Negative feedback effects on

amplifiers
Using NF:
The properties of the feedback amplifier are modified in
respect with the properties of the basic amplifier:
- the gain is reduced
- other properties are improved:
the gain sensitivity is reduced
the nonlinear distortion is reduced
the bandwidth is extended
the effect of the noise is reduced
the input and output impedances are enhanced

1/11
 1 Reduction in gain

a
A
1 ar
ar 0
Aa
If ar >> 1 (e.g. for op amp a )

2/11
 2 Reduction in the gain sensitivity
(desensitize the gain)
The gain of the basic amplifier depends generally on certain
factors (temperature, parameters of active devices, OP, etc.)
What is the relative variation of the feedback gain in
comparison with the relative variation of the basic gain?

a dA (1 ar ) ar 1
A
1 ar da (1 ar ) 2
(1 ar ) 2

dA a 1 1 1 1
A
da 1 ar a 1 ar a 1 ar
dA 1 da

A 1 ar a
3/11
 2 Reduction in the gain sensitivity
(desensitize the gain)

Illustration:
1+ar =100

da dA
10% 0,1%
a A

NF improves the stability of the feedback gain (reduces

the sensitivity of the gain against the action of some
perturbing factors.

4/11
 3 Reduction in the nonlinear distortion
Generally the gain is
linear for small-signal,
around the operating
point
If the output signal
increases, the gain
becomes nonlinear

a1
A1
1 a1r
a2
A2
1 a2 r
5/11
The range of the input signal increases
basic amplifier NF amplifier
[ xi 2 ; xi 2 ] [ xs 2 ; xs 2 ]
A2 A1 1 a2 a1

A1 1 a2 r a1

Illustration
a1 100 a2 50 r 0,09
100 Price: reduction
A1 10 of the gain
1 100 0 , 09

50 Solution: use a
A2 9,1 preamplifier
1 50 0,09

a2 a1 A2 A1 Increases the input signal

50% 9% range for linear behaviour
a1 A1
6/11
 4 Bandwidth extension

Low-pass-type amplifier
a0 H
a ( j ) fH
2
1 j
H
a ( j )
A( j )
1 a ( j ) r

a0
1 a0 r A( j )
A0
A( j )
1 j
1 j
H (1 a0 r ) Hr
a0
A0 f Hr f H (1 a0 r )
1 a0 r 7/11
 a0
A0
1 a0 r
f Hr f H (1 a0 r )

B fH Br f Hr

Br (1 a0 r ) B

If the high-frequency response is

Consequence: A0 Br a0 B characterized by a single pole
Gain bandwidth product is constant
Introducing NF, de number of times that reduces the gain is equal to
the numbers of times that extends the bandwidth amount of feedback
8/11
Band-pass-type amplifier

9/11
 5 Increasing the signal-to-noise ratio
optional

xos axs xs
( s n) o ( s n) i
xon axn xn

aae
xos xs
aae
xs 1 aae r
xos 1 aae r xs
( s n) o ae ae ( s n ) i a
xon a
xn xn xon xn
1 aae r 1 aae r
10/11
 6 Enhancement of the input and output
impedances
input output

1 voltage 2 current

series Rir Ri (1 ar ) Ror Ro (1 ar )

3 current 4 voltage
parallel Ri
Rir Ro
Ror
1 ar 1 ar

11/11