Beruflich Dokumente
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PREFACE
Background
Food is the main source of energy for humans. One of food sources is animal source
foods. In Indonesia animal source foods already widely used in line with population growth
and become increased. This will affect the need for food, where demand for foods of animal
origin may be used as a variety of food. By the population growth which in line with the
times, animal source food products with high nutritional value and is also safe for
consumption are needed. The addition of quality of animal source food products can be done
by the use of biotechnology. Biotechnology covers the entire utilization of organism for
human benefit. Currently the definition of biotechnology relating to genetically modified
organisms and their recombination.
Genetic modification is a biotechnology technique that is done by the transfer of genes
from one living thing to another living creature (also known as GMOs). The aim is to
produce plants / animals / micro-organisms that have certain properties that bring a bigger
profit for humans. Gene is a biological unit that determines the properties of living things that
can be derived (BPOM 2010). While those that have been modified called a Genetically
Modified Organism (GMO) or transgenic organisms.
The use of GMO-based food material is expected to be a solution to improve the quality
of animal source products, but it is also can cause allergies, carcinogenic, antibiotic
resistance, and gene transfer into the environment. The public awareness on food that is safe,
healthy, whole, and halal increased along with awareness for obtaining food quality and also
the impact that can be caused by these foods. Public ignorance about the impact of GMO
food products cause excessive concern to this. Research on GMO products especially animal
source food products is needed.
In Indonesia GMO food products widely consumed is plant source foods. The danger to
the consumer also being studied by POM Indonesia. There is a kind of genetically modified
broiler chickens that have economic characteristics, characterized by rapid growth as a meat
producer. Relatively shorter harvest period of broiler make it become one of the commodities
that are favored by farmers. But in its development is necessary to review whether the meat
produced is safe for consumption and does not cause a prolonged impact for consumers.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Safety assessment of foods derived from GMOs animals being the subject of discussion
in FAO / WHO. In 2003 FAO / WHO has conducted food safety assessment of foods derived
from GM animals; and in 2007 FAO / WHO, which got specific technical questions hired by
the Codex Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Task Force on Foods Derived from Biotechnology.
Consultation in 2003 concluded that the food safety assessment of foods derived from GMOs
animals most can be done along the lines that have been established for food from GM crops,
using a comparative approach to safety assessment. One major difference between plants and
animals is that animals that have a history of safe use as a food source generally do not
contain genes encoding a toxic protein (or produce toxic end product). This is different from
plants that can be 'healthy' but still produce compounds (eg, natural toxins, anti-nutrients) that
are harmful to human health. In assessing the safety of foods derived from animal GMO must
take into account: (i) the nature of the DNA construct and its expression product, if any; (ii)
GM animal health status; and (iii) the composition of the food derived from animals,
including essential nutrients (FASN 2007).
DISCUSSION
In Indonesia, the safety of GMO food products has also being assessed. But a wide
range of GMO food products examined only limited of plant source food products. That plant
source food products known as genetically modified food (PRG) may have a risk to human
health. The possibility of risk needs to be minimized through the precautionary approach
(precautionary approach). Concerns over genetically modified food products covers various
aspects, especially the tendency of causing an allergic reaction (allergenicity), gene transfer,
and outcrossing. In principle, food that causes allergy is not desirable unless it is proved that
the proteins are not allergenic. Transfer of genes from genetically modified food products into
the cells of the body or to bacteria in the digestive tract caused concern if the genetic material
transferred can harm human health (BPOM RI 2010).
Ratings of GMO Animal Source Food Ingredients on Veteriner Public Health Aspect
Food security
One of the animal source foods that are commonly performed genetic modification are
salmon. The number of fish available in the world is declining, while the number of people is
increasing rapidly. These factors make the farm produce salmon in large numbers, and expect
the growth of salmon can be done quickly so the production increases. Conventional salmon
fish farming still not adequate enough to fulfill the needs of human consumption, so that the
genetic modification is done to accelerate the growth of salmon. That expected the production
of genetically modification salmon can help the fulfillment of animal source food. In
Indonesia there is a kind of broiler genetically modification chickens that have economic
characteristics, characterized by rapid growth as a meat producer. Relatively shorter harvest
period make broiler become one of the commodities that are favored by livestock. In
Indonesia, broiler production aim to increase food fulfillment because beef protein source can
only be obtained by middle to high economic level people.
Animal Welfare
Animal welfare aspects that known is free from hunger and thirst, free of threats, free of
pain and disease, freedom to express natural habits, and free of pressure and feeling stressed.
Judging from the animal welfare aspects, it can be said that the treatment of genetic
modification to animal source food, such as GM salmon, violated the animal welfare aspect.
Salmon cant swim freely in their natural habitat due to intensive breeding. The impact of
intensive aquaculture may also cause the spread of disease in salmon and increase salmon
mortality. Besides that, as a perspective seen the negative side that the salmon has to suffer
and get an age reduction due to shorter harvest period. If viewed from the same perspective,
the state of welfare of broiler chickens in Indonesia as well as GM salmon which aspects of
animal welfare have not been fulfilled either.
Human Health
Salmon contains high omega-3 fatty acids so it is a kind of healthy food. Also in terms
of the economic aspects it can attract consumers because the price of salmon is relatively
inexpensive. The FDA has examined whether consumption of GM salmon directly effect and
have an effect on human health, either directly or indirectly. FDA has examined various
aspects including the biological characteristics, structure, allergenicity, and toxicity of GM
salmon compared with the same species conventional salmon. But the investigation is not
explained specifically. The result is GM salmon has a different composition which has a
triploid cells, and contains an extra gene. But FDA determined that GM salmon is safe for
consumption. It also means that people who are allergic to conventional salmon will also be
allergic to GM salmon.
CONCLUSION
response Allergies
Some people have an allergic response to food protein. Protein in food products can
cause an acute inflammatory response in the mouth, skin, or gastrointestinal tract. The
reaction may take place mild to severe anaphylactic responses. Potential allergic response
than feared genetically modified products derived from the introduction of new gene then
encodes the protein product (Levi et al. 2014). Exposure to proteins via the oral route in
general have a lower risk. Material proteins derived from non-genetically modified products
and genetic engineering would be equally degraded into amino acids and absorbed to your
bloodstream. So far there has been no concrete evidence regarding the allergic response due
to the consumption of genetically engineered animal. However, on testing in vitro using
purified protein with the desired gene encoding, as well as in vivo testing to assess tolerance
using animal models indicate there is potential for allergic to proteins genetically modified
(Ahuja et al. 2010).
toxicity
The genetically modified animals feared could potentially cause acute toxic effects on
the health of the consumer. There has been no concrete evidence regarding the acute toxic
effects of genetically engineered animals on public health. Toxicology studies of genetically
modified sheep meat showed no significant difference with non-genetically modified (Bai et
al. 2015). It can be a picture of the potential toxicity of genetically modified chicken for the
health of consumers. However, the potential effect on long-term consumption remains.
Potential negative effects depending on the amount of exposure (eg, the amount of
consumption figures), frequency of exposure, and the amount absorbed by the body before
degradation occurs.