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Immiscible Liquid
Immiscible liquid liquids do not dissolve in one
another
Two of the immiscible liquids (A & B) are mixed, it
form two separate layers
Lower density liquid top layer
Higher density liquid bottom layer
The intermolecular forces of attraction between their
molecules are different
Example: benzene and water, mercury and water,
chlorobenzene and water, nitrobenzene and water
Water is a polar molecule
Benzene, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene are non-
polar molecule with van der Waals forces of attraction
and mercury atoms are bonded to each other with
metallic bond.
Vapour Pressure of Immiscible Liquids
The total vapour pressure of the mixture is the sum of
the vapour pressures of the pure components
PT = PA + PB where PT = Total pressure of the liquid
mixture, PA = Vapour pressure of pure liquid A, PB =
Vapour pressure of pure liquid B
Method of distillation and purification: Steam
distillation and followed by separation process using
separation funnel
Steam distillation is used to extract fragrant oils from
plants (making perfume) and purify organic compound
To carry out this process, the liquid must be immiscible
with water, have a relatively high RMM and high vapour
pressure (100C)
Daltons Law of Partial Pressures
PA = XA PT and PB = XB PT where XA = mole
fraction component A in vapour and XB = mole fraction
component B in vapour
XA = nA / (nA + nB) and XB = nB / (nA + nB) where nA =
number of moles A and nB = number of moles B
(Dividing PA and PB) PA / PB = nA / nB
Number of moles (n) = mass in gram (m) / molecular
mass (M)
Final equation, mA / mB = PAMA / PBMB
Example:
Water and chlorobenzene are boiled at a pressure of 101
kPa, the temperature is 90C and the ratio of the mass of
chlorobenzene to that of water is 2.46. The vapour pressure
of water at 90C is 72.3 kPa, calculate the relative molecular
mass (RMM) of chlorobenzene.
Solution:
Matter
Atoms
Atom smallest particle of an element.
Relative atomic mass (Ar) - (an element) average mass
of one atom of the element relative to 1/12 times the mass of
one atom of carbon-12.
= (average mass of one atom of the element) / (1/12 x mass
of one atom of C-12)
Or
= 12 x [(average mass of one atom of the element) / (mass
of one atom of C-12)]
Cations positively-charge ions.
Example: H+, K+, NH4+ and Mg2+
Anions negatively-charge ions.
Example: Br-, OH-, O2- and S2O32-
Molecule a group of two or more atoms.
Relative molecular mass (Mr) (an element or
compound) average mass of one molecule of the substance
relative to 1/12 times the mass of one atom of carbon-12.
= (average mass of one molecule of substance) / (1/12 x
mass of one atom of C-12)
Or
= 12 x [(average mass of one molecule of substance) / (mass
of one atom of C-12)]
Proton number / Atomic number / Number of
protons (Z)
Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Number of electrons (neutral atom).
Nucleon number / Mass number / Number of
nucleon (A)
total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of
an atom.
A=Z+N
N = number of neutrons
Isotopes (of the same element)
atoms having the same proton number but different
nucleon number.
same number of protons, number of electrons,
electronic configuration and chemical properties.
different nucleon number, relative mass, density and
rate of diffusion.
Relative isotopic mass the ratio of the mass of one
atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 times the mass of one
atom of carbon-12 isotope.
= (mass of one atom of the isotope) / (1/12 x mass of one
atom of C-12)
Or
= 12 x [(mass of one atom of the isotope) / (mass of one
atom of C-12)]
Mass spectrometry
i. Vaporisation chamber sample is vaporised (produce
gaseous atoms or molecules).
ii. Ionisation chamber vapour is bombarded with a stream
of high-energy electrons to form positive ions. X(g) + e >
X+(g) + 2e. (produce positive ions)
iii. Acceleration chamber positive ions are attracted
towards the high negative potential plated that accelerates
the positive ions to a high and constant velocity. (accelerate
the positive ions).
iv. Magnetic Field accelerated positive ions are deflected
into a circular path according to the m/e ratio. (separate
positive ions of different m/e ratio)
v. Ion detector positive ions with different m/e ratios will
be deflected to the ion detector that can be recorded on a
moving chart. (detect the number and m/e ratio of the
positive ions)
vi. Recorder a flow of current which is amplified and
recorded as peaks. (plot the mass spectrum of the sample)
Important note:
A lighter ion will deflect more than a heavier ion (the
same charge)
Example: 35Cl+ will deflect more than 37Cl+
An ion with a higher charge will deflect more than an
ion with a lower charge (the same mass)
Example: 35Cl2+ will deflect more than 35Cl+
Isotopic abundance = fractional abundance = percentage
abundance
One mole the quantity of a substance that contains the
same number of particles (atoms, ions or molecules) as the
number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 isotope.
Avogadro constant, L or NA number of particles
(atoms, ions or molecules) present in a mole of substance
(elements or compounds)
= 6.02 x 1023 (unit is mol-1)
Number of moles = number of atoms or molecules /
Avogadro constant (mol-1)
Number of particles in a sample = number of moles x
Avogadro constant (mol-1)
Mass (g) = number of moles (n) x M (Ar or Mr)
Number or moles (n) = mass (g) / molar mass (g mol-1)
Mass (g) = number of moles x molar mass (g mol-1)
Number of moles = volume of gas (dm3) / 22.4 dm3 at
s.t.p. (0C and 1 atm or 101 kPa)
Number of moles = volume of gas (dm3) / 24 dm3 at r.t.p.
(25C and 1 atm or 101 kPa)
Volume of gas (dm3) = number of moles x / 22.4 dm3 at
s.t.p.
Volume of gas (dm3) = number of moles x / 24 dm3 at
r.t.p.
Number of moles of solute = MV / 1000
(M = concentration in mol dm-3)
(V = volume in cm3)
Concentration of a solution (g dm-3) = mass of solute
(g) / volume of the solution (dm3)
Concentration of a solution (mol dm-3) = number or
moles of solute (mol) / volume of the solution (dm 3)
MaVa / MbVb = a/b
M1V1 = M2V2
Tagged as: Berry Note
Reaction kinetic