1000 M
concentration of resulting solution is

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39 Mosely derives a direct relationship between the frequency of x-rays Atomic number
emitted by an element bombarded with high energy electrons, on what
characteristic of the element does it depend
40 The intensity of x-rays depend upon nature of material of target
41 The charge of electron was determined by R Milliken
42 The e/m ratio of an electron was determined by J.J Thomson(1897)
43 Metals are good conducters because It has free electrons
44 The energy of electron in shell is given by 1312
En =
2
45 The number of electron in one coulomb of charge are 6.25 x 1018
46 The solubility of solute depends upon Pressure, Temperature, nature of And solvent
solute
47 Heat capacity of substance at constant volume is directly related to the Internal energy
48 The number of orbitals in M shell of an orbit is 9
49 H2 most closely represent Ideal gas
50 At constant temperature, the pressure of the gas is doubled its volume One half
becomes
51 Angular acceleration in the body is produced by Torque
52 The span of broad depends upon jumpers Angle of projection
53 Evaporation occurs at All temperature
54 The rate of reaction is defined as Dc/dt
55 According to bronsted and lowery concept SO4-2 cannot function as acid
56 When electron jump from one shell to another it emits energy, it was said by Bohr
57 equal volume of all gases at same temperature and pressure contain same Avogadros law
number of particles
58 NCl3 contain Six bonded electrons
59 An orbital may never be occupied by 3 electrons
60 Glass in an example of amorphous solid which can be characterized as Very viscous fluid
61 Four balloons filled with different gases, hydrogen filled balloon flew High
62 During redox reaction an oxidizing agent Gain electrons
63 The penetrating power of x-rays depends on Operating voltage
64 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p electronic configuration
65 The paramagnetic nature of substance depends on number of Unpaired electrons
66 The value of Kc is different at Different temperature
67 Standard solution are prepared in Volumetric flask
68 Nitrogen has three unpaired electrons according to Hunds rule
69 Standard hydrogen electrode may act as both cathode and anode
70 Stoichiometric calculation based on chemical equation provides us Theoretical yield
estimation about
71 The phenomenon of gas cooling by sudden expansion is called Joule Thomson Effect
72 Both hydrogen and helium is same number of Shells
73 CO2 is iso-structural with C2 H2
74 CaCO3 ,CaC ,KCN are Inorganic
75 (NH2)CO is Organic
76 Molecules of oxygen is diatomic and behaves as paramagnetic
77 HClO4 is strongest Acid from HClO1 , HClO2 , HClO3
78 TiCl4 is use as catalyst for the manufacture of ammonia
79 The shapes or appearance in which crytal grows is called Crystal habit
80 SO2 is responsible for the formation of Acid rain
81 A catalyst is more effectivne when it is in the finally divided state because It increase in surface
area
82 Electronic configuration of an element is ns2 np2 it belongs to group 4th of periodic table
83 CaCl2 anhydrous is use as Drying agent

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84 Water boils at high temperature than HF because Hydrogen bonding per

molecule in H2O is greater
than HF
85 An atom has net charge of -1 it has 18 electrons and 20 neutrons.it mass 37
number is
86 The ionization energy of hydrogen atom is 13.6ev. the ionization potential 8.5 x 10-10 volt
require will be
87 Elements having same chemical properties belongs to same Group (3,11)
88 The oxidation number of Cl in Ca(ClO3 )2 is +5
89 Trade name of titraflora ethylene polymer is Teflone
90 Sum of number of neutrons and protons are called Mass number
91 Water at 40 C is Heaviest
92 The most electronegative element is found in period 2
93 The bond present in solid mercury is Metallic bond
94 Substance dissolved in water react better because water Dissolves them in ions
95 4.0 dm3 of O2 at a pressure 800 atm and 1dm3 of N2 at pressure of 100 atm 900 atm
are put in 2 dm container, the total pressure is
96 The amount of heat required the temperature of 1 calorie of substance Heat capacity
through 1 K is called
97 The group of animals which can run fast is Digitgrade
98 NaCl does not conduct Electric current
99 The bonds present in NH4 Cl are Ionic, Covalent and co-
ordinate covalent bond
100 In PV=nRT here n is number of moles
101 London dispersion forces are present in Solid, liquid and gases
102 Stability of ionic compound is due to Lattice energy
103 The excited state of an atom which can persist for unusual longer time is Metastable state
104 A zero order reaction is one whose rate is independent of Reactant concentration
105 If the distance between two charged particle is halved. The coloumbs force Four times
between them becomes
106 The neutralization of strong acid by a strong base liberates an amount of Always the same
energy per mole of H+ ion that is
107 Spreading of smell in room is due to diffusion
108 A well stoppered thermos flask containing some ice cubes is an example of Isolated system
109 NH3 and HCl are present at both side of pipe and diffuse to react and form HCl end
NH3 Cl ,the NH3 Cl will form near the
110 Transition from n2 =2,3,4,5 etc to n1 =1 in hydrogen spectrum gives Lyman series
111 Transition from n2 =3,4,5.6 etc to n1 =2 in hydrogen spectrum gives Balmer series
112 Transition from n2 =4,5,6,7 etc to n1 =3 in hydrogen spectrum gives Paschan series
113 Transition from n2 =5,6,7,8 etc to n1 =4 in hydrogen spectrum gives Brackett series
114 Transition from n2 =6,7,8,9 etc to n1 =5 in hydrogen spectrum gives Pfund series
115 The reverse process of photoelectric effect is X-rays
116 Vapor pressure of mercury is less than Restified spirit, kerosene oil and Water
117 A concentrated solution has got High solute potential
118 Molecular formula of an acid C H2 O is C2 H4 O2
119 The best known fuel cell is the hydrogen/ oxygen fuel cell. This is known as Bacon cell
120 CO2 is non-polar but contained Polar bonds
121 The emf from galvanic cell can be calculated from The E0 value of the half
cell
122 A liquid is in equilibrium with its vapors at its boiling point. On the average Total energy
the molecules in the two phase have equal

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123 Reason for alkali metals to be soft is that, they have Not closed packed
structure
124 If the pressure and temperature of 2 litres of CO2 are doubled, the volume 2 litres
will become
125 Atoms present in one mole of Ca(OH)2 are 5 x 6.023 x 1023 atoms
126 Aluminum is resistant to Corrosion
127 CH4 &SiH4 have same Structure
128 A mixture of 50g H2 and 50 He has a total pressure of 1.5atm. partial 1.0 atm
pressure of H2 gas is
129 Calculate the volume occupied by 2.8g of nitrogen gas at STP is 22.4dm3
130 A piece of wood and iron seen to lose the same weight when completely Volume
submerged in liquid. The two pieces must have the same
131 A solution of 2,0g NaOH dissolved in 1000 g of water has concentration 0.05M
132 Bohrs theory explains He+, Li++, Be+++
133 The oxidation number of hydrogen in metal hydrides -1
134 In discharge tube Neon gas will produce Pink colour
135 The value of principle quantum number l=1,the value of magnetic quantum -1,0,+1
number(m) are
136 The study of heat changes accompanying a chemical reaction is known as Thermo-chemistry
137 On complete oxidation , one mole of an organic compound gave four moles Propane
of water which is
137 Water is not used as thermometric liquid because it does not Expand linearly
138 Number of moles of NaCl in 75,0g of table salt 1.28
139 Oxygen atom has two unpaired electrons it is there fore Paramagnetic
140 The sample of compound contain 0.100g of hydrogen and 4.20g of nitrogen NH3
, the compound is

141 Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C H4 is Sp3

142 Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C2 H4 is Sp2
143 Hybrid orbitals used by carbon atoms in C2 H2 is Sp
144 Esters are represented by general formula RCOOR
145 Ag2 S is a Not common occurring
sulphur compound
146 Theoretical yield is always less than actual yield because of Reversibility, Side
reaction, Mechanical
loss, Human error
147 The name electron was given to cathode rays by G.J Stoney(1874)
148 The charge to mass ratio of an electron was determined by J.J Thomson(1897)
149 e/m ratio of electron 1.7588 x 1011 C/Kg
150 Charge of electron -1.6022 x 10-19 C
151 Charge of proton +1.6022 x 10-19 C
152 Proton was discovered by E. Goldstein(1886)
153 Mass of electron 9.11 x 10-31 kg
154 Mass of proton 1.6726 x 10-27 kg
155 Mass of neutron 1,6749 x 10-27 kg
156 To Bunsen flame Ba (barium) imparts Green colour
157 To Bunsen flame Na (sodium) imparts Yellow colour
158 To Bunsen flame Sr (strontium) imparts Red colour
159 To Bunsen flame K (potassium) imparts Violet colour
160 BeCl2 Linear structure
161 BF3 Triangular planer
structure

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162 SnCl2 Angular structure

163 CH4 Tetrahedral structure
164 NH3 Triogonal structure
165 HO3 Angular structure
166 All single covalent bonds are Sigma bonds
168 s-s overlap H2
168 s-p overlap HCl
169 p-p overlap Cl2
170 Pi() bond is weaker than Sigma bond()
171 Bond order of H2 is 1
172 Bond order of He2 is 0
173 Bond order of O2 is 2
174 Bond order of N2 is 3
175 Molecule is stable if nb > na
176 Greater the bond order, greater the Bond dissociation energy
177 The energy required to break a bond and form neutral atoms Bond energy
178 Bond energy is measure of strength of a bond which depends upon Electronegativity, size of
atom and bond length
179 The bond energy for H (Hydrogen) atom is 36.21 x 10-23 KJ per mole
180 The bond energy for Cl (Chlorine) atom is 19.73 x 10-23 KJ per mole
181 The bond energy for HCl (Hydrochloric Acid) is 72.39 x 10-23 KJ per mole
182 Bond energy for HCl is more than calculated value it shows that HCl is Polar
183 Greater the charge difference between bonded atoms, Greater will be the Additional bond energy
184 Bond length are measured in A0, nm and Pm
185 C-C length is 154 Pm
186 Cl-Cl bond length is 198 Pm
187 The calculated value of bond length is higher than experimental for Heteronuclear molecule
188 A molecule composed of two identical atoms, is always Non polar
189 If difference between two atom is less than 0.9, Bond will be Non polar
190 If difference between two atom is between 0.9 and 1.7 , Bond will be Polar with some ionic
character
191 If difference between two atom is greater than 1.7, Bond will be Ionic character
192 The dipole moment of water is 1.84D
193 The angle between BF3 is 1200
194 The angle between SnCl2 is Less than 1200
195 The angle between CH4 is 109.50
196 The angle between NH3 is 107.50
197 The angle between H2 O is 104.50
198 Kinetic molecular theory of gases are proposed by Bernoulli
199 Apparatus used for measuring gas pressure is called Manometer
200 Manometer used for measuring atmospheric pressure is called Barometer
201 A common type of Barometer is Torricellian barometer
202 1atm=760mm Hg=760 torr=101325Pa=1Nm-2 14.7psi
203 Graphical representation of Boyles law Hyperbola
204 New volume at 500 C = Original volume at 00 C+(1/273 x Original volume 50
at 00C ) x
205 Ideal gas equation PV=nRT
206 Non ideal gas equation or Van der waals equation (P+a/v2) (V-b)=RT or
(P+a n2/v2) (V-nb)=nRT
207 Pt=P1+P2 +P3 +P4 ...+Pn Daltons law of partial
pressure

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208
209 Velocity of NH3/velocity of HCl= 1.5
210 Rate of diffusion of NH3/ Rate of diffusion of HCl= 1.5
211 The temperature above which a gas can not be liquefied by pressure alone is Critical temperature (Tc)
called
212 Pressure at critical temperature is Critical Pressure (Pc)
213 The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at T c and Pc is Critical Volume (Vc)
214 H2 O2H+O H=920 k J mol
215 H2O(l)H2O(g) H=40.7 k J mol
216 Intramolecular forces are stronger then Intermolecular forces
217 Covalent bond, Co-ordinate covalent bond Intramolecular forces
218 Hydrogen bond > Dipole-Dipole interaction > London dispersion forces Intermolecular forces or
Van der Waals forces
219 Thermodynamic properties (Boiling point, Boiling point, heat of Dipole-dipole forces
vaporization and heat of sublimation) depends upon
220 Hydrogen bond is present between hydrogen and F, O And N
221 HF is weaker acid than HCl, HBr and HI
222 Ethyl alcohol(C2 H5 OH) is miscible in water in All proportion
223 London dispersion forces (short-range forces) are also called Dipole-induced dipole
interaction
224 London forces are present in Polar and Non polar
225 The strength of London forces depends upon Size of electronic clouds
226 The boiling point increase down the group from Helium to radon
227 Boiling point of neon -245.90 C
228 Boiling point of xenon -107.10 C
229 Boiling point of neon is less than xenon because neon has Smaller size than xenon
230 Boiling point of fluorine -188.10 C
231 Boiling point of iodine 184.40 C
232 Boiling point of fluorine is less than iodine because fluorine has Smaller size than iodine
233 Butane(C4 H10) has linear structure and long chain compound its boiling 272.5 K
point is
234 2-Methyl propane(C4 H10) has branched structure and short chain compound 261.3 K
its boiling point is
235 Ethane (C2 H6 ) is non-polar and its boiling point is 184.5 K (London forces)
236 Fluoro-methane (CH3 F ) is polar and its boiling point is 194.7 K (dipole-dipole
interaction)
237 Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is non-polar and its boiling point is 61.20 C (London forces)
238 Trichloro-methane (CHCl3) is polar and its boiling point is 76.80 C (dipole-dipole
interaction)
239 Rate of evaporation of water is slower than Ether
240 Vapour pressure of ether 250 C
241 V.P = P+h
242 The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to Boiling point
atmospheric pressure is called
243 The pressure exerted by the vapours in equilibrium with a liquid at a given Vapour pressure
temperature is called
244 Glycerine boils at 2900 C
245 Glycerine decrease to 2100 C at 50 mm of Hg
246 At higher altitude, atmospheric pressure is Less than 1 atm
247 Water boils at lower temperature at Higher altitude
248 The amount of heat absorbed when one mole of solid converted into liquid Molar heat of
at its melting point is called fusion(Hf)

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249 Molar heat of fusion(Hf) for ice is 6 kJ mol-1

250 The amount of heat absorbed when one mole of liquid converted into Molar heat of
vapours at its boiling point is called vaporization (Hvap)
251 Molar heat of vaporization (Hvap) for water is 40.7 kJ mol-1
252 The amount of heat absorbed when one mole of solid is directly converted Molar heat of
into vapours at constant temperature and 1 atm pressure is called sublimation (Hsub)
253 Molar heat of sublimation (Hsub) for solid iodine (I2) is 62.3 40.7 kJ mol-1
254 Enthalpy change is a Physical change
255 At boiling point the temperature becomes Constant
256 Polar substances has higher values of Hf , Hvap, And Hsub
257 To measure surface tension we use Stalagmometer
258 The layers at the center of tube of liquids have high Velocity
259 The resistance of fluid to its flow is called Viscosity

260 Molten sulphur at 2400 C with ring shape S molecules are less viscous than 1900C
long chain entangled Sn molecules at
261 The viscosity of water(H2O) is more than ethyl-alcohol due to Hydrogen bonding of
water (H2O)
262 The ratio of viscosity of liquid to the viscosity of water taken as standard is Relative viscosity
called
263 Viscosity ()=dt here d is Density
264 The viscosity of water is taken as 1 Centipoise at 250C
265 To measure the relative viscosity of liquid , we use Ostwalds Viscometer
266 The force required to maintain a difference of velocity of 1 ms -1 between Co-efficient of Viscosity
two parallel layers of liquid one meter apart ()
267 The unit of Co-efficient of Viscosity () is Kgm-1s-1
268 1 poise = 10-1 Kgm-1s-1
269 Stearin from52.10C to 62.60C behaves like a Liquid crystal
270 Cholesteryl benzoate from 1450C to 1790C behaves like a Liquid crystal
271 Crystalline solids are also called True solids
272 Amorphous solids are also called Super cooled liquids
273 Crystalline solids have definite Geometrical shape and their particles are Arranged properly
274 Amorphous solids have no definite shape and its particles are packed Proper arrangement
together without
275 NaCl, CaCO3 , CaO, CuSO4 .5H2 O , Graphite and Diamond etc are Crystalline solids
276 Glasses, Plastics, Rubber,Coal, Tar and Gemstone are Amorphous solids
277 Plane of symmetry can be More than 1
278 Axis of symmetry can be More than 1
279 Centre of symmetry can be Only 1
280 Grinding to a very fine powder, crystalline solids still retain their specific Geometrical shape
281 The temperature of crystalline solids remain constant until all particles Become mobile
282 The magnitude of interfacial angles after cleavage has taken place is always Different for different
solids
283 NaCl has a Cubic Habit
284 NaCl will grow in one dimension (needle like) if % of urea present is 10%
285 Crystalline solids have anisotropic behavior because of Regular particles
arrangment
286 Physical properties of isomorphs are Different from each
other
287 Structure of NaCl and Mgo is Cubic
288 Structure of ZnO and CdS is Hexagonal
289 Structure of KNO3 ,NaNO3 ,CaCO3 is Rhombohedral

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290 Existence of more than two compounds in one crystalline form Isomorphism
291 Existence of one compound in more than one crystalline form Polymorphism
292 Existence of one element in more than one crystalline form Allotrophy
293 Sulphur exist in two allotropic forms Rhombohedral and
monoclinic
294 Oxygen exist in two allotropic forms O2 and O3
295 Tin Diamond, Graphite and Bucky balls Gray tin(cubic) and
White tin(tetragonal)
296 KNO3 exist in two allotropic forms Rhombohedral and
Orthorhombic
297 Carbon exist in three allotropic forms Diamond, Graphite and
Bucky balls
298 The temperature at which one crystalline form changes to another Transition Temperature
299 Crystalline forms of same substance coexist in equilibrium at Transition Temperature
300 Transition Temperature of Sulphur is 98.50C
301 Transition Temperature of Tin is 13.20C
302 Transition Temperature of KNO3 is 128.50C
303 , , , a, b, c are unit cell dimensions or Crystallographic
elements
304 Energy required(+) to break one mole ionic crystal to its ions in the gas Lattice energy
phase or energy released(-) when one mole of ionic crystal is formed from
its opposite gaseous atoms
305 Lattice energy for NaF is 895 kJ mol-1
306 Lattice energy for NaCl is 787 kJ mol-1
307 Lattice energy for NaBr is 728 kJ mol-1
308 Lattice energy for NaI is 690 kJ mol-1
309 NaCl, MgO and NaBr are Ionic crystals
310 Diamond, Carborundum and Silicon carbide are Covalent crystals
311 Copper, Alluminium, Silver, Iron and Sodium are Metallic crystals
312 Ice and Sugar are Polar molecular crystals
313 Carbondioxide, Sulphur, Phosporus, Solidified noble gases and Iodine are Non-polar molecular
crystals
314 The melting point of Ionic crystals, Covalent crystals, Metallic crystals are High meting point
high while Molecular crystals have
315 The Ionic crystals, Covalent crystals, Metallic crystals are hard while Soft
Molecular crystals are
316 The Ionic crystals are soluble in Polar
317 The Covalent crystals are soluble in Non-polar
318 The Molecular crystals are soluble in Non-polar
319 Ionic crystals are Do not conduct heat and
electricity
320 Covalent crystals are Poor conductors of heat
and electricity
321 Metallic crystals are Good conductors of heat
and electricity
322 Metallic crystals Ductile and Malleable
323 Because of the polar nature of molecule and presence of strong hydrogen Heat of fusion
bonding, ice has high value of
324 The law of mass action was proposed by C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage in 1864
325 Mathematical representation of law of mass action []2[]2
Kc=[]2[]2

326 The relationship between Kp and Kc is Kp = Kc (RT)n

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327 The relationship between Kp and Kx is Kp = Kx (P)n

328 The relationship between Kp and Kn is Kp = Kn (P/N)n
329 If n=0 then the relationship between Kp , Kc , Kx and Kn is K p = Kx = Kc = Kn
330 The reaction is at equilibrium if Q c = Kc
331 Forward reaction will occur if Q c > Kc
332 Backward reaction will occur if Q c < Kc
333 The product concentration is much greater than reactants at equilibrium if Kc Is very large
334 The reaction proceeds in little forward direction if Kc Is very small
335 The concentration of products and reactants are in appreciable quantities at Kc Is neither small nor
equilibrium if large
336 The optimum temperature for SO3 formation is 400-5000 C
337 The optimum temperature for NO2 formation is 30000 C
338 Addition NH4Cl of suppresses the ionization of NH4OH
339 Addition HCl of suppresses the ionization of NaCl
340 Solubility product (Ksp) is dependent to Temperature
341 At room temperature solubility product (Ksp) is Very small
342 If a base dissolves in water it is called an Alkali
343 A weak acid has is a Strong conjugate base
344 A weak base has is a Strong conjugate acid
345 pKw =14 at 250 C. the value pKw of decrease with Increase in temperature
346 HCl is strong acid so its Ka value is very large(10+7) and its pKa value is Small(-7)
347 Ka x K b = K w = 1014
348 Ag+ , AlCl3 are Lewis acid
349 pKa + pKb = 14
350 PH of water is 7.4 and it is Buffer solution
351 PH =pKa +log [A-]/[HA] or PH =pKa +log [salt]/[acid] is called Henderson-Hasselbalch
equation
352 Salt derived from a strong acid and weak base make the solution Acidic
353 Salt derived from a strong base and weak acid make the solution Basic
354 Salt derived from a strong acid and strong base make the solution Neutral
355 Salt derived from a weak acid and weak base make the solution Acidic, basic or neutral
356 Increasing the concentration of reaction increase the Reaction rate
357 Rate of chemical reaction if proportional to product of molar concentration Rate law or Rate
to reaction substances each raise to appropriate power expression
358 For aA=bB Products, Rate=-[A]/dt =k[A]a [B]b Here k has fixed value Temperature and
for a reaction at gives pressure
359 Sum of exponents of concentration terms in the rate expression of equation Order of Reaction
is called
360 1032 molecules per liter per second at standard conditions Number of colliding
molecules
361 Decomposition reaction rate of gaseous hydrogen iodide is 4.4 x 10-3 mol/dm3-hour
362 Decomposition reaction rate of gaseous di-nitrogen pentoxide is 9.4 x 105 mol/dm3-hour
363 Etransition is always greater than Ereactants
364 Sodium chloride ,ammonia and potassium Inorganic substances
365 Benzene , alcohol and ether Organic solvents
366 Sugar , methanol and carboxylic acids Organic substances
367 Salt dissolved in sugar Caorse mixture
368 Clay dissolved in water Suspension
369 Gum dissolved in water Colloidal dispersion
370 Sugar dissolved in water True solution
371 At 250 C the upper layer 5% solution of phenol in water and lower layer is 30% water in phenol
372 At phenol water system critical solution is formed at 65.90 C

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373 Weight in grams of solute necessary to saturate 100 grams of solvent at Solubility
given temperature and pressure
374 At constant temperature the solubility is directly proportional to the Pressure
375 Number of moles of solute/number of kg of solvent Molality (m)
376 Number of moles of solute/volume of solution(dm3) Molarity (M)
377 To temperature, solubility is Dependent
378 To temperature, lowering of vapour pressure of solute dissolved in solvent Inependent
is
379 To temperature, molality is Independent
380 To temperature, mole friction is Independent
381 Parts per million (ppm) = wt. or vol. of solute / wt. or vol. of solution x 106
382 Parts per billion (ppb) = wt. or vol. of solute / wt. or vol. of solution x 109
383 Parts per trillion (ppt) = wt. or vol. of solute / wt. or vol. of solution x 1012
384 The solubility of NaCl and KBr is not affected by change in Temperature
385 A dissolved dissolve in liquid ,its vapour pressure is Decreased
386 Pressure of solution is always less than Solvent pressure
387 Lowering of vapour pressure depends upon nature of solvent, concentration Nature of solute
of solute but not on
388 The partial vapour pressure of any volatile component of solution is equal to Raoults Law
the vapour pressure of the pure component multiplied by the mole friction
of that component of solution
389 Elevation of boiling point of dilute solution is directly proportional to Temperature
390 Types of colloidal suspension are 8
391 = RTC/M Osmotic pressure
392 One gram of matter to energy yields 2.2 x 1013 cal
393 Loss of mass of coal is 3 x 10-9
394 Increase in internal energy of system can results in a chemical reaction or Temperature and phase
change in
395 First law of thermodynamics q=E + w
396 The only type of work in thermodynamics is Pressure-volume work
397 In pressure-volume work q=E + pv
398 The unit of work and heat is Nm-2 x m3 =Nm or J
399 H=E+PV , here H is Enthalpy of a system
400 Heat evolved or absorbed during a reaction is equal to enthalpy of system H = qp
401 Enthalpy of a system is State function
402 Chang in enthalpy at 298K and 1 atm when reactants and product are un Standard Enthalpy
their natural state Change ( H0)
403 Unit of heat capacity JK-1
404 Chang in enthalpy at 298K and 1 atm when one mole of compound is Standard Enthalpy of
formed from its components Formation (Hf 0)
405 Chang in enthalpy at 298K and 1 atm when one mole of compound is burnt Standard Enthalpy of
in excess of air or oxygen Combustion (Hc 0)
406 Chang in enthalpy at 298K and 1 atm when one mole of water is formed
from H+ from acid react with OH-
407 Chang in enthalpy at 298K and 1 atm when one mole of substance is Standard Enthalpy
dissolved in excess solvent so that further heat change are not detect Solution (Hs 0)
408 To measure enthalpy change, we use direct calorimeter or Hesss Law
409 Sum of energy change of closed cycle is zero Born Haber Cycle
410 Oxidation is addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen while Classical concept of
Reduction is removal of oxygen and addition of hydrogen Oxidation-reduction
411 Oxidation loss of electrons while Reduction is gain of electrons Electron transfer concept
412 Oxidation number of oxidizing agent Increases

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413 Oxidation number of reducing agent Decreases

414 Oxidation number of free element is Zero
415 Oxidation number of hydrogen is +1, but in metal hydrides(NaH) it is -1
416 Oxidation number of oxygen is -2, but in peroxides(OF2) it is +2
417 The sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in molecule is 0
418 The sum of oxidation numbers of all atoms in an ion is equal to Charge on ion
419 Balancing the Redox Equations by half reaction method is also called The ion electron method
420 In balancing we add H2O where oxygen number are Less
421 In balancing we add OH- where oxygen number are Greater
422 1st law: amount of substance deposited(W) is directly proportional to Faradas Laws of
amount of electricity(Q) passed (W=ZQ or w=ZIt) Electrolysis
423 2st law: Amount of electricity passed is directly proportional to chemical Faradas Laws of
equivalent(e) Electrolysis
424 1st law(W It), 2nd Law(W e) so W= Ite/F here F is Faraday constant and 96500c
it is value is
425 E0 red value of Cu is +0.34
426 E0 red value of Zn is -0.76
427 Zinc has greater tendency to give off electrons than Hydrogen
428 Copper has less tendency to give off electrons than Hydrogen
429 The value of Standard Hydrogen Electrode(SHE) is Zero
430 E0 cell = E0 red + E0 oxi Cell voltage
431 In cell where electrical energy is converted to chemical energy Electrolytic Cell
432 In cell where chemical energy is converted to electrical energy Galvanic or Voltaic Cell
343 To manufacture NaOH we use an electrolytic cell which is also called Nelsons Cell
344 The best example of Voltaic cell/Galvanic cell is Daniell Cell
435 Not reversible batteries Primary Batteries
436 Reversible batteries like Dry Cell Secondary Batteries
437 Photoelectrical cells which generate energy like Lead Storage Battery Solar Batteries
438 Super batteries of high charge density like Hydrogen Oxygen Fuel Cell Fuel Batteries

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