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South Carolina
Drug Threat Assessment

UPDATE June 2002

National Drug Intelligence Center


U.S. Department of Justice
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Preface
This report is a brief update to the South Carolina Drug Threat Assessment, which is a strategic
assessment of the status and outlook of the drug threat to South Carolina. Analytical judgment
determined the threat posed by each drug type or category, taking into account the most current
quantitative and qualitative information on availability, demand, production or cultivation, transpor-
tation, and distribution, as well as the effects of a particular drug on abusers and society as a whole.
While NDIC sought to incorporate the latest available information, a time lag often exists between
collection and publication of data. NDIC anticipates that this update will be useful to policymakers,
law enforcement personnel, and treatment providers at the federal, state, and local levels.
The South Carolina Drug Threat Assessment was produced in December 2001 and is available on
NDIC’s web site www.usdoj.gov/ndic or by contacting the NDIC dissemination line at 814-532-4541.

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U.S. Department of Justice
National Drug Intelligence Center

Product No. 2002-S0380SC-002


June 2002

South Carolina
Drug Threat Assessment Update

Overview availability and abuse are concentrated in urban


areas and coastal regions of the state. Other dan-
South Carolina is both a transit state and distri- gerous drugs such as MDMA, GHB, ketamine,
bution area for illicit drugs in the eastern United LSD, and diverted pharmaceuticals pose a low
States. Various criminal groups, outlaw motorcycle but increasing threat to certain parts of the state.
gangs (OMGs), street gangs, and local independent
dealers transport drugs into South Carolina for dis- Cocaine
tribution and through the state for distribution in
other states. Most drugs are transported into the Cocaine, particularly crack cocaine, remains
state via private and commercial vehicles. the primary drug threat to South Carolina. The
drug is readily available and frequently abused in
Cocaine, particularly crack cocaine, continues
the state. According to the 1999 National House-
to pose the most serious illicit drug threat to
hold Survey on Drug Abuse, 1.9 percent of South
South Carolina. Cocaine is available throughout
Carolina residents reported having abused
the state, and its distribution and abuse frequently
cocaine at least once in the past year compared
are associated with violent crime. Marijuana is
with 1.7 percent nationwide. Cocaine-related
the most readily available and commonly abused
treatment admissions to publicly funded facilities
drug in the state; however, it poses a lower threat
decreased from 5,643 in fiscal year (FY) 1997 to
than cocaine because it is less often associated
5,018 in FY2000 then increased to 5,420 in
with violent crime. Methamphetamine poses the
FY2001, according to the South Carolina Depart-
next most significant drug threat, and production
ment of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services.
and abuse are increasing in South Carolina, partic-
(See Table 1 on page 2.) From FY1997 to
ularly in the Upstate and Midlands areas. Heroin
FY2001, crack cocaine abuse accounted for at
constitutes a low threat to South Carolina, and

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Table 1. Drug-Related Treatment Admissions to Publicly Funded Facilities


South Carolina, FY1997–FY2001

Fiscal Year Cocaine Marijuana Methamphetamine Heroin


1997 5,643 3,901 58 421

1998 5,295 4,522 87 356


1999 5,231 4,666 48 374

2000 5,018 5,136 49 444

2001 5,420 6,100 103 501


Source: South Carolina Department of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services.

least 80 percent of all cocaine-related treatment African American criminal groups and street
admissions. According to the Treatment Episode gangs are the primary transporters of cocaine into
Data Set (TEDS), in 1999—the most recent year and through South Carolina. These groups and
for which these data are available—the number of gangs typically transport cocaine from New York
cocaine-related treatment admissions per 100,000 and Florida using private vehicles. Local indepen-
population in South Carolina (121) exceeded the dent dealers and, to a lesser extent, Haitian,
number per 100,000 nationwide (104). Jamaican, and Mexican criminal groups as well
Powdered cocaine and crack cocaine are as OMGs also transport significant quantities of
readily available in South Carolina. According to cocaine into and through the state. Colombian
Federal-wide Drug Seizure System (FDSS) data, drug trafficking organizations occasionally
federal law enforcement officials in South Carolina smuggle large quantities of cocaine into South
seized 102.1 kilograms of cocaine in FY2001. U.S. Carolina by commercial maritime vessels
Sentencing Commission (USSC) data indicate that through the Port of Charleston. Transporters also
70.5 percent of all drug-related federal sentences in use commercial vehicles, aircraft, buses, trains,
South Carolina in FY2000 were cocaine-related and package delivery services to ship cocaine
compared with 44.2 percent nationwide. into and through the state.
The DEA Atlanta Division reported that in Various criminal groups, street gangs, and
the first quarter of FY2001, powdered cocaine in local independent dealers distribute cocaine in
South Carolina sold for $100 per gram. Accord- South Carolina. African American street gangs
ing to the Drug Enforcement Administration and various local independent dealers are the pri-
(DEA) Columbia District Office, powdered mary wholesale powdered and crack cocaine
cocaine sold for $25,000 to $30,000 per kilo- distributors in South Carolina. African American,
gram in May 2002, with purity levels ranging Caucasian, Caribbean, Colombian, and Mexican
from 75 percent to 95 percent. Responses to the criminal groups also distribute cocaine at the
National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) wholesale level in the state. African American
National Drug Threat Survey 2001 indicated that street gangs and various local independent dealers
crack cocaine sold for an average of $100 per are the principal retail distributors of powdered
gram in South Carolina in 2001. Survey respon- and crack cocaine in South Carolina. Powdered
dents indicated that in 2001 the price of a rock of cocaine is sold at some nightclubs in urban areas
crack cocaine ranged from $10 in Port Royal to and through established contacts. Crack cocaine,
$50 in Anderson. Crack cocaine purity levels which usually is converted at stash houses in the
were unavailable. state, is most often sold at open-air drug markets
and private residences.
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Cocaine, particularly crack, is the drug most during the late 1990s and earlier this decade.
often associated with violent crime in South Marijuana produced in Canada is also available,
Carolina. Law enforcement officials across the but to a much lesser extent.
state report that cocaine distributors frequently According to FDSS data, federal law
carry firearms and have committed homicides, enforcement officials seized 4,283.6 kilograms
drive-by shootings, and assaults. Further, crack of marijuana in FY2001. USSC data indicate that
abusers often commit crimes to support their drug the percentage of federal sentences in South
habits, resulting in increased property crime and Carolina that were marijuana-related increased
violent crime rates. from 7 percent in FY1997 to 15.8 percent in
FY2000. According to the DEA Columbia Dis-
Marijuana trict Office, commercial grade marijuana, typi-
cally produced in Mexico, sold for $750 to $850
Marijuana is the most readily available and
per pound in May 2002. According to responses
frequently abused drug in South Carolina; how-
to the NDIC National Drug Threat Survey 2001,
ever, it poses a lower threat than cocaine because
the price for an ounce of marijuana averaged
it is less often associated with violent crime.
$125 in South Carolina.
According to the 1999 National Household Sur-
vey on Drug Abuse, 3.8 percent of South Carolina On May 18, 2002, Edgefield County Sheriff’s
residents reported having abused marijuana in the deputies along with agents from the U.S.
past month compared with 4.7 percent nation- Customs Service (USCS), DEA, and South
wide. Marijuana-related treatment admissions to Carolina State Law Enforcement Division
publicly funded facilities increased each year, arrested four individuals and seized 1,100
from 3,901 in FY1997 to 6,100 in FY2001, and pounds of marijuana from a tractor-trailer in
the number of marijuana-related treatment admis- Trenton, South Carolina. The marijuana—con-
sions exceeded the number of treatment admis- cealed inside 23 cedar fireplace mantels—was
sions for any other illicit drug in FY2000 and packaged in 1-kilogram bricks, vacuum-sealed
twice, wrapped in carbon paper, and covered
FY2001, according to the South Carolina Depart-
with varnish. The shipment originated in
ment of Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services.
Mexico and initially was discovered by USCS
(See Table 1 on page 2.) In 1999—the most inspectors using x-ray technology at the
recent year for which these data are available— Laredo (TX) Port of Entry. After arresting and
the number of marijuana-related treatment admis- obtaining delivery information from the driver
sions per 100,000 population in South Carolina of the tractor-trailer, USCS officials in Laredo
(118) was greater than the number per 100,000 hired a private contractor to drive the tractor-
nationwide (103), according to TEDS. trailer to its intended destination (a Mexican
grocery/convenience store in Trenton) and
Marijuana is the most readily available drug
contacted Edgefield County authorities to
in South Carolina. Most of the marijuana avail-
coordinate a controlled delivery. The owner of
able in the state is produced in Mexico, although the store as well as two Mexican nationals and
marijuana produced in the state also is available. a North Carolina resident were arrested and
Local independent Caucasian dealers and abusers charged with marijuana trafficking.
produce small quantities of marijuana for local
Source: Edgefield County Sheriff’s Office.
distribution and personal use. African American
independent dealers, Caucasian OMG members,
Mexican criminal groups are the primary
and Hispanic dealers also cultivate small quanti-
transporters of marijuana available in South
ties of cannabis in the state, but to a lesser extent.
Carolina. These groups transport multikilogram
Most cannabis in South Carolina is cultivated out-
shipments of marijuana from southwestern states,
doors; however, indoor cultivation is increasing,
California, Florida, and Georgia using commercial
partially due to a prolonged drought in the state

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and private vehicles. In commercial vehicles, Methamphetamine availability generally is


marijuana often is intermingled with legitimate low to moderate in most parts of the state; how-
cargo. In private vehicles, the drug typically is ever, it is increasing, particularly in the Midlands
transported in hidden compartments. Marijuana region around Columbia and the Upstate region
also is transported to South Carolina via package around Greenville, according to law enforcement
delivery services, aircraft, buses, and occasionally authorities. Federal law enforcement officials
commercial maritime vessels that travel into the seized 4.6 kilograms of methamphetamine in
Port of Charleston. FY2001, according to FDSS data. USSC data
Criminal groups, OMGs, street gangs, and indicate that 4.9 percent of all federal drug-
local independent dealers distribute marijuana in related sentences in South Carolina in FY2000
South Carolina. Mexican criminal groups are the were methamphetamine-related compared with
primary wholesale distributors of marijuana pro- 14.5 percent nationwide. According to the DEA
duced in Mexico. OMGs and local independent Atlanta Division, methamphetamine produced in
dealers as well as African American, Caribbean, Mexico, California, and southwestern states sold
and Caucasian criminal groups distribute whole- for $8,000 to $20,000 per pound, $750 to $2,000
sale quantities of marijuana produced in Mexico per ounce, and $300 per gram throughout the
and locally. Street gangs and OMGs are the pri- state in the first quarter of FY2001.
mary retail distributors of marijuana in South Methamphetamine produced by Mexican
Carolina’s larger cities, while Caucasian and Afri- criminal groups in Mexico, California, and south-
can American independent dealers are the primary western states is the predominant type available
retail distributors in the rest of the state. Marijuana in South Carolina, although the production of
retail sales usually occur on street corners, in bars, methamphetamine in the state is an emerging
in residences, from vehicles, through established trend. Local independent Caucasian males are the
contacts, and near college, high school, and mid- primary producers of methamphetamine in South
dle school campuses. Carolina, and they typically consume most of
what they produce. They generally use the Birch
Methamphetamine reduction method of production, which requires
anhydrous ammonia, a common agricultural fer-
Methamphetamine poses a lesser threat to tilizer. Law enforcement officials throughout
South Carolina than cocaine and marijuana. How- rural areas of South Carolina report increased
ever, production and abuse are increasing, espe- thefts of anhydrous ammonia, which they
cially in the Upstate and Midlands areas, and state attribute to increased methamphetamine produc-
and local law enforcement authorities report that tion in their areas. The iodine/red phosphorus
methamphetamine producers and distributors method also is used to produce methamphetamine
often commit violent crimes. According to the in South Carolina, but to a lesser extent. Accord-
South Carolina Department of Alcohol and Other ing to the DEA Atlanta Division, there were 6
Drug Abuse Services, the number of metham- methamphetamine laboratories seized in South
phetamine-related treatment admissions to pub- Carolina in 1999, 3 in 2000, and 10 in 2001.
licly funded facilities in FY2001 (103) was Moreover, the DEA Columbia District Office
greater than in FY1997 (58). (See Table 1 on page reports that there have been 37 methamphetamine
2.) In 1999—the most recent year for which these laboratories seized between January 1 and May
data are available—the number of methamphet- 28, 2002. Laboratories have been discovered in
amine-related treatment admissions per 100,000 private residences, motel rooms, cars, trucks,
population in South Carolina (2) was lower than trailers, and secluded wooded areas.
the number per 100,000 population nationwide
Mexican criminal groups and, to a lesser
(32), according to TEDS.
extent, OMGs transport methamphetamine

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into South Carolina from production sites and dis- Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Services, heroin-
tribution centers in Mexico, California, and south- related treatment admissions to publicly funded
western states, and they frequently transport facilities decreased from 421 in FY1997 to 356 in
methamphetamine along with shipments of FY1998 then increased to 501 in FY2001. (See
marijuana. Mexican criminal groups commonly Table 1 on page 2.) In 1999—the most recent year
transport methamphetamine into the state via for which these data are available—the number of
commercial and private vehicles, while OMGs heroin-related treatment admissions per 100,000
primarily use private vehicles to transport the drug population nationwide (105) dramatically
into South Carolina. Local independent dealers exceeded the number per 100,000 population in
transport small quantities of methamphetamine South Carolina (10), according to TEDS.
into the state from North Carolina and Georgia in Small quantities of heroin from all major
private vehicles. Law enforcement authorities also source areas are available in South Carolina, pri-
report that methamphetamine is transported into marily in cities and areas frequented by tourists
South Carolina by couriers traveling aboard com- along the Atlantic Coast. South American and, to
mercial aircraft and buses; however, there have a lesser extent, Southeast and Southwest Asian
been no recently reported seizures to indicate that white powdered heroin are the types most com-
these transportation methods are frequently used monly available. Mexican brown powdered and
to transport methamphetamine. A limited amount black tar heroin are available in very limited
of locally produced methamphetamine is trans- quantities. According to FDSS data, federal law
ported by independent producers within the state enforcement officials seized 3.2 kilograms of her-
primarily via private vehicles. oin in FY2001. USSC data indicate that, in
Criminal groups, OMGs, street gangs, and FY2001, 3.4 percent of all federal drug-related
local independent dealers distribute methamphet- sentences in South Carolina were heroin-related
amine in South Carolina. Mexican criminal compared with 7.7 percent nationwide. Accord-
groups are the primary wholesale distributors of ing to the DEA Atlanta Division, the limited
methamphetamine produced in Mexico, Califor- quantities of heroin available in South Carolina
nia, and southwestern states. OMGs and street sold for $60,000 to $120,000 per kilogram,
gangs distribute wholesale quantities of metham- $2,500 to $5,000 per ounce, and $200 to $500 per
phetamine produced in Mexico, California, and gram in the first quarter of FY2001. The DEA
southwestern states, to a lesser extent. There is Columbia District Office reported that 0.06 grams
little wholesale distribution of methamphetamine of heroin sold for $20 in May 2002.
produced locally by Caucasian independent deal- Dominican criminal groups and African
ers; they typically consume most of what they American local independent dealers and street
produce and sell only small quantities of metham- gangs are the primary transporters of heroin into
phetamine to known associates to fund further South Carolina, typically transporting the drug
production. Mexican criminal groups, OMGs, into the state via private vehicles. Nigerian and
and street gangs distribute methamphetamine pro- Mexican criminal groups transport heroin to a
duced in Mexico, California, and southwestern lesser extent. Dominican criminal groups based in
states at the retail level. Retail sales usually occur New York typically transport heroin from New
at truck stops, bars, and private residences. York to South Carolina coastal regions. African
American local independent dealers travel out of
Heroin state, often to Atlanta and Charlotte, to purchase
heroin and transport it back to South Carolina for
Heroin constitutes a low threat to South Caro-
retail distribution. Nigerian criminal groups oper-
lina, with availability and abuse concentrated in
ating in Greenville transport small quantities of
urban areas and coastal regions of the state.
Southeast and Southwest Asian heroin into South
According to the South Carolina Department of
Carolina. Mexican criminal groups transport

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small quantities of Mexican brown powdered and $30 per tablet in May 2002. MDMA primarily is
black tar heroin into the state. distributed and abused at nightclubs, raves, and
Dominican criminal groups, African Ameri- on college campuses.
can street gangs, and local independent dealers MDMA, also known as ecstasy, Adam, XTC,
are the primary wholesale distributors of heroin in E, and X, is a stimulant and low-level halluci-
South Carolina. To a lesser extent, Mexican crim- nogen. Sometimes called the hug drug,
inal groups distribute Mexican heroin at the MDMA purportedly helps abusers to be more
wholesale level. African American street gangs “in touch” with others and “opens channels of
and local independent dealers are the primary communication.” However, abuse of the drug
retail distributors of heroin in the state. Most can cause psychological problems similar to
retail heroin distribution occurs in private resi- those associated with methamphetamine and
dences and open-air drug markets. cocaine abuse including confusion, depres-
sion, sleeplessness, anxiety, and paranoia.
The physical effects can include muscle ten-
Other Dangerous Drugs sion, involuntary teeth clenching, blurred
Other dangerous drugs (ODDs)—including vision, and increased heart rate and blood
pressure. MDMA abuse can also cause a
the stimulant MDMA, the depressants GHB and
marked increase in body temperature leading
ketamine, the hallucinogen LSD, and diverted
to muscle breakdown, kidney failure, cardio-
pharmaceuticals—are a low but increasing threat vascular system failure, stroke, or seizure as
to some areas of South Carolina. Teenagers and reported in some fatal cases. Research sug-
young adults distribute and abuse many ODDs gests that MDMA abuse may result in long-
at nightclubs, raves, and on college campuses, term and sometimes permanent damage to
and rates of abuse for many ODDs appear to parts of the brain that are critical to thought
be increasing. and memory.

MDMA
GHB
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet-
GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is distrib-
amine) availability and abuse are most prevalent
uted and abused primarily in cities and areas fre-
in cities and areas frequented by tourists along the
quented by tourists along the Atlantic Coast.
Atlantic Coast. Most of the MDMA available in
Caucasian local independent dealers are the dom-
South Carolina is produced outside the United
inant distributors of GHB in the state. The drug
States, typically in laboratories in the Netherlands
typically is abused by teenagers and young adults
and Belgium. The MDMA usually is transported
at nightclubs, raves, and on college campuses.
to the United States via package delivery services
The DEA Columbia District Office reported that
and by couriers aboard commercial aircraft to dis-
GHB sold for $20 per tablet in May 2002.
tribution centers such as Miami, New York City,
Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. Caucasian GHB, also known as liquid ecstasy, Georgia
local independent dealers are the primary MDMA homeboy, grievous bodily harm, liquid X, and
transporters and distributors in South Carolina. goop, is a central nervous system depressant that
These independent dealers commonly travel to was banned for human consumption by the Food
Atlanta, Charlotte, New York City, Washington, and Drug Administration in 1990. It is odorless,
D.C., and cities in Florida to purchase MDMA tasteless, and virtually undetectable if added to a
and transport it back to South Carolina via private drink. An individual can lose consciousness
vehicles. They also ship the drug into the state via within 20 minutes of ingesting GHB and often
package delivery services. According to the DEA has no memory of events following ingestion. It is
Columbia District Office, MDMA sold for $15 to difficult to trace because it usually is eliminated

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from the body within 12 hours. Because of these (Vicodin), alprazolam (Xanax), and oxycodone
properties, GHB has been used to commit drug- (OxyContin, Percocet, Percodan)—pose an
facilitated sexual assault. increasing threat to South Carolina. Pharmaceuti-
cals are commonly diverted using forged, stolen,
Ketamine or altered prescriptions as well as by doctor shop-
ping—visiting numerous physicians to obtain
Ketamine, also known as K, special K, vita- drugs in excess of what should be legitimately
min K, and cat valium, is an anesthetic that has prescribed—and through theft from pharmacies,
hallucinogenic properties when taken in high nursing homes, and private residences.
doses. It is available on a limited basis in South
According to public health officials in the
Carolina and is primarily abused by Caucasian
state, OxyContin increasingly is abused in South
teenagers and young adults at nightclubs, raves,
Carolina. From January 1 to May 22, 2002, there
and on college campuses. It is diverted from legit-
were 181 OxyContin-related treatment admissions
imate sources such as veterinary clinics and is
to publicly funded facilities, more than the total
available as a powder, liquid, or pill. As a powder,
number of admissions in the previous year. In
ketamine is smoked or snorted, and as a liquid it
FY2001 there were 177 OxyContin-related treat-
is injected or mixed into drinks. Caucasian local
ment admissions in the state, a dramatic increase
independent dealers are the primary distributors
from a single admission in FY2000. Diverted
of ketamine in the state. According to DEA, a vial
pharmaceuticals are primarily distributed by Cau-
of ketamine sold for approximately $80 in South
casian criminal groups and local independent
Carolina in 2001.
dealers. Caucasians of varying ages are the princi-
LSD pal abusers of diverted pharmaceuticals.

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is available Outlook


in South Carolina, and law enforcement officials
report that its availability and abuse are increas- Cocaine, particularly crack, will continue to
ing among teenagers and young adults. LSD, be the most significant drug problem in South
Carolina because of high demand for and ready
also known as acid, boomer, and yellow sun-
shine, is a hallucinogen that induces abnormali- availability of the drug throughout the state. The
ties in sensory perceptions. It is available as a level of violence associated with crack cocaine
distribution and abuse will continue to contribute
powder or liquid and often is applied to blotter
to the magnitude of the threat. African American
paper and candy or disguised as breath freshener
drops. Caucasian local independent dealers are criminal groups and street gangs will likely
remain the primary transporters of cocaine into
the primary transporters, distributors, and abus-
South Carolina. With their established supply
ers of LSD in South Carolina. These dealers
transport LSD into and throughout the state in networks, African American street gangs and
various local independent dealers will remain the
private vehicles or via package delivery services.
principal powdered and crack cocaine distribu-
LSD usually is distributed and abused at night-
clubs, raves, and on college campuses. Accord- tors in the state.
ing to DEA, a dose of LSD sold for $7 in South Marijuana will remain the most widely avail-
Carolina in 2001. able and commonly abused drug in the state.
Marijuana produced in Mexico will likely remain
Diverted Pharmaceuticals the type most commonly available, although
marijuana produced locally and in Canada will
The diversion and abuse of pharmaceuti- continue to be available. The number of indoor
cals—such as hydromorphone hydrochloride cannabis grow operations may increase due to
(Dilaudid), clonazepam (Klonopin), hydrocodone continuing drought conditions. Mexican criminal

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groups will remain the primary transporters and most common type of heroin available in the
wholesale distributors of marijuana produced in state. South American heroin availability may
Mexico because of their well-established trans- increase if Mexican criminal groups, which cur-
portation and distribution networks. rently transport and distribute cocaine, marijuana,
Methamphetamine production, availability, methamphetamine, and small quantities of Mexi-
and abuse will likely continue to increase in South can black tar and brown powdered heroin within
Carolina. Methamphetamine produced in Mexico, the state, begin to transport and distribute the
California, and southwestern states will continue more popular South American heroin.
to be the predominant type of methamphetamine ODDs, such as MDMA, GHB, ketamine,
available in the state. Mexican criminal groups, LSD, and diverted pharmaceuticals, will remain a
with their established distribution networks, will lesser drug threat than cocaine, marijuana, meth-
remain the primary methamphetamine suppliers. amphetamine, and heroin. However, the availabil-
Local methamphetamine production may ity and abuse of many of these drugs likely will
increase, particularly in the Upstate and Midlands increase, particularly among teenagers and young
regions, as abusers attempt to produce metham- adults who perceive these drugs to be less harm-
phetamine for their own consumption. ful than other illicit drugs. Nightclubs, raves, and
Statewide, heroin availability and abuse will college campuses will remain popular venues for
most likely remain low. However, increasing the distribution and abuse of many ODDs. Oxy-
treatment admission numbers may indicate an Contin likely will continue to be increasingly
expanding abuser base. White powdered heroin, diverted and abused in South Carolina.
principally from South America, will remain the

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