NEMATODES

A. lumbricoides E. vermicularis T. trichiura C. philippinensis

Romans: Lumbricus Terres-
earthworm
CN Giant Intestinal Roundworm; Pinworm; Seatworm; Social or Whipworm Pudoc worm
Large Intestinal Roundworm Society worm (Familial or Group
tendency)
Adult FEMALE: larger,pointed end Anterior end with lateral Attenuated and slender res. FEMALE: usually has eggs in
MALE: smaller, curved end wings and cephalic alae a Whip utero
*Triangular Buccal Cavity/ MALE: w/ spicule sheath
Trilobate lips
Egg a) Unfertilized Flattened on one side; D- Football-shaped; Barrel- Guitar/Peanut-shaped;
b) Fertilized: glycogen shaped shaped; Japanese Lantern striated
(I),lecithin granules, (w/ bipolar mucus plug) (w/ bipolar mucus plug)
mammilation
Habitat Small intestine (CASH) Large intestine (ET) Large intestine (ET) Small intestine (CASH)
-heart to lung migration
(ASH)
Lab Stool exam Perianal swab (scotch tape Stool exam
swab)
DS Egg Egg egg

IS Embryonated egg Embryonated egg Embryonated egg

MOT Ingestion ingestion ingestion Ingestion of fishes bearing

the infective larva
Pathology Eosinophilia (res Loefflers -Pruritus ani -Rectal prolapsed -Pudoc disease or Mystery
syn) -external autoinfection (EV, -bloody or mucoid diarrhea Disease
SS) -Malabsorption (CP, GL)
-mothers complex -Borborygmi
-LBM alternating constipation
IH FISHES
-Ipon (Hypselotris
bipartita)
-Birot
-Bagsang bagtu
NOTES a) T. cati- VLM UNHOLY THREE or Triad of To diff from T. trichiura egg:
b) T. canis VLM Infect [STH] : H-A-T -with striations
-mucus plugs are not as
protruded

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HOOKWORMS

N. americanus A. duodenale A. braziliense A. caninum

CN New world Hookworm; Old worm hookworm Cat hookworm Dog hookworm
American murderer
Adult S-shaped C-shaped

Buccal Cavity Semilunar cutting plate 2prs teeth

Male BIPARTITE (2 digits) TRIPARTITE (3 digits)

Copulatory -bristle like and barbed -simple, not barbed
Bursa

Egg Same for all sp. (HFT); thin shelled inside is a GERM CELL in
fragmentation; MORULA BALL
Larva a) Rhabditiform larva -1st stage; short and stout;
- open mouth (feeding stage)

b) Filariform larva- 2nd stage; long and slender

-IS of hookworms

Lab 1. Stool Exam

2. Harada Mori Culture Tech (H & SS larva)
DS EGG

IS Filariform larva

MOT Skin penetration

Pathology 1. Larval Penetration
a) Human hookworm: Ground itch, water sore, Mazza
Mora
b) Animal hookworm(brazilinse,caninum): CLM ( creeping
eruption)
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 2. Adult: IDA (micro,hypo)

NOTES Heart to lung migration (ASH)

S. stercoralis T. spiralis

CN Threadworm Muscle worm

Adult FEMALE: MALE: w/ conical papillae

PARTHENOGENESIS FEMALE: w/ club-shaped
uterus

-Viviparous/Larviparous
Egg

Habitat Small Intestine (CASH) Adult: s. intestine

Larva: muscles
Lab 1) Stool Exam 1)Muscle biopsy
2) Harada Mori (H,SS larva) 2) Immuno Tests
3) Bacrmann Tech -Bentonite Granulation
(TS,EG)
-Intradermal: BACHMANN
3) Xenodx (TS,TC)
-BECKs albino rats/mice
(TS)
DS Rhabditiform larva Encysted larva

IS Filariform larva Encysted larva

MOT Skin penetration Ingestion of meat

Pathology a) Larval Penetration Great immitator

b) Larval Migration heart to
lung (ASH) 1)larva in muscle : edema,
-res. Bronchopneumonia muscle pain, diff in
c) adult: breathing/swallowing
-HONEY COMBED appear
of the intest. mucosa 2) adult in s. intes: diarrhea,
- COCHIN- abdominal pain

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 CHINA/VIETNAM diarrhea

IH MAN (both IH and DH)

NOTES Facultative nematode 1) Req. 2 hosts to compl. its

-parasitic (s.intestine) LC
-free living (soil) 2) Propagated by black &
Internal Autoinfection brown rats
(EV,SS) 3)FREEZING-destroys larva

FILARIAL WORMS

W. bancrofti B. malayi L. loa O. volvulus

Habitat Lymphatics Lymphatics Subcutaneous tissue Subcutaneous tissue
Vector Aedes (also transmits Mansonia sp. Chrysops sp Simulium sp
Dengue) Tabanid or Mango Fly Black fly
Anopheles
Spx Blood Blood Blood Skin snips/
Skin shavings
Microfilaria Sheathed Sheathed Sheathed Unsheathed
Nuclei absent in tail Tail w/ 2 separate nuclei Nuclei continuous to the tip Nuclei absent in tail
of tail
Periodicity Nocturnal (10pm-2am) Subperiodic Diurnal Nonperiodic
nocturnal Collection: AM
Pathology EYE WORM BLINDING WORM
-Calabar or Fugitive Swelling Convoluted filaria
-River Blindness

Dipetalonema Mansonella
*Dirofilaria immitis : DOG HEARTWORM
perstans ozzardi
-Natural Host: DOG Acanthocheilonema
-Coin lesions in MAN perstans
Microfilari Unsheathed Unsheathed
KNOTTS Technique a nuclei to the tip Tail is FREE of
-isolation of microfilaria NON PERIODIC nuclei
-blood + rgt (FORMALIN) NON PERIODIC
-stain w/ GIEMSA Habitat body cavities
Vector Culicoides sp.
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 D. medinensis A. cantonensis Anisakis sp.
CN Medina/Guinea worm; Rat lung worm Herrings worm
Dragon/Serpent worm;
Fiery serpent of the Israelites
Habitat Subcutaneous tissues
Adult Barbers Pole appearance
DH Man Rats: Rattus rattus; Rattus norvegicus Dolhpins and whales
IH Copepods Mollusks : Achotina fulica (Giant Japanese 1st: various marine crustaceans
Cyclops Snail) 2nd: small fishes
Pila luzonica (Kuhol) 3rd: big fishes (salmons, cods)
Brotia asperata (Suso)
Patho Man: Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis -Herrings dse-common among
( Eosi in CSF) Japanese (eat raw fish)
-Abdominal pain granuloma
TREMATODES (FLUKES)

ALL FLUKES SCHISTOSOMES

Flat, leaf-like Elongated, cylindrical
Hermaphrodite Separate sexes
EGG Operculated Non operculated
MOT Ingestion Skin penetration
IS metacercaria Cercaria
Fork tailed"
IH 2 IH Only 1 IH (snail)
1st IH: snail
2nd IH:
a) fishes: C. sinensis, O. felineus, H.
heterophyes
b) crabs: P. wetermanni
c) waterplant/vegetation: F. hepatica,
F.gigantica, F. buski
d) snail: E. ilocanum
Adult w/ 2 ventral suckers for attachment
exc. H. heterophyes(w/ 3rd sucker- genital sucker GENOTYLE)
EGGS a) MATURE when laid [SHOC]
Schistosoma, Heterophyes, Opistorchis, Clonorchis

b) IMMATURE when laid (unembryonated)

Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, Paragonimus, Echinostoma

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a) LIVER FLUKES

F. hepatica F.gigantica C. sinensis O. felineus

CN Sheep Liver Fluke Giant Liver Fluke Oriental/Chinese Liver Cat Liver fluke
Sheep liver ROT Fluke
Egg Operculated, Operculated, Operculated,
Immature when laid res Immature when laid res Mature when laid
F. buski & F. gigantic F. buski & F. hepatica [SHOC]
Old Fashioned
Electric Light Bulb
Habitat Liver
NOTE Commonly infecting Most important LIVER
cattles in the Phils FLUKE of Man

b) INTESTINAL FLUKES
F. buski E. ilocanum H. heterophyes
CN Giant Intestinal Fluke Garrisons fluke Von Siebolds Fluke
Egg Hens Egg shape res Operculated,
F.hepatica & F. gigantic Embryonated
Habitat INTESTINE
MOT Ingestion ingestion
IS metacercaria
NOTE Largest fluke parasitizing man 1st and 2nd IH: Smallest fluke of man but
SNAIL deadliest
Adult: w/ 3rd sucker
(GENOLTYLE)

c) LUNG FLUKE
P. westermanni
CN Oriental Lung Fluke
Egg Operculated
Immature when laid
Adult res. a COFFEE BEAN
Habitat Lungs
MOT Ingestion
IS Metacercaria (ALL exc Schistosomes)
Spx 1)sputum; 2) stool
Pathology Non-human sp: SWIMMERS ITCH
NOTE w/ ABOPERCULUM

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d) BLOOD FLUKES
S. japonicum S. mansoni S. haematobium
CN Oriental Blood Fluke Vesical blood fluke
Habitat Superior mesenteric veins in the s. Mesenteric veins in the colon and rectum
intestines
Egg w/ small knob-like or With LATERAL SPINE With TERMINAL SPINE
recurved hook on one side
IS CERCARIA
MOT SKIN PENETRATION
IH (snail) Oncomelania quadrasi Biomphalaria, Australorbis and Physiopsis. Bulinus and Biophalaria
Tropicorbis
Patho Katayamas disease Bilharziasis
Urinary schistosomiasis (Hematuria)
NOTES Smallest of all the Blood Flukes Spx: 24 hr UNPRESERVED urine sx

CESTODES (Tapeworms)

PSEUDOPHYLLIDEAN (D. latum) CYCLOPHYLLIDEAN

Scolex ant, attachment Spoon shaped with SLIT LIKE sucking grooves (BOTHRIA) Quadrate, w/ 4 CUP-LIKE suckers
organ No hooklets (w/ or w/o hooklets)
Strobila-chain of Anapolytic (not shedding segments) Apolytic (shedding segments)
segments or proglottids
Ova Oval,operculated, Spherical, non-operculated
Immature (unembryonated) Embryonated (HEXACANTH Embryo)
Larval Stages Coracedium>procercoid>plerocercoid Cysticercoid (Taenia)
Cysticercus (Dipylidium, Hymenolepis)
Hydatid (Echinococcus)
IH 2 IH: Crustaceans (Copepods) Only 1 (usu. Lower forms of mammal or arthropods)
Fresh water Fish a) VERTEBRATE: T. saginata, T. solium
b) INVERTEBRATE: D. caninum
c) May or may NOT require IH: H. nana

D. latum Dipylidium caninum E. granulosus

CN Broad or fish tapeworm Dog Tapeworm Hydatid worm
Scolex Spoon/spatulate/almond-shaped w/ SLIT
LIKE
Sucking organ-BOTHRIA
Uterus Rosette Formation Proglottids: double set of reproductive

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 organs and genital pore on each side
Mature and Gravid: MELON/PUMPKIN
H. nana H. diminuta
SEEDS/Rice grains
CN Dwarf Tapeworm Rat taeworm
Egg Operculated Egg packets (8-15 eggs)
Scole With rostellum Unarmed rostellum
w/ ABOPERCULUM
x Armed: 20-30 spines
Larvalstages Coracedium>procercoid>plerocercoid
Egg With 2 polar thickenings With 2 polar
IS Plerocercoid Larva Cysticercoid larva Hydatid cyst
Arise 4-8 polar thickenings
DH Man Dogs or Cats
filaments st w/o filaments
IH 1 IH: Crustaceans (Copepods) Ctenocephalides canis: dog flea Man (Accidental IH)
IS Egg (direct) nd Cysticercoid larva
2 IH: Fresh water Fish Ctenocephalides felis: cat flea
Cysticercoid larva
Pulex irritans: human flea
(indirect)
Lab Stool exam (DS : egg) 1)Exploratory cyst puncture
IH ONLY human tapeworm Insects
2) Roentgenogram (xray)
that
3) Immuno (Bentonite flocc test [TS,EG]
DOES NOT require an IH
CASONI intradermal test)
FH Man Rat
Pathology -Tapeworm anemia Hydatid cyst
-Vit B12 def Anemia (Megaloblastic
Anemia)
NOTES Largest tapeworm of man AH: Man Shortest tapeworm, only 3 segments

T. saginata T. solium
CN Beef Tapeworm Pork Tapeworm
IH Cattle Pig
Scolex None W/ rostellum armed w/ 2 rows of
No rostellar hooks large
& small hooklets
length 25 meters 7 meters
No. of 1000-2000 <1000
proglottids
Gravid 15-20 7-13
proglottids (dichotomous or tree (dendritic or finger-like)
like)
Eggs Spherical, striated, inside is an embryo with 6 hooklets
Larva
Cysticercus bovis Cysticercus cellulosae
IS
Pathogenesis Cysticercosis- larva nay lodge in
the brain
or spinal cord

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