CONTENTS

1 LINEAR SPACES
Introduction 1
Linear Vector Spaces 2

Scalar Product in E and Ex 4

Scalar Product in Abstract Spaces 6

Convergence and Complete Spaces 8
Linear Manifolds and Subspaces 10
Representation of Linear Vector Spaces I5
Orthogonalization 16
Projection Theorem and Linear Functionals 18
Linear Operators 22

Representation of Operators 25
Inversion of Operators 28
Inverting the Identity plus a Small Operator 34
Completely Continuous Operators 38
The Adjoint of an Operator 42
The Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution of Lx = a 45
Operators with Closed Range 49
appendix i. The Projection Theorem 51
appendix ii. Operator of Closed Range plus a Dyad S3

2 SPECTRAL THEORY OF OPERATORS

Introduction 57

Invariant Manifolds (Subspaces) 57

Commuting Operators 63
Generalized Eigenvectors 67

Representation of an Operator in a Generalized Null Space 70

Canonical Form of an Operator in a Finite-Dimensional Space 76

Similarity Transformations 81

Right and Left Eigenvectors of a Matrix 85

Eigenvalues of the Adjoint Operator 90

Characteristic Equation of a Matrix 91

Self-adjoint Operators 94
Orthogonal Matrices 97

Unitary and Hermitian Matrices 99

Quadratic Forms 101

Evaluation of an Integral 105

Simultaneous Reduction of Two Quadratic Forms 107

Spectral Representation 110

Functions of an Operator 1 13

Spectral Representation and Complex Integration 117

The Characteristic Equation and Functions of Matrices 119

Systems of Difference or Differential Equations 122

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