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CHAPTER
ONE

The Solid State

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ing
TOPIC 1 General Characteristics
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of Solid State
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As we know, matter can exist in three states namely solid, liquid and gas. For different Chapter Checklist
applications, we need solids with widely different properties, which depend upon the
nature of constituent particles and the binding forces operating among them. General Characteristics
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of Solid State
Solids differ from liquids, and gases in the fact that gases and liquids possess fluidity, i.e.
Structure of Solids
they can flow and hence called fluids, whereas solids do not possess fluidity, instead they
Crystal Defects and
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possess rigidity.
Properties of Solids
The fluidity in gases and liquids is due to the fact that the molecules are free to move
about, while rigidity in solids is due to the fixed positions of their constituent particles
pic

which can only oscillate about their mean positions.

Therefore, under a given set of conditions of temperature and pressure, which of these
would be the most stable state of a given substance depends upon the net effect of two
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opposing factors:
(i) Intermolecular forces which tend to keep the constituent particles closer.
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(ii) Thermal energy which tends to keep them apart by making them move faster.
At sufficiently low temperature, thermal energy is low and intermolecular forces bring
molecules so close that they cling to one another and occupy fixed position and the
substance exists in solid state.
The solids possess following characteristic properties:
(i) Solids have definite mass, volume and shape.
(ii) They have strong intermolecular forces.
(iii) They are incompressible and rigid.
(iv) They have short intermolecular distances.

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1
2 Chemistry Class
(v) The constituent particles (atoms, molecules
or ions) have fixed position and can only
oscillate about their mean position.
Classification of Solids
Solids are classified into two categories on
the basis of the nature of order present in
arrangement of their constituent particles:
1. Crystalline Solids
A crystalline solid usually consists of a large
number of small crystals, each of them having a
definite characteristic geometrical shape.
In a crystal, the arrangement of constituent
particles is ordered. It has long range order which
means that there is a regular pattern of
arrangement of particles which repeats itself
periodically over the entire crystal. Sodium
chloride and quartz are typical examples of
crystalline solids.
Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point
that means they are . Nature
Nature
Crystalline solids are in nature.
This arises from different arrangement of
particles in different directions. Since, the
arrangement of particles is different along
different directions, the value of same physical
property is found to be different along each
direction.
B
D
C A
Anisotropy It is the property due to which
crystals show different electrical and optical
properties in different planes of the same
crystal.
th
Amorphous Solids
The term amorphous is derived from the Greek word amorphos
which means no form.
An amorphous solid consists of particles of irregular shape. The
arrangement of constituent particles in such a solid has only short
range order. A regular and periodically repeating pattern is observed
over short distances only. Such portions are scattered and in between
the arrangement is disordered. Quartz glass, rubber and plastic are
typical examples of amorphous solids.
Amorphous solids soften over a range of temperature and can be
moulded and blown into various shapes. On heating, they become
crystalline at some temperature. Thats why a few glass objects from
ancient civilisations are found to become milky in appearance due to
crystallisation. Like liquids, amorphous solids have a tendency to flow
but very slowly. Therefore, they are called or
. The tendency to flow in amorphous solids is
illustrated by the fact that the glass pans fixed to windows or doors of
old buildings are found slightly thicker at the bottom than at the top.
This is because the glass flows down very slowly and makes the
bottom portion slightly thicker.
Amorphous solids are in nature. It is because there is no
long range order in them and arrangement is irregular along all the
directions.
Isotropy It is the property due to which amorphous substances show
identical electrical and optical properties in all directions.
The structures of quartz (a crystalline) (Fig. a) and quartz glass
(Fig. b) (amorphous) are shown in fig. below,
(a) (b)
The structure of amorphous solids is similar to that of liquids.
Due to difference in the arrangement of constituent particles, the two
types of solids differ in their properties.
 Chemistry Class 12th

18. What type of semiconductor is obtained Sol. Conductivity of intrinsic semiconductors is increased by
when silicon is doped with arsenic? adding an appropriate amount of suitable impurity. This
Sol. -type semiconductor. process is called doping.

19. What type of stoichiometric defect is shown 21. Which stoichiometric defect in crytals, increases the
by ? Delhi 2013
density of a solid? All India 2012; Delhi 2011, 2009

Sol. Frenkel defect, because of the large difference in Sol. Interstitial defect.
the size of Ag and Cl ions. 22. Account for the following: Conductivity of silicon
20. How may the conductivity of an intrinsic increases on doping it with phosphorus. All India 2013
semiconductor be increased? All India 2012 Sol. Conductivity increases due to extra free delocalised electrons.

Short Answer Type Questions [2 Marks]

1. i Write the type of magnetism observed 4. Ionic solids which have anionic vacancies due to metal
when the magnetic moments are aligned HOTS excess defect, develop colour. Explain with the help of a
in parallel and anti-parallel directions in suitable example. NCERT Intext
unequal number. Sol. Metal excess defect is due to anionic vacancies. When crystals
ii Which stoichiometric defect decreases the of an ionic solid like NaCl are heated in an atmosphere of
density of the crystal? Delhi 2014 sodium vapours, sodium atoms are deposited on the surface of
Sol. ( ) Ferrimagnetism is observed when the the crystal. The Cl ions diffuse to the surface of the crystal
magnetic moments are aligned in parallel and occupy the anionic sites. These anionic sites are known
as -centre. They impart yellow colour to the crystal. (2)
and anti-parallel directions in unequal
number. (1) 5. A group element is to be converted into n-type
( ) Vacancy defects decrease the density of the semiconductor by doping it with a suitable impurity. To
crystal. (1) which group should this impurity belong? NCERT Intext
Sol. -type semiconductor means conduction due to presence of
2. Write the type of magnetism observed when excess of negatively charged electrons. Hence, to convert
the magnetic moments are oppositively group 14 element into -type semiconductor, it should be
aligned and cancel out each other. doped with group 15 elements like P or As. (2)
Sol. ( ) In antiferromagnetism, domains are
oppositely oriented and cancel out each 6. Non-stoichiometric cuprous oxide, can be prepared
others magnetic moment. (1) in the laboratory. In this oxide, copper to oxygen ratio is
slightly less than Can you account for the fact that
( ) In Frenkel defect, density remains the same.
(1) this substance is a p-type semiconductor? NCERT
Sol. The ratio is less than 2 :1, so to maintain electrical neutrality,
3. Examine the given defective crystal every Cu ions will be replaced by one Cu 2 ion, therefore
A B A B A creating a hole, hence it is -type conductor. (2)
B B A B
A B A A
7. Classify each of the following as being either a p-type or
B A B A B a n-type semiconductor
i doped with .
Answer the following questions.
ii doped with . NCERT
i What type of stoichiometric defect is
shown by the crystal? Sol. ( ) Ge belongs to group-14 and In is to group-13. Thus, an
electron deficit hole is created. Thus, it is a type
ii How is the density of the crystal affected
semiconductor. (1)
by this defect? All India 2014
( ) B belongs to group-13 and Si is to group-14, thus
Sol. ( ) Schottky defect is shown by the crystal. (1) there will be a free electron. Hence, it is an type
( ) Due to this defect, density of crystal semiconductor. (1)
decreases. (1)
 ll ne The Solid State 31

Miscellaneous Questions
A set of questions based on the concepts of the chapter mingled with some other concepts of
Chemistry, to assess students approach to Multi-disciplinary Questions

1. Find out the total number of voids in 0.5 mole 3. An unknown substance that uses gas at room temperature
of a compound forming hexagonal closed can be condensed to a solid at -80 C. As a solid, it is found
packed structure. to have a cubic unit cell, 5.15 on each side, containing
Sol. In hexagonal close packed structure, there are 6 four molecules. The density of solid is 0.73 g/cm 3 .
atoms per unit cell. Calculate the density of the substance as a gas at 27C and
\ Number of octahedral voids = 6 at a pressure of 1.00 atmosphere?
\ Number of tetrahedral voids = 2 6 = 12 (Concept of gas state and solid state.)
18 Sol. For a cubic unit cell,
\ Total number of voids per atom= = 3 nM
6 Density (r ) =
\ Total number of voids in 1 mole NA a 3
= 3 6.023 10 23 4 M
0.73 g cm 3 =
\ Total number of voids in 0.5 mole 6.023 10 23
(5.15 10 -8 cm)3
= 3 0.5 6.023 10 23 = 9.034 10 23 M =15 g/mol
Since, molar mass of a substance is independent of state.
2. (i) Specify which kind of solid is Naphthalene
pM
and what kind of forces are involved to \ Density = (From ideal gas equation)
bind its molecules? RT
(ii) What is the ratio of s and p-bond that it? 1.05 15
= = 0.6097 g/L
(iii) How is it obtained? 0.082 300
Sol. (i) Naphthalene is non-polar molecular solid. 4. (i) Sodium chloride is insulator in solid state but conductor
in aqueous solutions. Explain why?
(ii) What kind of magnetic properties exhibited by ions of
NaCl.
(iii) What type of defects generally observed in sodium
Structure of naphthalene chloride?
Different molecules of naphthalene are held Sol. (i) In solid state of sodium chloride (NaCl) cations (Na + ) and
together by weak dispersion forces or London anions (Cl - ) are held together by strong electrostatic
forces. (coulombic) forces hence, it does not carry electrical charges.
There is also significant amount of van der But in the presence of water, sodium chloride hydrolyses and
Waals force act between its molecules due to split in cations (Na+ ) and anions (Cl - ) which are free to
larger size of molecules. move and carry electrical charges through the aqueous
H medium.
H O
H Na + ( aq ) + Cl - ( aq )
NaCl( s )
2

C C
(ii) H C C CH Hence, sodium chloride, which is insulator in solid state,
carries charges in aqueous state.
C C CH
C C (ii) The electronic configuration of Na + (1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 ) and that
of Cl - (1s 2 2s 2 2 p 6 3s 2 3 p 6 ) suggests that both of ions
H
doesn't any unpaired electron. Hence, both the ions
H H
s-bonds =19, p-bonds = 5 (Na + and Cl - ) will exhibit diamagnetic properties.
19 (iii) Schottky defect (result in decreased density)
Ratio =
5 Metal excess defect (generation of F-centres which) impart
(iii) From fractional distillation of coaltar. colour to the crystal.
REVISION MAP
The Solid State
A state of matter having definite shape and definite volume.

Types of Solids Structure of Solids Defects and Properties

of Solids
Crystalline Solids Crystal Lattice
True solids, have long range order of It is the complete three-dimensional
Defects in Solids
constituent particles and anisotropic. arrangement of constituent particles.
Irregularities in the normal
Classified as ionic, covalent,
arrangement of constituent particles.
H-bonded solids.
Unit Cell
It is the smallest portion of crystal lattice
Amorphous Solids which on repetition gives entire lattice. Stoichiometric Defects
False or pseudo solids, also called These do not disturb stoichiometry
supercooled liquid have short range of a solid and are called intrinsic or
order of constituent particles and Primitive Unit Cell thermodynamic defects.
isotropic. Particles presence only at corners.
No. of atoms per unit cell
= 8 1/8 = 1 Schottky Defects
Close Packing of Solids Radius = 1/2a In it equal number of cations and
One-dimension, Two-dimension Packing fraction = 52% anions are missing.
(scp and hcp), Three-dimension Results in decreased density.
(hcp and ccp). Shown by compounds having
Body Centred Unit Cell cations and anions of comparable
sizes, e.g. NaCl, AgBr, etc.
One atom at body centre along
Density of Unit Cell with 8 atoms at corners.
3
Density, d = Z M/a NA No. of atoms per unit cell = 2
Here, Z = Number of atoms, Radius = 3/4a Frenkel Defects
m = molecular mass, a = edge Packing fraction = 68% In it smaller ion occupy interstitial
23 site.
length, NA = 6.022 10
Density remain unchanged,
e.g. AgBr, AgCl, etc.
Face Centred Unit Cell
Tetrahedral Voids One atom at each face along with
Formed by 4 spheres. corner atoms.
Non-stoichiometric Defects
No. of tetrahedral voids No. of atoms per unit cell = 4
In it composition of solid changes.
= 2 no. of atoms per unit cell Radius = a/22 e.g. Fe0.93O etc.
Radius of voids = 0.225 R Packing fraction = 74%

Octahedral Voids Metal Excess Defect

It is formed by 6 spheres.
No. of octahedral voids
= No. of atoms per unit cell
Radius of voids = 0.414 R
n-Type
Obtained by adding impurity of
group 15 to elements of group 14,
e.g. adding P to Si.
Voids
It is generated by anionic
These are the vacant spaces left in
vacancies, e.g. as in NaCl, LiCl,
between the spheres.
etc.
Interstitial cation, e.g. as in ZnO.
Metal Deficiency Defect
It is due to replacement of lower valency
of an element by higher one, e.g. Fe0.93O. p-Type
Obtained by adding impurity of
group 13 to elements of group 14,
Semiconductors e.g. adding B to Si.
They have conductivity in the range of
6 4 1 1
10 to 10 W m .
Self Assessment Sheet

Very Short Answer Type

1 What type of solid is SiC?
2 What is the coordination number of each atom in ccp structure?
3 Which stoichiometric defect in crystals increases the density of the solid?
4 What happens when a ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic substance is heated?
5 Which non-stoichiometric point defect responsible for colour in alkali metal
halides?
6 If NaCl is doped with 10 - 3 mole % of SrCl2 . What is the concentration of cation
vacancies?
7 Which point defect occurs in ZnS?
8 Name a compound which shows both Schottky and Frenkel defect.

Short Answer Type I

9 A compound formed by the elements X and Y and crystallises in the cubic
structure. Atoms Y are present on the corners as well as face centres whereas
atoms X are present in the edge centres as well as body centre. What is the
formula of the compound?
10 Copper crystallises with face centred cubic unit cell. If the radius of copper atom
is 127.8 pm, calculate the density of copper metal.
(Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 u and Avogadros number, N A = 6.02 1023 mol -1 )

11 In a compound nitrogen atoms (N) make cubic close packed lattice and metal
atoms (M) occupy one-third of the tetrahedral voids present. Determine the
formula of the compound formed by M and N?
12 Explain, why does conductivity of germanium crystals increase on doping with
galium?
13 Why does the electrical conductivity of semiconductors increase with rise in
temperature?
14 What are different types of voids formed in close packed structures?
15 Explain the term Bohr magneton, m B .
16 In NaCl crystal, Cl ions are in fcc arrangement. Calculate the number of Cl ions
in its unit cell.
17 Why electrical conductivity occurs in ionic solid and metals?
18 Atoms of element B form hcp lattice and those of the element A occupy
two-third of tetrahedral voids. What is the formula of the compound formed by
these elements?
Short Answer Type II
19 An element has a body centred cubic bcc structure with a cell edge of 288 pm. The
density of the element is 7.2 g / cm3 . How many atoms are present in 208 g of the
element?
20 Calculate the distance between Na + and Cl - ions in NaCl crystal if its density is
2.165 g cm-3 . [Molar mass of NaCl = 58.5 g mol -1 , N A = 6.02 1022 mol -1 ]

21 The edge length of unit cell of a metal having molecular weight 75 g/mol is 5
which crystallises in cubic lattice. If the density is 2 g / cm3 then find the radius of
metal atom. ( N A = 6.022 1023 )

22 (i) In reference to crystal structure, explain the meaning of the coordination number.
(ii) What is the number of atoms in a unit cell of
(a) a face centred cubic structure?
(b) a body centred cubic structure?
23 Calcium metal crystallises in a face centred cubic lattice with edge length of 0.556
nm. Calculate the density of the metal if it contains (i) 0.5% Frenkel defects and
(ii) 0.2% Schottky defects.
24 By X-ray diffraction methods, the unit length of NaCl is observed to be 0.5627 nm.
The density of NaCl is found to be 2164
. g cm-3 . What type of defect exists in the
crystal? Calculate the percentage of Na + and Cl - ions missing.

25 AB crystallises in a rock salt structure with A : B = 1 : 1. The shortest distance

between A and B is Y 1/3 nm. The formula mass of AB is 6.023 Y where Y is an
arbitrary constant. Find the density in kg m-3.
26 Name the ions which form the close packed structure (along with the type of
packing) and the ions which fill the voids (along with the types of voids) in the
compounds: (i) NaCl, (ii) ZnS, (iii) CaF2 .
27 Compare the following properties of crystalline and amorphous solids.
(i) Orderly arrangement
(ii) Melting points

Long Answer Type

28 A sample of ferrous oxide has actual formula Fe 0.93 01.00 . In this sample, what
fraction of metal ions are Fe2+ ions ? What type of non-stoichiometric defect is
present in this sample?
29 A crystal of lead (II) sulphide has NaCl structure. In this crystal, the shortest
distance between the Pb2+ ion and S2- ion is 297 pm. What is the length of the
edge of the unit cell in lead sulphide ? Also calculate the unit cell volume.
30 Show that in a cubic close packed structure, eight tetrahedral voids are present
per unit cell.
 CBSE Examinations Archive
Collection of Questions Asked in CBSE Examinations held in Last 5 Years from 2014-2010

Very Short Answer Type Questions [1 Mark]

1 How many atoms constitute one unit cell of a face (ii) How is the density of the crystal affected by this
centred cubic crystal? defect?
Delhi 2013, 2008; All India 2009, 2008; Foreign 2008 (iii) What type of ionic substances show such defect?
or Refer to text on page 23.
Calculate the number of atoms in a face centred cubic 4 (i) Why does the presence of excess of lithium makes
unit cell. LiCl crystals pink?
Refer to text on page 12.
(ii) A solid with cubic crystal is made of two elements P
2 Aluminium crystallises in an fcc structure. Atomic and Q. Atoms of Q are at the corners of the cube and P
radius of the metal is 125 pm. What is length of the side at the body centre. What is the formula of the
of the unit cell of the metal? All India 2013 compound?
Refer to text on page19 (Q-12). Refer to text on page 24 & 21 (Q-8). All India 2013
3 What type of stoichiometric defect is shown by AgCl? 5 Account for the following:
Refer to text on page 23. Delhi 2013 (i) Schottky defects lower the density of related solids.
4 What are n-type semiconductors? All India 2012 (ii) Conductivity of silicon increases on doping it with
Refer to text on page 25. phosphorus. All India 2013
Refer to text on page 23 & 25.
5 What is meant by doping in a semiconductor?
Refer to text on page 25. Delhi 2012 6 (i) What change occurs when AgCl is doped with
CdCl 2?
6 How may the conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor
(ii) What type of semiconductor is produced when silicon
be increased? All India 2012
is doped with boron ? AII India 2013
Refer to text on page 25.
Refer to text on page 23 & 25.
7 Which stoichiometric defect (point defect) in crystals
increases the density of a solid?
Refer to text on page 23. All India 2012; Delhi 2011, 2009
Short Answer Type II Questions [3 Marks]
1 An element occurs in bcc structure. It has a cell edge
Short Answer Type I Questions [2 Marks] length of 250 pm. Calculate the molar mass if its density is
8.0 g cm -3. Also, calculate the radius of an atom of this
1 An element with density 2.8 g cm-3 forms a fcc unit cell element. Delhi 2013 C
with edge length 4 10-8cm. Calculate the molar mass Refer to text on page 20 (Q -2).
of the element. (Given, N A = 6.022 1023 mol -1) 2 Tungsten crystallises in body centred cubic unit cell. If the
Refer to text on page 18 (Q-4). Delhi 2012 edge of the unit cell is 316.5 pm, what is the radius of
-3
2 An element with density 11.2 g cm forms a fcc lattice tungsten atom ? Delhi 2012
Refer to text on page 16.
with edge length of 4 10-8cm. Calculate the atomic
mass of the element. (Given, N A = 6.022 1023 mol - 1) 3 Copper crystallises with face centred cubic unit cell. If the
Refer to text on page 18 (Q-6). All India 2014
radius of copper atom is 127.8 pm, calculate the density
of copper metal. (Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 u and
3 Examine the given defective crystal. Avogadros number, N A = 6.02 1023 mol -1.
A+ B A+ B A+ Refer to text on page 16. All India 2012
B B A+ B
4 Iron has a body centred cubic unit cell with a cell edge of
A+ B A+ A+
286.65 pm. The density of iron is 7.874 g cm - 3. Use this
B A+ B A+ B
information to calculate Avogadros number.
Answer the following questions. (Atomic mass of iron = 56 g mol - 1).
(i) What type of stoichiometric defect is shown by the Refer to text on page 16. All India 2012, 2009;
crystal? Delhi 2012, 2009; Foreign 2010, 2009
 Sample
Question Paper 1
(Fully Solved)

Chemistry
A Sample Question Paper for CBSE Class XII Summative Examination I
Time : 3 hrs Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question numbers 1 to 5 are very short answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
3. Question numbers 6 to 10 are short answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
4. Question numbers 11 to 22 are also short answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
5. Question number 23 is value based question and carry 4 marks.
6. Question numbers 24 to 26 are long answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
7. Use log tables if necessary. Use of calculator is not allowed.

Section A Section B
1. Freundlich adsorption isotherm is given by the 6. Iodine solids are not an electrical conductor.
1
x Explain why?
expression = k p n . When n = 0, plot the curve
m 7. Find out the molar conductivity of an aqueous
x solution of BaCl 2 at infinite dilution when
of versus p. ionic conductances of Ba 2 + and Cl - ions are
Sample Question Papers

m
127.30 S cm2 mol - 1 and 76.34 S cm2mol - 1
2. Give the name of the element which is respectively.
isoelectronic with CO23 - .
8. When chromium metal crystallises in a body
3. Draw the structure of [Co2 (CO) 8 ] complex. centred cubic lattice. The length of the unit
cell edge is 287pm. Evaluate the atomic radius
4. Complete the following reaction: of chromium.
P4 + 10 SO2Cl 2
9. Draw the structure of the following
5. Write the name of the product formed when compounds.
anilinium hydrogen sulphate is heated at (i) H4 P2O7 (ii) H2 S 2O 8
453 - 473 K.
or
 630
Write balance chemical equation for the following:
(i) Reaction of silver nitrate with hypophosphorous
acid in aqueous medium.
(ii) Concentrated H2 SO4 is added to sucrose
(C 12H22O 11 ).
10. Why is freezing point depression of 0.1 M NaCl
solution is nearly twice that of 0.1 M C6H 12O6
solution?
Section C
11. Explain the role of
(i) NaCN in the extraction of gold from gold ore.
(ii) SiO2 in the extraction of copper from copper
matte.
(iii) Iodine in the refining of zirconium.
Write the chemical equation for the involved
reactions.
12. (i) Calculate the boiling point of one molar aqueous
solution (density = 1.04 g mL - 1 ) of potassium
chloride ( K b = 0.52 K kg mol - 1 )
(ii) When two different solution of sucrose of same
molality prepared in different solvents, will they
have the same depression in freezing point?
13. A strip of nickel metal is dipped in a 1-molar
solution of Ni (NO 3 )2 and a strip of silver metal is
dipped 1-molar solution of AgNO 3 . An
electrochemical cell is created when the two
solutions are joined by as salt bridge and two strips
are joined by wirer to a voltmeter.
(i) Write the balanced equation for the overall cell
reaction and calculate the cell potential.
(ii) Calculate the cell potential (E cell ) at 25C for the
cell if the initial concentration of Ni (NO 3 )2 is
0.100 molar and the initial concentration of
AgNO 3 is 1.00 molar.
[E Ni 2 + / Ni =-0.25V : E Ag+ /Ag = 0.80V, log 10 - 1 = - 1]
Sample Question Papers
14. Give reasons for the following:
(i) Noble gases have very low melting and boiling
points.
(ii) Neon is used in illuminating warning signal.
(iii) ICl is more reactive than I 2 .
ll ne Chemistry Class 12th
15. (i) Give the electronic configuration of
[Fe(CN) 6 ]4 - on the basis of crystal field
splitting theory.
(ii) Arrange the following complexes in the
increasing order of conductivity of their
solution.
[Co (NH 3 ) 3 Cl 3 ], [Co (NH 3 )4 Cl2 ]Cl
[Co (NH 3 ) 6 ]Cl 3 , [Cr (NH 3 ) 5 Cl] Cl2
(iii) What type of isomerism shown by the
following complexes.
[Co (NH 3 ) 5 NO2 ]2 + , [Cr (NH 3 ) 5 ] SCN2 +
16. How are the following colloids different from
each other with respect to dispersion
medium and dispersed phase? Give one
example of the following in each type?
(i) An aerosol (ii) A hydrosol (iii) An
emulsion
17. (i) Which of the following compounds will
react faster in S N 1 reaction with the
hydroxide (OH ) ion?
CH 3 CH2 Cl or C 6H 6 CH2 Cl
(ii) Out of o - and p-dibromobenzene, which
one has higher melting point and why?
(iii) Arrange the following compounds in the
increasing order of their densities.
Cl Cl Br
Cl Cl
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
18. An aromatic compound X (molecular formula
C 8 H 8 O) gives positive 2, 4-DNP test. It gives
a yellow precipitate of compound Y on
treatment with iodine and sodium hydroxide
solution. Compound X does not give Tollen's
or Fehling's test. On drastic oxidation with
potassium permanganate it forms a
carboxylic acid Z (molecular formula
C7 H6O2 ), which is also formed alongwith the
yellow compound in the above reaction.
Identify X , Y and Z and write all the
reactions involved. RRRR
ll ne Sample Question Paper 1 631

19. (i) Give one chemical test to distinguish between the (ii) Give an example of a fat soluble vitamine.
following pairs of compound. (iii) Write down the components of iron rich
(a) Ethylamine and aniline diet.
(b) Aniline and N-methylaniline (iv) What values are shown by Mr. Pankaj.
(ii) How will you convert aniline to 2, 4,
6-tribromofluorobenzene.
Section E
20. (i) Explain the following reactions :
(a) Stephen reaction 24. (i) How many alcohols with molecular formula
C 4 H 10O are chiral in nature?
(b) Etard reaction
(a) Phenol to acetophenone
(ii) Arrange the following compounds in increasing
(b) Ethanol to methanol
order of their acid strength.
(ii) How are the following conversions carried
(CH 3 )2 CHCOOH, CH 3CH2CH (Br) COOH,
out?
CH 3CH (Br) CH2COOH
(iii) Give the structure and the IUPAC name of
or the major product obtained in the
(i) Predict the product of the following reaction: following reaction:
COCH3 OH
(i) KMnO4/KOH
(a)
(ii) dil. H2SO4
H3C H SO

2 4
Na CrO
O 2 7

(i) DibalH
(b) CH3(CH2)9C OC2H5
(ii) H2O or
(ii) Write short note on Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ) (i) Write the mechanism of the reaction of
reaction. acid (H2 SO4 ) with ethene.
21. (i) Draw the structure of monomer of nylon 6, 6 (ii) Identify A and B in the following reactions.
polymer. CH3
(ii) What are thermosetting polymers? Give the
CH3 C
examples.
(iii) How will you prepare melamine formaldehyde
O H+, H O
resin polymer? Give the reaction. (a)
2
A
2
B
22. (i) What are control pills? What are its components?
(ii) What is equanil? Write down its structure. Br
(iii) What is the similarity between the arsphenamine s r
and azo dye? Dinitration PhONa
(b)
AC O + N O
A B
2 5 2 5

Section D (iii) Give the structure and the IUPAC name of

the major product obtained in the
Sample Question Papers

23. Ramu, a domestic helper of Mr. Pankaj fainted following.

while mapping the floor. Mr. Pankaj immediatly
took him to the nearby hospital where, he was
diagnosed with Pernicious anaemic. The doctor
prescribed an iron rich diet and multivitamins
supplement to him. Mr. Pankaj helped him
financially to get the medicines. After sometime
Ramu was diagnosed to be normal.
Answer the following questions based on the given
passage:
(i) Name the vitamin whose deficiency causes
Pernicious anaemia.
COOH
OH +
H
+ (CH3CO)2O
25. (i) A violet compound of manganese W
decomposes on heating to liberate oxygen
and compounds X and Y of manganese are
formed. Compound Y reacts with KOH in
the presence of potassium nitrate to give
compound X. On heating compound Y with
 632 ll ne
Chemistry Class 12th

conc. H2 SO4 and NaCl, chlorine gas is The initial pressure of the system before
liberated and a compound Z of manganese decomposition of X was p i . After lapse of time t
alongwith other products is formed. Identify total pressure of the system increased by a units
compounds W to Z and also explain the and became p x . What will be the rate constant
reactions involved. (k) for the reaction?
(ii) Transition element exhibit variable (ii) In a reaction between X and Y , the initial rate of
oxidation states. Explain why? reaction (r0 ) was measured for different initial
or concentrations of X and Y as given below:
Give reasons. X / mol L- 1 0.20 0.20 0.40
(i) Iron is a transition metal while sodium is Y / mol L - 1
0.30 0.10 0.05
not. r0 / mol L- 1 s - 1 5.07 10 - 5
5.07 10 - 5
1.43 10 - 4

(ii) Cd2 + salts are white.

What is the order of the reaction with respect to
(iii) Zn, Cd and Hg are quite soft and have low X and Y ?
melting points. or
(i) According to Arrhenius equation rate constant
(iv) La(OH) 3 is more basic than Lu(OH) 3 . k is equal to A. e - Ea /RT . Plot the graph of
(v) Third ionisation enthalpy of manganese is 1
ln k versus .
exceptionally high. T
26. (i) Consider a first order gas phase (ii) For a first order reaction, show that time
decomposition reaction given below: required for 99% completion is twice the time
required for the completion of 90% of reaction.
X (g) Y (g) + Z (g)

SOLUTIONS
1. At, n = 0 4. P4 + 10 SO 2 Cl2 4PCl5 + 10 SO 2
1 Phosphorus
x pentachloride
= kp
= k p0
x m 5. The complete reaction is:
Hence, versus p graph can be plotted as: + +
m NH2 NH3HSO4

NH2 NH3
x/m

H SO 453-473 K

2 4
w

p Anilinium
hydrogen sulphate
SO3H SO3
2. Compounds having same value of total number of Suphanilic acid Zwitter ion
electrons are known as isoelectronic.
6. Iodine is non-polar molecule solid in which iodine
For CO32 -
Sample Question Papers

molecule are held together by London force or dispersion

Total number of electrons = 6 + 8 3 + 2 force. This is soft and non-conductor of electricity.
= 6 + 24 + 2 = 32
7. By applying Kohlrausch law, L0m (BaCl2) = l0Ba 2+ + 2l0Cl-
Hence, CO32 - and Ge (Germanium) are isoelectronic.
Given, l0Ba 2+ = 127.30 S cm2 mol- 1
3. The structure of [Co2(CO) 8 ] is -
l0Cl = 76.34 S cm2 mol- 1
O
L0m (BaCl2) = 127.30 S cm2 mol-1
OC C CO + 2 76.34 S cm2 mol- 1
OC Co CoCO = 127.30 S cm mol- 12

OC C CO
+ 152.68 S cm2 mol- 1
O = 279.98 S cm2 mol- 1
 CBSE
Examination Paper
2015 (Delhi)
Chemistry
A Sample Question Paper for CBSE Class XII
Time : 3 hrs Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question No. 1 to 5 are very short answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
3. Question No. 6 to 10 are short answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
4. Question No. 11 to 22 are very short answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
5. Question No. 23 is a value based questions and carry 4 marks.
6. Question No. 24 to 26 are long answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
7. Use log tables if necessary, use of calculators is not allowed.

Section A Section B
1. What is the basicity of H3PO4 ? 6. What are the transition elements? Write two
characteristics of the transition elements.
2. Write the IUPAC name of the given compound.
NO2 OH 7. (i ) Write down the IUPAC name of the following
complex :
NO2 [Cr(NH3) 2Cl2(en)]Cl (en = ethylenediamine)
3. Which would undergo S N 2 reaction faster in the (ii ) Write the formula for the following
complex :
Sample Question Papers

following pair and why ?

Pentaamminenitrito-o-Cobalt (III).
CH3
8. Name the reagents used in the following
CH3 CH2 Br and CH3 C CH3 reactions.
?
(i ) CH3 CO CH3 CH3 CH CH3
Br
OH
4. Out of BaCl2 and KCl, which one is more effective in
causing coagulation of a negatively charged
?
(ii ) C 6H5 CH2 CH3 C 6H 5 COO-K+
colloidal sol ? Give reason.
9. What is meant by positive deviations from
5. What is the formula of a compound in which the Raoults law ? Give an example. What is the sign
element Y forms ccp lattice and atoms of X occupy of DmixH for positive deviation ?
1
rd of tetrahedral voids ? Or
3
 686
Define azeotropes. What type of azeotrope is
formed by positive deviation from Raoults law ?
Give an example.
10. (a) Following reactions occur at cathode during
the electrolysis of aqueous silver chloride
solution :
Ag+ (aq) + e- Ag(s) E = + 0.80 V
1 sol.
H+ (aq) + e- H2( g) E = 0.00 V
2 (iii ) It is necessary to remove CO when ammonia
On the basis of their standard reduction
electrode potential (E) values, which reaction
is feasible at the cathode and why ?
(b) Define limiting molar conductivity. Why
conductivity of an electrolyte solution
decreases with the decrease in
concentration ?
Section C
11. 3.9 g of benzoic acid dissolved in 49 g of benzene
shows a depression in freezing point of 1.62 K.
Calculate the vant Hoff factor and predict the
nature of solute (associated or dissociated).
(Given : Molar mass of benzoic acid
= 122 g mol-1, Kf for benzene = 4.9 K kg mol-1)
12. (i ) Indicate the principle behind the method used
for the refining of zinc.
(ii ) What is the role of silica in the extraction of
copper ?
(iii ) Which form of the iron is the purest form of
commercial iron ?
-1
13. An element with molar mass 27 g mol forms a
cubic unit cell with edge length 4.05 10 -8 cm. If
its density is 2.7 g cm -3, what is the nature of the
cubic unit cell ?
14. (a) How would you account for the following :
Sample Question Papers
(i ) Actinoid contraction is greater than
lanthanoid contraction.
(ii ) Transition metals form coloured
compounds :
(b) Complete the following equation
2MnO-4 + 6H ++
5NO2-
15. (i ) Draw the geometrical isomers of complex
[Pt(NH3) 2Cl2 ].
(ii ) On the basis of crystal field theory, write the
electronic configuration for d4 ion if D 0 < P.
(iii ) Write the hybridisation and magnetic
behaviour of the complex [Ni(CO) 4 ].
(At. no. of Ni = 28)
ll ne Chemistry Class 12th
16. Calculate emf of the following cell at 25C.
Fe|Fe2+ (0.001M)|| H+ (0.01M)| |H2(g) (1bar)|Pt(s)
E (Fe2+ |Fe) = - 0.44 V E (H+ |H2) = 0.00 V
17. Give reasons for the following observations :
(i ) Leather gets hardened after tanning.
(ii ) Lyophilic sol is more stable than lyophobic
is prepared by Habers process.
18. Write the names and structures of the monomers
of the following polymers :
(i ) Nylon 6, 6
(ii ) PHBV
(iii ) Neoprene
19. Predict the products of the following reactions :
(i ) CH3 C == O
(i) H N NH
2 3
?
(ii) KOH/ Glycol, D
CH3
(ii ) C 6H5 CO CH3 NaOH/I
2 ? + ?
NaOH/ CaO
(iii ) CH3COONa ?
D
20. How do you convert the following :
(i ) Phenol to anisole?
(ii ) Propane-2-ol to 2-methylpropan-2-ol?
(iii ) Aniline to phenol?
Or
(a) Write the mechanism of the following
reaction :
+
2CH3CH2OH H CH3CH2 O CH2CH3
(b) Write the equation involved in the acetylation
fo salicyclic acid.
21. (i ) Which one of the following is a disaccharide :
Starch, Maltose, Fructose, Glucose?
(ii ) What is the difference between fibrous
protein and globular protein ?
(iii ) Write the name of vitamin whose deficiency
causes bone deformities in children.
22. Give reasons
(a) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than
t-butyl bromide.
(b) Racemic mixture is optically inactive.
(c) The presence of nitro group ( - NO2) at o/p
positions increases the reactivity of
haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution
reactions.
ll ne CBSE Examination Paper 2015 (Delhi) 687

Section D
23. Mr. Roy, the principal of one reputed school 25. An aromatic compound A of molecular formula
organised a seminar in which he invited parents C 7H7ON undergoes a series of reactions as shown
and principals to discuss the serious issue of below. Write the structures of A, B, C, D and E in
diabetes and depression in students. They all the following reactions :
resolved this issue by strictly banning the junk Br +KOH NaNO +HCl CH CH OH
(C7H7ON)A
2
C6H5NH2
2
B
3 2
C
food in schools and to introduce healthy snacks 273 K
and drinks like soup, lassi, milk etc., in school CHCl3 + NaOH KI
canteens. They also decided to make compulsory
D E
half an hour physical activities for the students in
the morning assembly daily. After six months, Mr. Or
Roy conducted the health survey in most of the (a) Write the structure of main products when
schools and discovered a tremendous aniline reacts with the following reagents :
improvement in the health of students. (i ) Br2 water (ii ) HCl
After reading the above passage, answer the (iii ) (CH3CO) 2O/pyridine
following : (b) Arrange the following in the increasing order
(i ) What are the values (at least two) displayed by of their boiling point :
Mr. Roy ? C 2H5NH2, C 2H5OH, (CH3) 3N
(ii ) As a student, how can you spread awareness (c) Give a simple chemical test to distinguish
about this issue ? between the following pair of compounds :
(iii ) What are tranquilisers ? Give an example. (CH3) 2NH and (CH3) 3N
(iv ) Why is use of aspartame limited to cold foods 26. For the hydrolysis of methyl acetate in aqueous
and drinks ? solution, the following results were obtained:

Section E t/s 0 30 60
-1
24. (a) Account for the following: [CH3COOCH3 ] / mol L 0.60 0.30 0.15
(i ) Acidic character increases from HF to HI.
(i ) Show that it follows pseudo first order
(ii ) There is large difference between the reaction, as the concentration of water
melting and boiling points of oxygen and remains constant.
sulphur.
(ii ) Calculate the average rate of reaction
(iii ) Nitrogen does not form pentahalide.
between the time interval 30 to 60 s.
(b) Draw the structure of the following :
(Given, log 2 = 0.3010, log 4 = 0.6021)
(i ) ClF3
(ii ) XeF4 Or
Or (a) For a reaction A + B P, the rate is given by
(i ) Which allotrope of phosphorus is more Rate = k [A] [ B] 2
Sample Question Papers

reactive and why? (i ) How is the rate of reaction affected if the

(ii ) How the supersonic jet aeroplanes are
responsible for the depletion of ozone layers?
(iii ) F2 has lower bond dissociation enthalpy than
Cl2. Why?
(iv ) Which noble gas is used in filling balloons for
meteorological observations?
(v ) Complete the equation :
XeF2 + PF5
concentration of B is doubled?
(ii ) What is the overall order of reaction if A is
present in large excess?
(b) A first order reaction takes 30 min for 50%
completion. Calculate the time required for
90% completion of this reaction.
(log 2 = 0.3010)
 ll ne

Solutions
1. Basicity of oxoacids of P is equal to the number of General Characteristics of Transition Elements
P OH bonds in the molecule. (i ) Their melting and boiling points are very high that
O == are attributed to the involvement of (n - 1)d
electrons resulting into strong interatomic
P
HO OH bonding.

OH (ii ) They exhibit paramagnetic behaviours, variable
H3PO4 oxidation states, catalytic properties and
or thophosphoric acid tendency for formation of coloured ions and
It is tribasic due to the presence of three replaceable complexes.
hydrogen atoms, that can be replaced as H + ion from (iii ) They exhibit paramagnetic behaviours, variable.
the molecule of H 3PO 4 when dissolved in water. 7. (i ) [Cr(NH 3 )2 Cl 2 (en)]Cl (en = ethylenediamine)
OH IUPAC name Diamminedichloridobis (ethane-1,
1 2-diamine) chromium (III) chloride.
NO2
2. 6 2 (ii ) Pentaamiminenitrito-o-cobalt (III)
5
[Co(NH 3 )5 (ONO)]2 +
3
NO2
4
2, 5-dinitrophenol O OH

3. On steric grounds, 1 alkyl halides are more reactive NaBH4
8. (i ) CH 3 C CH 3 CH 3 CH CH 3
than tert-alkyl halides in SN2 reactions. Thus,
- KOH
CH 3 CH 2 Br reacts at a faster rate than [(CH 3 )3 Br] KMno
(ii ) C 6H 5 CH 2 CH 3
4
D
in SN2 reaction, because it is a primary halide, i.e. less
-
hindered. C 6H 5 COO K+
4. According to Hardy-Schulze rule, the greater the 9. When the vapour pressure of a solution is high than
valency of the flocculating ion added to the colloid, that predicted by Raoults law, the solution is said to
greater is its power to cause coagulation. Hence, exhibit positive deviation from Raoults law. In this
BaCl 2 (i.e. being divalent Ba 2+ ion) is more effective in case the intermolecular attractive forces between the
causing coagulation of negatively charged colloidal solute-solvent molecules are weaker than those
sol than monovalent K + ion [i.e. KCl] between the solute-solute and solvent-solvent
5. No. of Y atoms per unit cell in ccp lattice = 4 molecules. This means that in such solution
molecules of A or B will find it easier to escape than in
[Q ccp is same as face-centered cubic packing. Thus, pure state. This will increase the vapour pressure and
no. of atoms = 4] result in positive deviation. e.g. mixture of ethanol and
No. of tetrahedral voids = 2 4 = 8 acetone behave in this manner.
1 8 For the solutions showing positive deviation, enthalpy
No. of tetrahedral voids occupied by X = 8 =
3 3 of mixing of pure components, i.e. DHmix is positive,
Therefore, formula of the compound = X 8 Y4
3
= X8 Y12 Or
Sample Question Papers

= X2 Y3 Azeotropes
The binary mixtures having the same composition in
6. Transition Elements liquid and vapour phase which boils at a constant
The elements which lie in between s and p-block temperature are called azeotropes. The solutions
elements in the long form of periodic table are called which show a large positive deviation from Raoult's
transition element. law. Form minimum boiling azeotrope at a specific
There elements have their properties which are composition. e.g. ethanol-water mixtures (obtained
intermediate between those of s and p-block by fermentation of sugars) on fractional distillation
elements and represent a change from the most gives a solution containing approximately 95 % by
electropositive s-block elements to the least volume of ethanol.
electropositive p-block elements.
10. (a) Electrolysis of an aqueous solution of AgCl
Their general electronic configuration is
(n - 1)d 1 - 10 ns0 - 2 where (n - 1) is penultimate shell AgCl(aq ) Ag+(aq )+ Cl - (aq )
and n is the outermost shell. H 2O(l ) w H+(aq )+ OH - (aq )
 CBSE Sample Paper
Fully Solved (Questions-Answers)

Chemistry
A Sample Question Paper for CBSE Class XII
Time : 3 hrs Max. Marks : 70

General Instructions
1. All questions are compulsory.
2. Question No. 1 to 5 are very short answer questions and carry 1 mark each.
3. Question No. 6 to 10 are very short answer questions and carry 2 marks each.
4. Question No. 11 to 22 are very short answer questions and carry 3 marks each.
5. Question No. 23 is a value based questions and carry 4 marks.
6. Question No. 24 to 26 are long answer questions and carry 5 marks each.
7. Use log tables if necessary, use of calculator is not allowed.

Section A
1. The following figure shows the variation of
adsorption of N 2 on charcoal with pressure at
different constant temperatures :
N2 adsorbd (in cm2)
Section B
6. Name the crystal defect which reduces the
density of an ionic solid? What type of ionic
substances show this defect?
7. The molar conductivity (l m ) of KCl solution at

T1 different concentrations at 298K is plotted as

T2 shown in the figure given below :
T3
150.2
149.8
Sample Question Papers

Am/(S cm2 mol)1

149.4
Pressure
149.0
Arrange the temperatures T1 , T2 and T3 in the 148.6
increasing order. 148.2
2. Give the formula of a noble gas species which is 147.8

isostructural with IBr2- .

3. What is the effect of synergic bonding
interactions in a metal carbonyl complex
coordination?
4. PCl 5 acts as on oxidising agent. Justify.
5. Write the name of the product formed when
benzendiazonium chloride solution is treated
with potassium iodide.
147.4 .034
147.0
.005 .010 .015 .020 .025 .030 .035
C1/2 (mol/L)1/2
Determine the value of (l 0m ) and A for KCl.
8. Aluminum cystallises in an fcc structure. Atomic
radius of the metal is 125 pm. What is the length
of the side of the unit cell of the metal?
ll ne Sample Question Paper
9. Draw the structure of the following compounds :
(i) H2 S 2O7
(ii) XeOF4
Or
Write balanced chemical equation for the
following:
(i) Reaction of chlorine with hot and
concentrated NaOH.
(ii) Sulphur dioxide is passed through an aqueous
solution of Fe (III) salt.
10. 10.05 g of KCl was dissolved in 100 g of water
and the solution originally at 20C, froze at
- 0.24C. Calculate the percentage dissociation
of the salt. (Given : K f for water = 1.86 K
kg/mol, Atomic mass : K = 39 u, Cl = 35.5 u)
Section C
11. State briefly the principles involved in the
following operations in metallurgy. Give an
example.
(i) Hydraulic washing
(ii) Zone refining
12. (i) What type of deviation from Raoults law is
observed, when two volatile liquids A and B on
mixing produce a warm solution? Explain with
the help of a well labeled vapour pressure
graph.
(ii) Consider separate solutions of 0.5 M CH 3OH,
0.250 M KCl (aq) and 0.125 M Na 3PO4 (aq).
Arrange the above solutions in the increasing
order of their vant Hoff factor.
13. Write the Nernst equation and calculate the emf
for the follwoing cell at 298 K:
Mg(s) Mg2+ (0.001 M)// Cu 2+ (0.0001 M)/ Cu(s)
How does E cell vary with the concentration of
both Mg2+ and and CO2+ ions ?
0
(Given E cell = 2.71 V )
14. Explain the following observations giving
appropriate reasons :
(i) Ozone is thermodynamically unstable with
respect to oxgyen.
(ii) The HEH bond angle of the hydrides of group 15
elements decrease as we move down the group.
(iii) Bleaching effect of chlorine is permanent.
707
15. (i) Predict the number of unpaired electrons in the
tetrahedral [MnBr4 ]2- ions.
(ii) Draw strucutres of geometrical isomers of
[Co(NH 3 )4 Cl2 ]+ .
(iii) Write the formula of the following coordinate
compound:
Amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate (II)
16. Explain what is observed when
(i) Silver nitrate solution is added to potassium
iodide solution.
(ii) The size of the finest gold sol particles increase
in the gold sol.
(iii) Two oppositely charged sols are mixed in almost
equal proportions.
17. (i) In the following pairs of halogen compounds,
which would undergo S N 1 reaction faster?
Explain.
Cl Cl
and
(ii) Amongst the isomeric dihalobenzenes which
isomer has the highest melting point and why?
(iii) Arrange the following haloalkanes in the
increasing order of density. Justify your answer.
CCl4,CH2Cl2 and CHCl 3
18. An organic compound (A) has characteristic
odour. On treament with NaOH, it forms
compounds (B) and (C). Compound (B) has
molecular formula C7 H 8 O which on oxidation
gives back (A). The compound (C) is a sodium
salt of an acid. When (C) is treated with
soda-lime, it yields an aromatic compound (D).
Deduce the structures of (A), (B), (C) and (D).
Write the sequence of reactions involved.
19.(a) Give one chemical test to distinguish between
Sample Question Papers
the following pairs of compounds:
(i) Methylamine and dimethylamine.
(ii) Aniline and benzylamine
(b) Write the structures of different isomers
corresponding to the molecular formula C 3H 9 N,
which will liberate nitrogen gas on treatment
with nitrous acid.
20.(a) Exemplify the following reactions:
(i) Resenmund reduction reaction.
(ii) Kolbe electrolysis reaction.
 708 ll ne Chemistry Class 12th

(b) Arrange the following compounds in increasing

order of their reactivity towards HCN: Section E
Acetaldehyde, Acetone, Di-tert-butyl ketone.
24.(a) Write the mechanism of hydration of ethene to
Or form ethanol.
(a) Predict the products of the following reactions:
(b) How are the following conversions carried out?
2 (i)Cl /Red phosphorous
(i) CH 3 CH2 COOH (i) Propanol to propan-2-ol.
(ii) H 2 O
CH3 (ii) Propanol to 1-Propoxypropane.
(c) Give the structure and the IUPAC name of the
(i) CS
2 major product obtained in the following
(ii) + CrO2Cl2 reaction:
(ii) H2O
OH
(b) Arrange the following compounds in increasing
order of acid strength: conc. HNO
3

Benzoic acid, 4-Nitrobenzoic acid,
4-Methoxybenzoic acid.
(a) Write the mechanism of the reaction of HI with
21. (i) Identify the monomer in the following methoxymethane.
polymeric structure: (b) Identify A and B in the following reactions:
CN
OH

[CH2 CH == CH CH2 CH2 CH ]n
NaOH 2 (i) CO
(ii) On the basis of forces between their molecule in (i) A
+ B
(ii) H
a polymer to which class does neoprene belong?
CH MgBr
(iii) Can both addition and condensation
u,573 K
(ii) C 2H 5OH C A 3
+
B
H 2 O/H
polymerisation result in the formation of a
copolymer? (c) Give the structure and the IUPAC name of the
major product obtained in the following
22. (i) Which of the following biomolecule is insoluble reaction:
in water? Justify. OC2H5
Insulin, Haemoglobin, Keratin. conc. HNO3

(ii) Draw the Haworth structure for conc. H2SO4
a-D-Glucopyranose.
(iii) Write chemical reaction to show that glucose 25.(a) A blackish brown coloured solid (A) which is an
contains aldehyde as carbonyl group. oxide of manganese, when fused with alkali
metal hydroxide and an oxidising agent like
KNO 3 , produces a dark green coloured
Section D compound (B). Compound (B) on
disproportionation in neutral and acidic
23. John had gone with his mother to the doctor as solution gives a purple coloured compound (C).
he was down with fever. He then went to the Identify A, B and C and write the reaction
Sample Question Papers

chemist shop with his mother to purchase involved when compound (C) is heated to 513 K.
medicines prescribed by the doctor.There he (b) (i) E 0 M 3+ / M 2+ values for the first series of
observed a young man pleading with the transition elements are given below. Answer
chemist to give him medicines as he had nasal the question that follows:
congestion. The chemist gave him cimetidine.
E 0( V ) Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co
John advised and also explained to the young
M 3+
/M 2+
- 0.37 - 0.26 -0.41 + 1.57 + 0.77 + 1.97
man that he should only take the medicines
prescribed by the doctor. Identify the two strongest oxidising agent in
the aqueous solution from the above data.
Answer the following questions:
(i) Copper (I) ion is not known in aqueous
(a) Did the chemist give an appropriate medicine? solution.
Justify your answer.
(ii) The highest oxidation state of a metal is
(b) Johns action was appreciated by his mother. exhibited in its oxide.
List any two reasons. Or
ll ne Sample Question Paper 709

(a) Write balanced equations to represent what 26. (i) Graphically explain the effect of temperature on
happens when the rate constant of reaction? How can this
(i) Cu 2+ is treated with KI. temperature effect on rate constant be
(ii) Acidified potassium dichromate solution is represented quantitatively?
reacted with iron (II) solution. (ionic (ii) The decomposition of a hydrocarbon follows the
equation) equation
(b) (i) The figure given below illustrates the first k = (4.5 10 11 s -1 ) e -28000 K /T
ionisation enthalpies of first, second and
third series of transition elements. Answer Calculate E a
the questions that follows. Or
(i) In the reaction
Ir Q + R Products
900
Pt Au
Os The time taken for 99% reaction of Q is twice the
I. E1 (kJ MOL)1

W Re Fe Pd time taken for 90% reaction of Q. The

800 Hf Ta Co concentration of R varies with time as shown in
Mn Cu the figure below:
Mo Ni
700 Rh
Zr Nb Tc Ag [Re]

Concentration
Ti
Cr
V

of R
Transition elements
Which series amongst the first, second and
third series of transition elements have the Time
highest first ionisation enthalpy and why?
What is the overall order of the reaction? Give
(ii) Separation of lanthanide elements is
the units of the rate constant for the same. Write
difficult. Explain.
the rate expression for the above reaction.
(iii) Sm2+ Eu 2+ and Yb2+ ions in solutions are
(ii) Rate constant for a first order reaction has been
good reducing agents but an aqueous
found be 2.54 10 -3 s -1 .
solution of Ce4 + is a good oxidising agent.
Why? Calculate its three-fourth life.

Solutions
1. The process of adsorption (or condensation) is 2. IBr2-
exothermic so that the equilibrium may be represented
Number of valence electron in
as :
IBr 2- = 7 + ( 2 7) + 1 = 22
Solid (Adsorbent) + Gas (Adsorbate)
The noble gas species having 22 electrons is
Sample Question Papers

Evaporation Condensation XeF2 = 8 + ( 2 7) = 22

Gas adsorbed on solid + Heat Br F
By Applying Le-Chateliers principal, it can be seen that
increase of temperature decreases adsorption and I Xe
vice-versa. The increasing order of temperature.
T1 < T2 < T3 Br F
Linear Linear