GBC_003_E1_0 Introduction to GPRS

Course Objectives:
Understand GPRS conception

Understand GPRS system architecture

State GPRS radio frame structure and channels

Contents

1 GPRS Technology ...................................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 GPRS Definition ............................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 GPRS Features .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.3 GPRS Specifications ......................................................................................................................... 2

1.4 GPRS Network Structure .................................................................................................................. 3

1.5 GPRS Protocol Platform ................................................................................................................... 5

1.5.1 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform .................................................................................. 5

1.5.2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platform ........................................................................................ 7

2 GPRS Frame Structure and Radio Channels ........................................................................................ 13

2.1 Radio Frame Structure .................................................................................................................... 13

2.2 Physical Channel............................................................................................................................. 13

2.3 Logical Channel .............................................................................................................................. 14

2.3.1 Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCHs): .................................................................... 14

2.3.2 Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH): ..................................................................... 15

2.3.3 Packet transport channel: ..................................................................................................... 15

2.3.4 Packet dedicated control channel: ........................................................................................ 15

2.4 Channel Combination ..................................................................................................................... 15

2.5 Mapping between Logical Channels and Physical Channels .......................................................... 16

2.5.1 Uplink Channel Mapping: .................................................................................................... 16

2.5.2 Downlink Channel Mapping: ............................................................................................... 18

3 GPRS Key Technologies .......................................................................................................................... 21

3.1 QoS Implementation ....................................................................................................................... 21

3.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer .............................................................................................. 21

i
3.2.1 Radio Block Structure........................................................................................................... 22

3.2.2 Channel Coding .................................................................................................................... 24

3.2.3 Flow Control ......................................................................................................................... 27

3.2.4 Cell Selection and Reselection ............................................................................................. 28

ii
1 GPRS Technology

1.1 GPRS Definition

GPRS is a packet data service introduced in GSM Phase2+. GPRS provides
subscribers the end-to-end mobile data services based on packet switching and
transmission technology. GPRS can effectively utilize the radio resources and network
terrestrial resources and is suitable for long-time small-volume burst data services.

1.2 GPRS Features

GPRS has following features:

Seamless connection with IP network

Internet Protocol (IP) technology is adopted in GPRS core network, and many
transmission technologies are employed in GPRS bottom layer. Thus, it is easy
to implement the seamless connection with the highly developed IP network.

High rate

With help of multi-slot binding and high-speed coding scheme, GPRS phase I
adopts CS1 and CS2 coding schemes, and provides the access rate up to 115
kbps. GPRS phase II adopts CS3 and CS4 coding schemes, and provides rate up
to 171 kbps.

Always online and flow charging

GPRS provides the availability for connection and always online performance,
offering new means for mobile subscribers to access Internet and Intranet rapidly.
Once GPRS terminal is powered on and connected with GPRS network, it can
maintain the online status all the way. Subscriber can receive and send
information at any time without dial-up process required in circuit switching. As
long as GPRS terminal does not transmit data, it will not occupy network and
radio resources. Thus, the mobile subscribers can benefit from flow charging.
That is, mobile subscribers can stay online as long as possible without bothering
the prohibitive bill.

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

Mature technology

GPRS provides solutions to implement data services in GSM technologies and

current networks. GPRS can save investment and makes quick returns.

1.3 GPRS Specifications

In Europe, it was suggested in 1993 for GPRS to be deployed in GSM network. In
1997, great progress was made in GPRS standardization. In October 1997, ETSI issued
GPRS Phase1 service description. GPRS phase 2 was completed at the end of 1999.
GPRS standard goes through three phases. In order to implement GPRS, 18 new
standards are made and many standards are modified three phases.

Table 1.3-1 lists the three phases of GPRS.

Table 1.3-1 Three Phases of GPRS Standards

Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3

03.60 System Description
02.60 Service Description
and Network Structure
03.64 Radio Interface
Description
03.61 Point to Multipoint -
Broadcast Service
03.62 Point
Multipoint-Group Call
04.60 RLC/MAC Protocol
04.61 PTM-M Service
04.62 PTM-G Service
to
04.64 LLC 04.65 SNDCP
07.60 Subscriber Interworking
08.14 Gb Layer1
08.16 Gb Layer Network Services
08.18 BSSGP and Gb Interface
09.16 Gb Layer2
09.18 Gb Layer3
09.60 Gn & Gp Interface
09.61 Interworking of External Networks

GPRS Services

According to ETSI assumption, GPRS must implement:

PTP service

PTP TCP/IP subscriber interworking

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X.28 protocol from MS to GGSN and X.25 protocol from GGSN to external
PDN

Gn, Gb, Gr, Gp, Gs, and Gi interfaces

PTP and roaming security guarantee

Charging

Operator-determined Call barring and call termination, and operator call filtering

PTM radio interface preparation

Anonymous access

SMS-MO and SMS-MT support through GPRS

1.4 GPRS Network Structure

GSM introduces two new equipments to support GPRS: Serving GPRS Support Node
(SGSN) and Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). BSC is added with Packet
Control Units (PCUs), and concerned BSS software is upgraded.

SGSN provides similar functions as MSC. It performs GPRS channel assignment,

mobility management, encryption, and charging.

GGSN provides various interfaces. It supports interconnection with external Public

Data Networks (PDNs) like Internet and X.25, and other PLMNs.

Fig 1.4-1 shows GPRS network structure.

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

BSC MSC/VLR SMC HLR

PCU Gs interface Gd interface

Gc interface
Gr interface
Gb interface

Gn interface
Gn interface

SGSN GGSN Gi interface

Ga
Charging Ga interface
interface
gateway
function (CGF) Packet data
SGSN network

Billing system

Signaling and GPRS subscriber data

Signaling

Fig 1.4-1 GPRS Network Structure

Using SGSN and GGSN, operators can construct a GPRS backbone network on the
basis of current transmission network. By reconstructing the current GSM network,
operators can easily provide both circuit and packet services, and fully utilize radio
resources and network terrestrial resources.

GPRS MSs are divided into three categories:

Type-A GPRS MS

Type-A GPRS MS can be used in both GSM and GPRS environments. Type-A
GPRS enables the subscribers to receive speech calls and communicate with
called party without interrupting data transmission.

Type-B GPRS MS

Type-B GPRS MS can be connected with GSM and GPRS system at the same
time, and provide GPRS and GSM circuit-switched services. However, it cannot
provide both GPRS and GSM services at a time.

When a circuit-switched call is originated to the type-B MS in GPRS, the

MSC/VLR sends a Suspend message to the SGSN. Upon receiving the message,
the SGSN disconnects the GPRS connection temporarily. After the
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circuit-switched call is complemented, the MSC/VLR sends a Restore message

to the SGSN. The SGSN resumes the GPRS connection after receiving the
message. Thus, the MS need not to establish GPRS connection repeatedly. Most
of the GPRS MS types in current market are type-B MS.

Type-C GPRS MS

Type-C MS enables subscribers to use GSM services and GPRS alternatively.

Manual service changeover is required.

1.5 GPRS Protocol Platform

GPRS Protocol Platform is of two types:

1.5.1 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform

Being hierarchical protocol structure, as shown in Fig 1.5-1, GPRS transmission

platform provides subscriber information transmission and related process control (for
example, flow control, error detection, error correction, and error recovery).
Transmission platform is connected with NSS through radio interface in the bottom
layer. This kind of independence is implemented through reserved Gb interface.

Um Gb
Gn Gi
interface interfac
interface interface
e
App

IP/X.25 IP / X.25

R elay
SNDCP
SNDCP GTP GTP

LLC LLC UDP / UDP /

Relay TCP TCP
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP IP IP

MAC MAC NS NS L2 L2

GSM RF GSM RF L1 bis L1 bis L1 L1

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

Fig 1.5-1 GPRS Transmission Protocol Platform

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP)

Through GTP, Subscriber data and signaling between GPRS Support Nodes
(GSN) are transmitted in GPRS backbone network. All point-to-point Packet
Data Protocols (PDP) and protocol data units (PDU) are encapsulated using GTP.
As the protocol for the interconnection between GSN nodes in GPRS network,
GTP defines Gn interface. GSM09.60 makes the GTP specifications.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP is used as transmission protocol when a reliable data link (for example,
X.25) is required to transmit GTP PDUs in GPRS backbone network. If a
reliable data link is not required (for example, IP), UDP is used to deliver GTP
PDUs. TCP provides flow control and prevents the loss or destruction of GTP
PDUs. UDP can prevent GTP PDUs from being destructed.

Internet Protocol (IP)

IP is a GPRS backbone network protocol. IP is used for the route selection of

subscriber data and control signaling. GPRS backbone network was first built on
IPv4 basis. With IPv6 popularity GPRS will adopt IPv6 in near future.

SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP)

SNDCP enables the network-level features to be mapped to the network features

in the bottom layer. It divides and assembles the data to be transmitted, and
determines the TCP/IP address and encryption mode. In SNDC layer, the data
transmitted between MS and SGSN is divided into one or several SNDC data
packet units. SNDC data packet units generated is placed in LLC frame.
GSM04.65 provides SNDCP description.

Logical Link Control (LLC)

LLC is a radio link protocol based on High-level Data Link Control (HDLC). It
can provide high reliable encrypted logical links. LLC layer enables LLC
address and frame field to be generated from SNDC data units of SNDC layer,
helping a complete LLC frame be generated. LLC can implement point to
multipoint address and retransmission control of data frames. LLC is
independent from radio interface protocol of bottom layer, which enables NSS
minimum reconstruction when other GPRS wireless solutions are introduced.
GSM04.64 provides LLC specifications.
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Relay

In BSS, relay transfers LLC PDUs between Um interface and Gb interface. In

SGSN, relay transfers PDP PDUs between Gb interface and Gn interface.

BSS GPRS Protocol (BSSGP)

This layer transfers the information related to routing service quality between
BSS and SGSN. BSSGP does not provide error correction function. GSM08.18
provides BSSGP specifications.

Network Service (NS)

This layer transfers BSSGP PDUs. NS is based on the frame relay connection
between BSS and SGSN. It provides multi-hop function and transverses the
network having frame relay switching nodes. GSM08.16 provides NS
specifications.

Radio Link Control (RLC)/Media Access Control (MAC)

This layer provides two functions:

Radio link control: RLC provides a reliable link which is independent from wireless
solution.

Media Access Control: MAC defines and allocates GPRS logical channels for air
interface, enabling these channels to be shared by different MSs. Besides controlling
radio channels used for signaling transfer, MAC maps LLC frames to GSM physical
channels. GSM04.60 provides LLC specifications.

GSM RF

Physical layer of Um interface is RF interface part. Logical link layer provides various
logical channels for air interfaces. The carrier bandwidth of GSM air interface is 200
kHz. A carrier is divided into eight physical channels. If all the eight physical channels
are assigned to transmit GPRS data, original data rate can reach 200 kbps. With the
overhead of forward error correction codes considered, the final data rate can reach 164
kbps.

1.5.2 GPRS Signaling Protocol Platform

Signaling platform describes the signaling transmission hierarchical structure. GPRS

signaling protocol platform is divided into protocol control and transmission support

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

platforms. Signaling platform is of seven kinds according to its application.

MS-SGSN

GMM/SM refers to GPRS mobility management and session management.

MS-SGSN supports mobility management, such as GPRS service
connection/disconnection, security, routing area update, location update, PDP
environment activation, and PDP environment deactivation.

Fig 1.5-2 shows MS-SGSN signaling platform.

GMM/ GMM/
SM SM

LLC LLC
Relay
RLC RLC BSSGP BSSGP

MAC MAC NS NS
RF RF L1bis L1bis
Um Gb
MS BSS SGSN

Fig 1.5-2 MS-SGSN

SGSN-HLR

Here, MAP refers to Mobile Application Part. SGSN-HLR protocol supports the
signaling exchange with HLR.

Fig 1.5-3 shows SGSN-HLR signaling platform.

MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gr
SGSN HLR

Fig 1.5-3 SGSN-HLR

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SGSN-MSC/VLR

BSSAP+ refers to Base Station System Application+, which is a subset of

BSSAP and supports the signaling exchange between SGSN and MSC/VLR.

Fig 1.5-4 shows SGSN-MSC/VLR signaling platform

BSSAP+ BSSAP+
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gs
SGSN MSC/VLR

Fig 1.5-4 SGSN-MSC/VLR

SGSN-EIR

MAP supports the signaling exchange between SGSN and EIR.

Fig 1.5-5 shows SGSN-EIR signaling platform.

MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gf
SGSN EI R

Fig 1.5-5 SGSN-EIR

SGSN-SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC

Signaling platform shown in Fig 1.5-6 indicates that MAP supports the signaling
exchange between SGSN and SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC.

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gd
SGSN SMS-GMSC

Fig 1.5-6 SGSN-SMS-GMSC or SMS-IWMSC

GSN-GSN

GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol) tunnel is used to transfer subscriber data and
signaling information between SGSN and GGSN or between two SGSN in
GPRS backbone. UDP is used to transfer the signaling information between two
GSNs as shown in Fig 1.5-7.

GTP GTP
UDP UDP
IP IP
L2 L2
L1 L1
Gn
GSN GSN

Fig 1.5-7 GSN-GSN

GGSN-HLR

When signaling path is optional, a GGSN is allowed to exchange signaling

information with HLR. Normally, there are two types of signaling paths:

GGSN-HLR signaling based on MAP

MAP can be used between GGSN and HLR if GGSN has SS7 interface. Fig
1.5-8 shows MAP supporting HLR signaling exchange.

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MAP MAP
TCAP TCAP
SCCP SCCP
MTP3 MTP3
MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1
Gc
G GSN HLR

Fig 1.5-8 GGSN-HLR Based on MAP

GGSN-HLR signaling based on GTP and MAP

Any GSN with SS7 interface in same PLMN can serve as a GTP-MAP protocol
translator if GGSN has no SS7 interface. Thus, in GPRS backbone network, signaling
information can be transferred between GGSN and GSN with protocol translation
function through tunnel.

Fig 1.5-9 shows the interworking between GTP and MAP, enabling the signaling
exchange between GGSN and HLR.

Interworking
MAP
GTP GTP MAP
TCAP TCAP
UDP UDP SCCP SCCP
IP L2 MTP2 MTP3
L2 L2 MTP2 MTP2
L1 L1 L1 L1
Gn Gc
GGSN GSN HLR

Fig 1.5-9 GGSN-HLR Based on GTP and MAP

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2 GPRS Frame Structure and Radio
Channels

2.1 Radio Frame Structure

GPRS introduces 52 TDMA multiframe structure. Logical channels on packet data
channels (PDCHs) mapping is based on 52 TDMA multiframe structure.

Fig 2.1-1 shows 52 TDMA multiframe structure.

52-multiframe

B B B B B B B B
T I B8 T B9 B10 B11 I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

B0-B11:BLOCK T: Frame used for PTCCH I: Idle frame

Fig 2.1-1 52-Multiframe Structure

PDCH multiframe contains 12 blocks (each block is consists of 4 consecutive TDMA

frames), 2 idle frames, and 2 TDMA frames used for Packet Timing advanced Control
Channel (PTCCH). There are 52 TDMA frames all together.

In GPRS, except packet random access channel (PRACH) and PTCCH/U, basic unit of
other packet logical channels is a block.

In a 52-multiframe, sequence of 12 blocks is B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8,
B5, B11.

2.2 Physical Channel

GPRS inherits GSMs frequency band use mode and wireless transmission mode.
Frequency band refers to TDMA under FDMA, and Wireless transmission refers to
basic transmission unit on radio path, which is the burst pulse lasting for 15/26 ms
(equivalent to about 156.25 modulation bits).

GPRS system divides a carrier into eight timeslots as in GSM, which constitute eight
basic time division channels. Therefore, a physical channel can be uniquely determined
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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

by a TDMA frame sequence, a timeslot No. (module 8), and a definite hopping
sequence. Because GPRS is designed to coexist with GSM voice transmission, some
physical channels in a GSM cell supporting GPRS may transfer voice, and other
physical channels may transfer GPRS packet data. In addition, some GPRS signaling
flows, such as packet system message broadcasting, packet access and resource
allocation, are conducted on CS channels.

2.3 Logical Channel

All packet logical channels are mapped to a dedicated packet data channel (PDCH).
Packet logical channels can be divided into the categories shown in Table 2.3-1.

Table 2.3-1 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes

Packet Random Access Channel (PRACH, uplink)

Packet common control channel
(PCCCH)
Packet broadcast control channel
(PBCCH, downlink)
Packet transport channel
Packet dedicated control channel
Packet Paging Channel (PPCH, downlink)
Packet Access Grant Channel (PAGCH, downlink)
Packet Notice Channel (PNCH, downlink)
Packet Data Transport Channel (PDTCH: PDTCH/U and
PDTCH/D)
Packet Associated Control Channel (PACCH)
Packet Timing advance Control Uplink Channel (PTCCH/U)
Packet Timing advance Control Downlink Channel (PTCCH/D)

2.3.1 Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCHs):

PRACH: It delivers packet access burst pulse and extended access burst pulse.
MS sends data or paging response to BSS through PRACH.

PPCH: It sends paging messages for CS services and GPRS services. CS paging
services is applicable to type-A and type-B MSs. PPCH also uses paging group
and can support DRX

PAGCH: Before MS sends packets, PAGCH allocates one or several PDTCHs to

MS for packet transmission. If MS is transmitting packets, the resources
allocated can be transferred in PACCH.

PNCH: It notifies MS of PTM-M call. DRX mode must be configured to

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monitor PNCH.

2.3.2 Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH):

PBCCH broadcasts packet data system messages. Parameters carried in these messages
determine channels mapping on multiframes. If no PBCCH is allocated, BCCH can
transfer these messages. BCCH will give definite indication, showing whether the cell
supports packet data service. If cell supports packet data service, and PBCCH is
assigned, the PBCCH combination configuration information is sent.

2.3.3 Packet transport channel:

PDTCH bears subscriber data in packet switching mode. It is allocated temporarily to a

specific MS or a group of MSs (under the PTM-M mode). Under multi-slot mode, MS
can use several PDTCHs concurrently. Because different logical channels can be
multiplexed on a physical channel, a PDTCH can bear 0 to 21.4 kbps pure data rate
(including RLC header). Different from CS service, all PDTCHs are unidirectional. MS
uses PDTCH/U to send packet data to the network and uses PDTCH/D to receive
packet data from network.

2.3.4 Packet dedicated control channel:

PACCH: It transmits signaling information, such as acknowledge message and

power control message. In addition, it also carries resources allocation and
re-allocation information, which is used for allocating PDTCH capacity or
adding PACCH in future. MS transmitting packets are able to enter circuit
switching mode through PACCH paging. ACCH is dynamically allocated to
physical channel with PDTCH. It is a bi-directional channel.

PTCCH/U: It transmits random access burst and estimates time advance of MS

in packet transmission mode.

PTCCH/D: It amends the time advance of several MSs. A PTCCH/D

corresponds to several PTCCH/Us.

2.4 Channel Combination

Three new logical channel combinations in GPRS are:

PBCCH + PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

PCCCH + PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

PDTCH + PACCH + PTCCH

Here, PCCCH = PPCH + PRACH + PAGCH + PNCH

Different logical channels may appear on the same PDCH. PDCH is shared by block.
In other words, type of logical channel, to which each block belongs, on a PDCH may
change one by one. Message type ID contained in the head of each block identifies
channel type (except for the PRACH).

2.5 Mapping between Logical Channels and Physical Channels

2.5.1 Uplink Channel Mapping:

PDTCH/U and PACCH/U mapping:

For each PDCH allocated to MS, MS will be allocated with an Uplink State Flag
(USF). Network uses USF to control the different MSs radio block multiplexing
in uplink PDCH. US controls the timeslot usage. It is used in dynamic and
extended dynamic medium access modes. Three-bit USF is located in header of
each downlink radio block, and can form eight states for uplink transmission
multiplexing. In PCCCH, one USF value marks the PRACH (USF = idle), and
other values are reserved for seven different MSs (USF = R1/R2 R7). When a
PDCH is not the PCCCH, the eight USF values are all used to reserve uplinks
for eight different MSs. When an MS without USF is using the uplink, a USF
value can prevent conflict of uplink channels. USF is directed to the next uplink
radio block.

When an MS finds its own USF in header of a BX (Bx = B0B11) downlink

block of a PDCH, MS can use BX+1 (X= 11) or B0 (when X=11) uplink blocks
on this PDCH. If the network permits, MS can also use three consecutive blocks
(four blocks in total).

PACCH/U corresponding to PDTCH/D can be determined by the network in

polling mode.

PTCCH/U mapping:

When an MS is allocated a PDTCH from a PDCH, PTCCH/U must also be allocated

from that PDCH. The cycle of PTCCH/U is eight 52-multiframes, including 16

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PTCCH/Us (0 to 15). PTCCH/U sub-channel No. of each MS is determined by the

time advance index (TAI) obtained by the MS in resource allocation. See Fig 2.5-1.

52-multiframe number n:
TAI=0
uplink
TAI=1
B0 B1 B2 0 B3 B4 B5 1 B6 B7 B8 2 B9 B10 B11 3
TA-message 1 TA-message
downlink
1

52-multiframe number n+1:

TAI=2
uplink
TAI=3
B0 B1 B2 4 B3 B4 B5 5 B6 B7 B8 6 B9 B10 B11 7
TA-message 1 TA-message
downlink
1

52-multiframe number n+2:

TAI=4
uplink
TAI=5
B0 B1 B2 8 B3 B4 B5 9 B6 B7 B8 10 B9 B10 B11 11
TA-message 2 TA-message
downlink
2

52-multiframe number n+3:

TAI=6
uplink
TAI=7
B0 B1 B2 12 B3 B4 B5 13 B6 B7 B8 14 B9 B10 B11 15
TA-message 2 TA-message
downlink
2

52-multiframe number n+4:

TAI=8
uplink
TAI=9
B0 B1 B2 16 B3 B4 B5 17 B6 B7 B8 18 B9 B10 B11 19
TA-message 3 TA-message
downlink
3

52-multiframe number n+5:

TAI=10
uplink
TAI=11
B0 B1 B2 20 B3 B4 B5 21 B6 B7 B8 22 B9 B10 B11 23
TA-message 3 TA-message
downlink
3

52-multiframe number n+6:

TAI=12
uplink
TAI=13
B0 B1 B2 24 B3 B4 B5 25 B6 B7 B8 26 B9 B10 B11 27
TA-message 4 TA-message
downlink
4

52-multiframe number n+7:

TAI=14
uplink
TAI=15
B0 B1 B2 28 B3 B4 B5 29 B6 B7 B8 30 B9 B10 B11 31
TA-message 4 TA-message
downlink
4

B0~B11=Radio blocks
Idle frames are numbered from 1 to 31 [odd numbers]
PTCCH frames are numbered from 0 to 30 [even numbers]

Fig 2.5-1 Mapping of PTCCH on Physical Channel

Uplink PCCCH/PRACH mapping:

As described above, on PDCH with PCCCH, if USF is idle, corresponding

downlink block is PRACH. PRACH can be mapped in a fixed manner. Number
of PRACH blocks fixedly allocated on a PCCCH is determined by the system
broadcast parameter BS_PRACH_BLKS. Its relationship with specific blocks is

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

determined by the block sequence described above.

2.5.2 Downlink Channel Mapping:

PDTCH/D and PACCH/D mapping:

MS interprets every downlink block on the allocated PDCH and determines

whether the block is its PDTCH/D and PACCH/D according to TFI.

TBF is a physical connection used by two RR entities to transmit LLC PDU in a

unidirectional manner on packet data radio channel. This parameter is used in
LLC frame transmission sequence of the same timeslot in same cell to replace
MS identification in RLC/MAC layer. It is radio resource assigned to one or
multiple PDCHs. It transmits RLC/MAC blocks carrying one or multiple LLC
PDUs. The TBF is temporary and only kept in data transmission (the TBF is
kept until there is no RLC/MAC block to transmit, or all the RLC/MAC blocks
are received successfully by the receiver under the RLC acknowledgement
mode).

For each TBF, network allocates a TFI. For concurrent TBFs in each direction,
TFI allocated is unique. It is used to replace MS identifier in RLC/MAC layer.
The same TFI can be used in different directions. TFI is assigned in the resource
allocation message before transmission of LLC frame.

RLC/MAC block related to a specific TBF must contain a TFI. For a RLC data
block, the TBF is jointly identified by the TFI and the transmission direction of
the data block. For a RLC/MAC control message, there are transmission
direction and message type in addition to the TFI. If the header of a downlink
control block contains a TFI, the TFI identifies to which MS the control message
is sent; otherwise, all MSs will receive this message. If the TFI in the header is
inconsistent with that in the message, the MS accepts the TFI in the header.

PBCCH mapping and packet system message transmission:

In a cell, PBCCH is mapped to one PDCH only. Specific location is broadcast

by BCCH. In a 52-multiframe, PBCCH is mapped to BS_PBCCH_BLKS
(where BS_PBCCH_BLKS< 4) blocks. Specific blocks are determined by the
block sequence described above.

In packet idle mode, MS listens to system messages on BCCH and learns

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whether the cell supports GPRS and whether PBCCH is configured from SI3,
SI4, SI7 and SI8. If there is a PBCCH, MS leaves BCCH to listen system
messages PSIs 1 3 or other PSI on PBCCH. BSC determines time and type
of messages to be sent.

System parameter PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD determines the position where PSI1

is sent. In addition, except PSI 1, other PSIs are divided into two groups. One
group is sent at a high repetition rate, while the other is sent at a low repetition
rate. Parameter PSI_COUNT_HR indicates the number of PSIs sent at a high
repetition rate, and PSI_COUNT_LR indicates the number of PSIs sent at a low
repetition rate.

System sends PSIs according to the following rules:

PSI 1 is sent on BLOCK B0 when TC is 0. (TC = (FN DIV 52) mod

PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD).

When BS_PBCCH_BLKS is higher than 1, PSI 1 is also sent on BLOCK B6

with TC of 0.

PSIs in the group sent at a high frequency are sent in sequence determined by
network. The sequence starts when TC is 0; that is, sending cycle of PSIs in this
group is PSI1_REPEAT_PERIOD*52 frame. When PSIs in this group are sent,
PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.

PSIs sent in the group sent at a low frequency are sent in the sequence
determined by the network, and sent repeatedly. When the PSIs in this group are
sent, the PBCCH BLOCKs, which are not occupied by PSIs, will be used.

Downlink PCCCH mapping

Downlink PCCCH mapping on a PDCH can be described by the following four

rules:

BS_PBCCH_BLKS blocks are used in the PBCCH if PDCH has a PBCCH.

BS_PAG_BLKS_RES blocks cannot be used in the PPCH in the remaining

blocks. They can be used in the PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH and PACCH only.

The remaining blocks can be used in the PPCH, PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH and
PACCH.

When PBCCH is on timeslot k, the PCCCH can be located on timeslot n only,

19
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

and n must be greater than k-4 and smaller than or equal to 7 (k-4 n 7).

For example, for a PDCH with both PBCCH and PCCCH, when
BS_PBCCH_BLKS is 2 and BS_PAG_BLKS_RES is 5, the following can be
known according to the block sequence (B0, B6, B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2,
B8, B5, and B11):

PBCCHs are located on B0 and B6.

PPCH can be located on B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11 only.

PAGCH, PNCH, PDTCH, and PACCH can be located on B3, B9, B1, B7, B4,
B10, B2, B8, B5, and B11.

20
3 GPRS Key Technologies

3.1 QoS Implementation

GPRS provides subscribers five negotiable QoS attributes:

Peak throughput class

Mean throughput class

Reliability class

Delay class

Precedence class

Each attribute consists of multiple level options, and combination of attributes of

different levels constitutes the support of various applications requiring different QoS.
GPRS standard defines many QoS combinations. GPRS only supports some QoS
configuration currently.

GPRS QoS profile is based on each Packet Data Protocol (PDP) context. Treats as a
single parameter QoS profile features multiple data transfer attributes.

During the negotiation of QoS profile, MS can apply a value for each QoS attribute,
including the default value of the subscriber profile saved in HLR. Network also
negotiates a level for each attribute to match the valid GPRS resources, thus, proper
resources can be provided to support QoS profile negotiated.

3.2 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer

MAC layer enable several MSs to share the same transmission media and connect with
physical layer directly.

On the uplink (for example, an MS starts to access network), when several MSs apply
for access at the same time, limited physical resource need be managed properly.
Reservation protocol of the contention mechanism between different MSs is based on
time division ALOHA protocol. In addition, because radio channel resources for an MS
are also limited, some services are competitive. Coordination function provided by
MAC layer can solve the problems caused by competition.
21
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

On the downlink (for example, the MS), MAC layer has the access requests queue and
makes an access time table. For downlink, contention mechanism is unnecessary
because there is only one transmit end in downlink direction.

MAC layer assigns data to be sent with different priority and transmits data according
to priority. Signaling data has higher priority than subscriber data. After combined,
signaling and subscriber data are sent through transmission media. MAC layer enables
several MSs to share same transmission medium. Transmission medium can be a
physical channel or several physical channels. In TDMA, physical channels are TDMA
timeslots.

When several physical channels serve as transmission media, MS sends data

concurrently. It can increase the data transmission capacity between MS and network.

See the example as shown below in Fig 3.2-1.

Frame Time

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 5 6 7

MS A
Physical Transmission
channel medium
MS B

Fig 3.2-1 MAC Layer Transmission

Two mobile subscribers are transmitting data. Timeslots 5 and 6 are used as common
transmission media. MAC layer at network side makes transmission time table for MSs.
Thus, subscriber A can send data on a TDMA frame, and subscriber B can send data on
the next TDMA frame. This standard enables the network to arrange eight MSs to share
a transmission medium at the same time.

3.2.1 Radio Block Structure

GPRS radio block consists of MAC header and RLC data block or RLC control block.
GPRS assigns different types of RLC/MAC block structures to transfer data and
control information, as shown in Fig 3.2-2.

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PL - PDU

MAC header RLC header RLC data unit Idle

RLC data block

MAC header RLC/MAC control message

RLC/MAC control block

Fig 3.2-2 Radio Block Structure

RLC/MAC block that transfers data contains MAC header and RLC data block.

RLC data block contains an RLC header, an RLC data unit, and a reserved part (in
current technical specifications, that part is set to 0 at the transmit end and neglected at
the receive end). RLC data unit contains one or several LLC PDUs. RLC/MAC block
containing RLC data block can be coded using channel coding schemes CS1, CS2, CS3,
and CS4. When CS1 is adopted, RLC/MAC block does not contain the reserved part.

RLC/MAC control block is composed of the control message content field and control
header, which is optional in downlink. RLC/MAC control message is transferred in
RLC/MAC control block. RLC/MAC control block must use CS1.

Reduced Block Serial Number (RBSN)

Made up of one bit, RBSN carries downlink RLC/MAC control block serial
number.

Radio Transaction Identifier (RTI) domain

Made up of five bits, RTI groups and downlink RLC/MAC control blocks. The
value range is 0 to 31. These control blocks form a complete RLC/MAC control
message.

Final Segment (FS)

Made up of one bit, FS indicates whether the downlink RLC/MAC control block
contains a final segment of a RLC/MAC control message. If FS is 0, the
downlink RLC/MAC does not contain final segment of a RLC/MAC control
message. If it is 1, downlink RLC/MAC contains the final segment.

Address Control (AC)

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

Made up of one bit, AC indicates whether the header of the downlink

RLC/MAC control block contains optional TFI/D field. 0 indicates TFI/D field
is contained, and 1 not.

Direction (D) bit

Made up of one bit, D bit indicates TBF direction. TBF is identified by TFI field
in downlink RLC/MAC control header. If D bit is 0, TBF identified by TFI is
uplink. If it is 1, TBF is downlink.

3.2.2 Channel Coding

GPRS defines four coding modes on PDTCH: CS-1 to CS-4. Except for PRACH and
PTCCH/U, other packet control channels adopt CS-1. For packet access pulse on
PRACH and PTCCH/U, there are 8-bit and 11-bit coding modes.

Fig 3.2-3 and Fig 3.2-4 show coding procedure of four different coding modes.

Radio block

USF BCS
rate 1/2 convolutional
coding

puncturing

456bits

Fig 3.2-3 CS-1 to CS-3 Coding Procedure

Radio block

USF BCS

block no coding
code

456bits

Fig 3.2-4 CS-4 Coding Procedure

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Coding procedure is as follows:

1. Add a Block Check Sequence (BCS) to the end of the radio block for error
detection.

2. Perform pre-coding of USF (for CS-1, CS-2, and CS-3 only), add four tail bits,
and perform half-rate convolutional coding for error correction.

3. Punch to obtain desired coding rate.

Error-correction coding is not performed in CS-4.

Table 3.2-1 describes the specific coding process of the four channel coding modes.

Table 3.2-1 Specific Coding Process of the Four Channel Coding Modes

Type
Procedure
CS1 CS2 CS3 CS4
Length of data
184 bits 271 bits 315 bits 413 bits
source
(1) Packet coding. The (1) Packet coding. The
(1) Fire coding. The (1) Packet coding. The
multinomial generated multinomial generated
multinomial generated multinomial generated
is: is:
is: is:
23 17 3
D16 +D12+D5+1. The D16+D12+D5+1.
(D +1)(D +D +1). D16+D12+D5+1.
added BCS is 16 bits. (2) The USF
Packet coding The BCS added is 40 (2) USF preprocessing.
(2) USF preprocessing. preprocessing is the
bits. See Table 3.2-3.
See Table 3.2-2. same as CS2.
(2) Add four tail bits. (3) Add tail bits. The
(3) Add four tail bits. (3) Add tail bits. The
The coding data coding data length is
The coding data length coding data length is
length is 228 bits. 456 bits.
is 294 bits. 338 bits.
(1) Convolutional
coding with a 1/2 code (1) Convolutional
rate. The multinomial coding with a 1/2 code
(1) Convolutional generated is: rate. The multinomial
coding with a 1/2 code G0=1+D3+D4,G1=1+D generated is:
3 4
rate. The multinomial +D +D G0=1+D3+D4,G1=1+
Convolutional
generated is: (2) Reduce 132 bits by D+D3+D4 None
coding 3 4
G0=1+D +D ,G1=1+ punching. The position (2) Position of
D+D3+D4 of punching: punching:
(2) No punching. C (3+4xk), k=3, , 146 C(3+6 x k) and
and k9, 21, 33, 45, 57, C (5+6xk) k=2, 3, ,
69, 81, 93, 105, 117, 111
129, 141

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

Table 3.2-2 shows the difference between the four coding modes.

Table 3.2-2 GPRS Channel Coding

Size of RLC/MAC Data Maximum Throughput of

Coding Scheme Code Rate
Block (bytes) RLC/MAC (kbps)
CS-1 1/2 20 8
CS-2 2/3 30 12
CS-3 3/4 36 14.4
CS-4 1 50 20

CS1 has powerful error correction capability and tolerates a certain bit error ratio.
Therefore, it has low requirements for wireless environment. However, its throughput
is smallest. Higher level of a coding scheme (CS4 is of highest level), has an error
correction capability and higher throughput.

Table 3.2-3 describes coding and various packet logical channels interleaving
procedure.

Table 3.2-3 Packet Logical Channel Coding and Interleaving

Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)

PDTCH Packet On four NB

184 4 1/2 456
(CS1) coding, 40 bursts
Addin
PDTCH Packet On four NB
271 g three 4 1/2 456
(CS2) coding, 16 bursts
bits
Combine on
8 Parity 6 4 1/2 36
one AB burst

PARCH 1/2,
PTCCH/D perforate Combine on
11 Parity 6 4 36
reduction one AB burst
code 6 bits

On four
PTCCH/U 184 Packet, 40 4 1/2 456 inconsecutive
bursts

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Code Output
Input
Channel Input Code USF Convolutio Code Interleaving
Rate Tail
Type Block (bits) Check Bit Precod nal Block Depth
(kbit/s) Bit
ing Code Rate (bits)

PPCH,
PAGCH, On four
Packet
PNCH, 184 4 1/2 456 consecutive
coding, 40
PBCCH, bursts
PACCH

3.2.3 Flow Control

It controls the QoS delay queue load between SGSN and BSS to optimize the use of
buffer area.

BSSGP layer PCU manages two buffers which are MS buffer and BSSGP Virtual
Connection (BVC) buffer. When PCU receives a LLC packet, its BSSGP protocol layer
identifies it according to TLLI and places it into MS buffer. Then, BSSGP protocol
layer uses BVCI as identifier and places all related information into the buffer for that
BVC.

See Fig 3.2-5.

LLC
Subscriber data

TLLI
BSSGP

BVCI TLLI MS buffer

NSEI

BVC buffer

BVCI =1 BVCI=2 BVCI=1

NSEI 1 NSEI 2

Fig 3.2-5 BSSGP Layer Buffer

SGSN can perform flow control on specific MS and cell. PCU sends SGSN a Flow

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GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

Control BVC/MS message containing flow control parameter. Thus, SGSN knows how
to control throughput to PCU and adjusts BSSGP UNITDATA PDU flow cached from
SGSN to PCU. In addition, to optimize BSSGP UNITDATA PDU cached at PCU, if
the life period of the BSSGP UNITADATA PDU at the PCU expires, and the BSSGP
UNITADATA PDU is not sent out through the radio interface, the PCU will delete it
locally and send a PDU (LLC-DISCARDED PDU) message to the SGSN.

3.2.4 Cell Selection and Reselection

GPRS Cell selection and reselection are independent from GSM. GPRS system has no
handover concept. GPRS MSs perform cell reselection no matter whether they are
under packet transmission mode or packet idle mode.

If MS service area has no PBCCH, MS will listen to system message broadcast by

BCCH and performs cell reselection according to C1 and C2 rules under the idle mode
of circuit switching.

3.2.4.1 Cell Selection

When an MS is powered on or moves from dead zone to coverage, it searches all

frequencies permitted by PLMN and selects the best cell to stay. This process is called
cell selection.

GPRS cell selection algorithm is same as that of GSM. Before GPRS dedicated
channel is assigned, GPRS MS uses GSM signaling resources.

In cell selection process, MS searches 124 RF channels (Dual-band MS will search 374
GSM1800 RF channels), reads strength of signal received on each RF channel, and
calculates average level. Whole measurement process lasts three to five seconds.
During this period, at least five measurement samples are extracted from different RF
channels.

Then, MS tunes to carrier with maximum incoming level and judges whether that
harmonic wave is a BCCH carrier (by searching FCCH burst pulse). If yes, MS tries to
decode SCH to synchronize with that carrier and read system message broadcast on
BCCH. If MS decodes BCCH data correctly, and verifies that cell belongs to PLMN
selected, parameter C1 is greater than 0, and cell is not prohibited from accessing, MS
can select that cell. Otherwise, MS tunes to next most signification carrier till it finds
the cell available.

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If MS finds a cell available it listens to system messages type 1 to type 4 and SI13 (in
case of GPRS cell) on BCCH of that cell, and decodes all information. After that, MS
stays in that cell.

3.2.4.2 Cell Reselection

GPRS network or MS control Cell reselection process. In network controlled cell

reselection process utilizes cell load, status, level and other information in optimized
manner.

Network-controlled cell reselection module consists of two layers: BRP decides to

perform cell-reselection according to certain criteria. BRP informs Pn of decision
parameters related to service cell & each candidate cell in cell reselection request
message. On receiving cell reselection request, Pn selects target cell & notifies BRP
considering resource and service load status of each adjacent cell. Finally, BRP sends
cell reselection command to MS to complete entire cell reselection process.

Other modules such as Power control module on power control failure can request cell
reselection using network-controlled cell reselection module.

Fig 3.2-6 shows network-controlled cell reselection process.

Save measurement report

Perform weighted average of

measurement report

Make predecision of cell

reselection

Make cell reselection decision

Send cell reselection

command

Fig 3.2-6 Network-Controlled Cell Reselection Process

29
GBC_003_E1_0 GPRS Introduction

Save measurement report

Find the instance according to TLLI carried in the packet measurement report,
and respectively store the level value of the service cell and adjacent cell in the
instance data area. The measurement reports of at most eight adjacent cells are
stored in the instance.

Perform weighted average of measurement report

To avoid frequent cell reselection, the cell re-reselection module makes cell
re-selection pre-decision after performing weighted average of the measurement
reports submitted recently. Since the submitting period of the packet
measurement report is relatively long and unstable, different weighted values are
employed for the measurement reports submitted in different time. The level
weighted average values of the service cell and adjacent cell are calculated
respectively.

Make pre-decision of cell reselection

The network-controlled cell reselection pre-decision algorithm uses three

parameters: path loss parameter C1, hierarchical cell structure signal level
threshold criteria parameter C31, and cell sequencing criteria parameter C32.
The cell reselection is triggered when C1 is smaller than 0. Pn of C31 and C32
of these adjacent cells in the cell reselection request message.

Pre-decision algorithm is as follows:

Service cell C1<0

If the estimated value of a non-service cell is better than the service cell, it is the
optimal cell. The optimal cell is the cell with the highest C32 in the following
cells:

C31 0, the highest LSA priority is available, and PRIORITY_CLASS is the

highest.

If no cell can satisfy C31 0, the optimal cell is that with the highest C32 value
among all cells.

These two algorithms are optional.

Make cell reselection decision.

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After receiving the cell reselection request message from the BRP, the Pn makes
the cell reselection decision and selects the target cell. The Pn queries the
resource and service load statuses of the strongest adjacent cells, respectively
takes different weighted values together with the level values, selects the best
cell, and sends the cell reselection indication to the BRP. Meanwhile, it sends the
cell reselection indication to the BRP where the target cell is located. Thus, after
the cell reselection of the MS, the new cell can perform cell reselection control
over it rapidly.

Send cell reselection command.

After receiving the cell reselection indication, the BRP sends the cell reselection
command to the MS. Under the packet idle status, if PCCCH is configured, the
cell reselection command is sent to the MS on PCCCH. If there is no PCCCH, a
downlink block is assigned on CCCH via the immediate assignment message.
The cell reselection command is sent in the downlink block assigned. Under the
packet transmission status, the cell reselection command is sent to the MS on
PACCH. C31 and C32 are used to select the optimal cell, and the last selection is
not made here in the pre-decision.

31