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years away. Explosive turmoil is already apparent within this system, which is
likely to supernova within the next million years. The atoms created within such
exploding stars are ejected into the universe where they eventually recombine
because of gravity to form new star systems.
Chapter 2 Particles of Matter
There are far more atoms in a single grain of sand or molecules within a glass of
water than there are grains of sand within this towering sand dune.
A liter of water is about how many times larger than a molecule of water?
2.2 Discovering the Atom
Some atoms are larger than others, but they are all exceedingly small.
Gold atoms, for example, are so small that about 4,000,000,000,000
(4 trillion) of them could fit within the period at the end of this sentence
How close must the two ends of the cut wire be for
electrical current to flow?
Scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
tunneling
electrons
This question requires you to be able to distinguish between mass and volume. Imagine a container that
holds exactly 1 liter when filled to the brim. Fill this container with 20C water and then warm this water up to
80C. As the water warms, it expands, which means some will be lost as it flows over the brim. In other words,
there is less water in a liter at 80C than there is in a liter of water at 20C. A liter of water at 80C, therefore,
weighs less than a liter of water at 20C.
The air inside the car has more inertia than the helium in the helium balloon. As the car starts forward, the
greater inertia of the air causes it to pitch backwards, much like the girls head. As this air holds to the back of
the car, the lighter helium balloon moves forward. A similar effect can be seen when sliding a bottle of water
on its side across a table. As you accelerate the bottle forward, the water inside the bottle has an inertia that
holds it back. Any bubble of air within the bottle thus runs forward in the direction that the bottle was pushed
2.4 Density Is the Ratio of Mass to Volume
Density
Relates an objects mass and volume
Describes how much material is squeezed into a space
Units of energy
Joule is the SI unit for energy
calorie (small c) is a common unit
Calorie (large C) is equal to a kilocalorie; the common unit of food
The energy content of this candy bar (230 Calories = 230,000 calories).
When released through burning, is enough to heat up 230,000 grams
(about 507 pounds) of water by 1 degree Celsius.
2.6 Temperature Is a Measure of How Hot Heat It Is Not
Temperature
How hot or cold an object is
Related to how quickly or
slowly the atoms are moving
Warmer substances tend to
expand
The difference between hot coffee and cold coffee is the average
speed of the molecules. In the hot coffee, the molecules are
moving faster on average than they are in the cold coffee.
Three common ways to measure temperature
Celsius (oC), Fahrenheit (oF), and Kelvin (K)
Celsius and Fahrenheit are given in degrees
Zero kelvin is called absolute zero
Temperature is the average energy, not the total energy amount
Concept Check
Why are gases so much easier to compress into smaller
volumes compared to solids and liquids?
Phase changesdescribed by familiar terms
Meltingphase change from solid to liquid
Freezingchange from liquid to solid
Evaporationchange from liquid to gas
Condensationchange from gas to liquid
Phase changesdescribed by familiar terms
Meltingphase change from solid to liquid
Freezingchange from liquid to solid Liquid Solid
Evaporationchange from liquid to gas
Condensationchange from gas to liquid GasLiquid
13.2 oC
Boyles Law
Relates pressure and volume
Volume and pressure are inversely
proportional
Acrylamide forms in coffee when coffee beans are roasted, not when
coffee is brewed at home or in a restaurant. So far, scientists have
not found good ways to reduce acrylamide formation in coffee.
A scuba diver swimming underwater breathes compressed air,
which counteracts the water pressure, allowing her to breathe.
She then holds her breath while returning to the surface. What
happens to the volume of air in her lungs?
Avogadros Law
Relates volume and number of particles
Charless Law
Relates volume and temperature
PV = nRT
Pressure: atm; Volume: L; n: mole; T: K
R (gas constant) = 0.08206 L-atm/mole-K
= 8.314 JK1mol1
= 1.987 cal/mole-K