Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CHEACHEE advice[8] from Philadelphia National Bank that the proceeds of the subject
check had been temporarily credited to PNBs account as of November 6,
Factual Antecedents 1992. On November 16, 1992, Garin called up Ofelia to inform her that the
check had already been cleared.[9] The following day, PNB Buendia
On November 4, 1992, Ofelia Cheah (Ofelia) and her friend Branch, after deducting the bank charges, credited $299,248.37 to the
Adelina Guarin (Adelina) were having a conversation in the latters office account of the spouses Cheah.[10] Acting on Adelinas instruction to
when Adelinas friend, Filipina Tuazon (Filipina), approached her to ask if withdraw the credited amount, Ofelia that day personally withdrew
she could have Filipinas check cleared and encashed for a service fee of $180,000.00.[11] Adelina was able to withdraw the remaining amount the
2.5%. The check is Bank of America Check No. 190[6] under the account next day after having been authorized by Ofelia.[12]Filipina received all the
of Alejandria Pineda and Eduardo Rosales and drawn by Atty. Eduardo proceeds.
Rosales against Bank of America Alhambra Branch in California, USA,
with a face amount of $300,000.00, payable to cash. Because Adelina does In the meantime, the Cable Division of PNB Head Office in
not have a dollar account in which to deposit the check, she asked Ofelia if Escolta, Manila received on November 16, 1992 a SWIFT[13] message from
she could accommodate Filipinas request since she has a joint dollar Philadelphia National Bank dated November 13, 1992 with Transaction
savings account with her Malaysian husband Cheah Chee Chong (Chee Reference Number (TRN) 46506218, informing PNB of the return of the
Chong) under Account No. 265-705612-2 with PNB Buendia Branch. subject check for insufficient funds.[14] However, the PNB Head Office
Ofelia agreed. could not ascertain to which branch/office it should forward the same for
proper action. Eventually, PNB Head Office sent Philadelphia National
That same day, Ofelia and Adelina went to PNB Buendia Branch. Bank a SWIFT message informing the latter that SWIFT message with
They met with Perfecto Mendiola of the Loans Department who referred TRN 46506218 has been relayed to PNBs various divisions/departments
them to PNB Division Chief Alberto Garin (Garin). Garin discussed with but was returned to PNB Head Office as it seemed misrouted. PNB Head
them the process of clearing the subject check and they were told that it Office thus requested for Philadelphia National Banks advice on said
[7]
normally takes 15 days. Assured that the deposit and subsequent SWIFT messages proper disposition.[15] After a few days, PNB Head Office
clearance of the check is a normal transaction, Ofelia deposited Filipinas ascertained that the SWIFT message was intended for PNB Buendia
check. PNB then sent it for clearing through its correspondent bank, Branch.
Philadelphia National Bank. Five days later, PNB received a credit
PNB Buendia Branch learned about the bounced check when it likewise assured the spouses Cheah that the letter was a mere formality and
received on November 20, 1992 a debit advice,[16] followed by a letter[17] on that the mortgage will be disregarded once PNB receives its claim for
November 24, 1992, from Philadelphia National Bank to which the indemnity from Philadelphia National Bank.
November 13, 1992 SWIFT message was attached. Informed about the
bounced check and upon demand by PNB Buendia Branch to return the Although some of the officers of PNB were amenable to the
money withdrawn, Ofelia immediately contacted Filipina to get the money proposal,[21] the same did not materialize. Subsequently, PNB sent a
back. But the latter told her that all the money had already been given to demand letter to spouses Cheah for the return of the amount of the check,
[22]
several people who asked for the checks encashment. In their effort to froze their peso and dollar deposits in the amounts of P275,166.80 and
recover the money, spouses Cheah then sought the help of the National $893.46,[23] and filed a complaint[24] against them for Sum of Money with
Bureau of Investigation. Said agencys Anti-Fraud and Action Division was Branch 50 of the Regional Trial Court (RTC) of Manila, docketed as Civil
later able to apprehend some of the beneficiaries of the proceeds of the Case No. 94-71022. In said complaint, PNB demanded payment of
check and recover from them $20,000.00. Criminal charges were then filed around P8,202,220.44, plus interests[25] and attorneys fees, from the spouses
against these suspect beneficiaries.[18] Cheah.
Meanwhile, the spouses Cheah have been constantly meeting with As their main defense, the spouses Cheah claimed that the
the bank officials to discuss matters regarding the incident and the recovery proximate cause of PNBs injury was its own negligence of paying a US
of the value of the check while the cases against the alleged perpetrators dollar denominated check
remain pending. Chee Chong in the end signed a PNB without waiting for the 15-day clearing period, in violation of its bank
[19] [20]
drafted letter which states that the spouses Cheah are offering their practice as mandated by its own bank circular, i.e., PNB General Circular
condominium units as collaterals for the amount withdrawn. Under this No. 52-101/88.[26] Because of this, spouses Cheah averred that PNB is
setup, the amount withdrawn would be treated as a loan account with barred from claiming what it had lost. They further averred that it is unjust
deferred interest while the spouses try to recover the money from those who for them to pay back the amount disbursed as they never really benefited
defrauded them. Apparently, Chee Chong signed the letter after the Vice therefrom. As counterclaim, they prayed for the return of their frozen
President and Manager of PNB Buendia Branch, Erwin Asperilla deposits, the recoupment of P400,000.00 representing the amount they had
(Asperilla), asked the spouses Cheah to help him and the other bank officers so far spent in recovering the value of the check, and payment of moral and
as they were in danger of losing their jobs because of the incident. Asperilla exemplary damages, as well as attorneys fees.
Because Ofelia trusted a friends friend whom she did not know and
Ruling of the Regional Trial Court considering the amount of the check made payable to cash, the RTC opined
that Ofelia showed lack of vigilance in her dealings. She should have
The RTC ruled in PNBs favor. The dispositive portion of its exercised due care by investigating the negotiability of the check and the
[27]
Decision dated May 20, 1999 reads: identity of the drawer. While the court found that the proximate cause of the
wrongful payment of the check was PNBs negligence in not observing the
WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby 15-day guarantee period rule, it ruled that spouses Cheah still cannot escape
rendered in favor of the plaintiff Philippine National Bank
[and] against defendants Mr. Cheah Chee Chong and Ms. liability to reimburse PNB the value of the check as an accommodation
Ofelia Camacho Cheah, ordering the latter to pay jointly party pursuant to Section 29 of the Negotiable Instruments Law.[29] It
and severally the herein plaintiffs bank the amount:
likewise applied the principle of solutio indebiti under the Civil Code. With
1. of US$298,950.25 or its peso regard to the award of other forms of damages, the RTC held that each party
equivalent based on Central Bank Exchange Rate
must suffer the consequences of their own acts and thus left both parties as
prevailing at the time the proceeds of the BA Check No.
190 were withdrawn or the prevailing Central Bank Rate they are.
at the time the amount is to be reimbursed by the
defendants to plaintiff or whatever is lower. This is
without prejudice however, to the rights of the defendants Unwilling to accept the judgment, the spouses Cheah appealed to
(accommodating parties) to go against the group of the CA.
Adelina Guarin, Atty. Eduardo Rosales, Filipina Tuazon,
etc., (Beneficiaries- accommodated parties) who are privy
to the defendants. Ruling of the Court of Appeals
No pronouncement as to costs.
While the CA recognized the spouses Cheah as victims of a scam
No other award of damages for non[e] has been proven. who nevertheless have to suffer the consequences of Ofelias lack of care
SO ORDERED.[28] and prudence in immediately trusting a stranger, the appellate court did not
hold PNB scot-free. It ruled in its August 22, 2005 Decision,[30] viz:
The RTC held that spouses Cheah were guilty of contributory negligence. As both parties were equally negligent, it is but
right and just that both parties should equally suffer and
shoulder the loss. The scam would not have been possible latter are accommodation parties under the law as the banks own negligence
without the negligence of both parties. As earlier stated,
the complaint of PNB cannot be dismissed because the is the proximate cause of the damage it sustained. Nevertheless, it also
Cheah spouses were negligent and Ms. Cheah took an found Ofelia guilty of contributory negligence. Thus, both parties should be
active part in the deposit of the check and the withdrawal
of the subject amounts. On the other hand, the Cheah made equally responsible for the resulting loss.
spouses cannot entirely bear the loss because PNB
allowed her to withdraw without waiting for the clearance
Both parties filed their respective Motions for
of the check. The remedy of the parties is to go after those
[32] [33]
who perpetrated, and benefited from, the scam. Reconsideration but same were denied in a Resolution dated
WHEREFORE, the May 20, 1999 Decision of December 21, 2005.
the Regional Trial Court, Branch 5, Manila, in Civil Case
No. 94-71022, is hereby REVERSED and SET ASIDE
and another one entered DECLARING both parties Hence, these Petitions for Review on Certiorari.
equally negligent and should suffer and shoulder the loss.
doctrine, the CA held that PNB had the last clear opportunity to avoid the
impending loss of the money and yet, it glaringly exhibited its negligence in Proximate cause is that cause, which, in natural and continuous
allowing the withdrawal of funds without exhausting the 15-day clearing sequence, unbroken by any efficient intervening cause, produces the injury
period which has always been a standard banking practice as testified to by and without which the result would not have occurred. x x x To determine
PNBs own officers, and as provided in its own General Circular No. the proximate cause of a controversy, the question that needs to be asked is:
52/101/88. To the CA, PNB cannot claim from spouses Cheah even if the
If the event did not happen, would the injury have resulted? If the answer is Bank v. Tan,[38] wherein the bank allowed the withdrawal of the value of a
no, then the event is the proximate cause.[34] check prior to its clearing, we said that [b]efore the check shall have been
cleared for deposit, the collecting bank can only assume at its own risk x x x
Here, while PNB highlights Ofelias fault in accommodating a that the check would be cleared and paid out. The delay in the receipt by
strangers check and depositing it to the bank, it remains mum in its release PNB Buendia Branch of the November 13, 1992 SWIFT message notifying
of the proceeds thereof without exhausting the 15-day clearing period, an it of the dishonor of the subject check is of no moment, because had PNB
act which contravened established banking rules and practice. Buendia Branch waited for the expiration of the clearing period and had
never released during that time the proceeds of the check, it would have
It is worthy of notice that the 15-day clearing period alluded to is already been duly notified of its dishonor. Clearly, PNBs disregard of its
construed as 15 banking days. As declared by Josephine Estella, the preventive and protective measure against the possibility of being
Administrative Service Officer who was the banks Remittance Examiner, victimized by bad checks had brought upon itself the injury of losing a
what was unusual in the processing of the check was that the lapse of 15 significant amount of money.
[35]
banking days was not observed. Even PNBs agreement with Philadelphia
National Bank[36] regarding the rules on the collection of the proceeds of US It bears stressing that the diligence required of banks is more than
dollar checks refers to business/ banking days. Ofelia deposited the subject that of a Roman pater familias or a good father of a family. The highest
check on November 4, 1992. Hence, the 15th banking day from the date of degree of diligence is expected.[39] PNB miserably failed to do its duty of
said deposit should fall on November 25, 1992. However, what happened exercising extraordinary diligence and reasonable business prudence. The
was that PNB Buendia Branch, upon calling up Ofelia that the check had disregard of its own banking policy amounts to gross negligence, which the
been cleared, allowed the proceeds thereof to be withdrawn on November law defines as negligence characterized by the want of even slight care,
17 and 18, 1992, a week before the lapse of the standard 15-day clearing acting or omitting to act in a situation where there is duty to act, not
period. inadvertently but wilfully and intentionally with a conscious indifference to
consequences in so far as other persons may be affected. [40] With regard to
This Court already held that the payment of the amounts of checks collection or encashment of checks, suffice it to say that the law imposes on
without previously clearing them with the drawee bank especially so where the collecting bank the duty to scrutinize diligently the checks deposited
the drawee bank is a foreign bank and the amounts involved were large is with it for the purpose of determining their genuineness and regularity. The
contrary to normal or ordinary banking practice.[37] Also, in Associated collecting bank, being primarily engaged in banking, holds itself out to the
public as the expert on this field, and the law thus holds it to a high standard bound to share the
loss with the bank
of conduct.[41] A bank is expected to be an expert in banking procedures and
it has the necessary means to ascertain whether a check, local or foreign, is
sufficiently funded. Contributory negligence is conduct on the part of the injured part
y,
Incidentally, PNB obliges the spouses Cheah to return the withdrawn contributing as a legal cause to the harm he has suffered, which falls below
money under the principle of solutio indebiti, which is laid down in Article the standard to which he is required to conform for his own protection.[44]
2154 of the Civil Code:[42]
The CA found Ofelias credulousness blameworthy. We
Art. 2154. If something is received when there is agree. Indeed, Ofelia failed to observe caution in giving her full trust in
no right to demand it, and it was unduly delivered through
mistake, the obligation to return it arises. accommodating a complete stranger and this led her and her husband to be
swindled. Considering that Filipina was not personally known to her and
the amount of the foreign check to be encashed was $300,000.00, a higher
[T]he indispensable requisites of the juridical relation known
degree of care is expected of Ofelia which she, however, failed to exercise
as solutio indebiti, are, (a) that he who paid was not under obligation to do
so; and (b) that the payment was made by reason of an essential mistake of under the circumstances. Another circumstance which should have goaded
fact.[43] Ofelia to be more circumspect in her dealings was when a bank officer
called her up to inform that the Bank of America check has already been
In the case at bench, PNB cannot recover the proceeds of the check cleared way earlier than the 15-day clearing period. The fact that the check
under the principle it invokes. In the first place, the gross negligence of
was cleared after only eight banking days from the time it was deposited or
PNB, as earlier discussed, can never be equated with a mere mistake of fact,
which must be something excusable and which requires the exercise of contrary to what Garin told her that clearing takes 15 days should have
prudence.No recovery is due if the mistake done is one of gross negligence. already put Ofelia on guard. She should have first verified the regularity of
such hasty clearance considering that if something goes wrong with the
The spouses Cheah transaction, it is she and her husband who would be put at risk and not the
are guilty of
contributory accommodated party. However, Ofelia chose to ignore the same and instead
negligence and are actively participated in immediately withdrawing the proceeds of the
check. Thus, we are one with the CA in ruling that Ofelias prior
consultation with PNB officers is not enough to totally absolve her of any Association, Inc., where petitioner was contracted to maintain four
liability. In the first place, she should have shunned any participation in that passenger elevators installed in respondent's building. Under the
palpably shady transaction. Service Agreement, the duties and obligations of petitioner included
monthly inspection, adjustment and lubrication of machinery,
In any case, the complaint against the spouses Cheah could not be motors, control parts and accessory equipments, including switches
dismissed. As PNBs client, Ofelia was the one who dealt with PNB and
and electrical wirings.[5] Section D (2) of the Service Agreement
negotiated the check such that its value was credited in her and her
provides that respondent shall pay for the additional charges incurred
husbands account. Being the ones in privity with PNB, the spouses Cheah
are therefore the persons who should return to PNB the money released to in connection with the repair and supply of parts.
them.
Petitioner claims that during the period of April 1997 to July 1998 it
All told, the Court concurs with the findings of the CA that PNB
had incurred expenses amounting to Php 1,161,933.47 in the
and the spouses Cheah are equally negligent and should therefore equally
maintenance and repair of the four elevators as itemized in a
suffer the loss. The two must both bear the consequences of their mistakes.
statement of account.[6] Petitioner demanded from respondent the
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Petitions for Review payment of the aforesaid amount allegedly through a series of
on Certiorari in G.R. No. 170865 and in G.R. No. 170892 are demand letters, the last one sent on July 18, 2000. [7] Respondent,
both DENIED.The assailed August 22, 2005 Decision and December 21,
however, refused to pay the amount.
2005 Resolution of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 63948 are
hereby AFFIRMEDin toto.
Petitioner filed with the Regional Trial Court (RTC), Branch 100,
HYATT VS. CATHEDRAL HEIGHTS Quezon City, a Complaint for sum of money against respondent. Said
complaint was docketed as Civil Case No. Q-01-43055.
The facts of the case are as follows: On March 5, 2003, the RTC rendered Judgment [8] ruling in favor of
petitioner, the dispositive portion of which reads:
On October 1, 1994, petitioner Hyatt Elevators and Escalators
Corporation entered into an Agreement to Service Elevators (Service WHEREFORE, premises considered, JUDGMENT
IS HEREBY RENDERED IN FAVOR OF THE
Agreement)[4] with respondent Cathedral Heights Building Complex
PLAINTIFF AND AGAINST THE DEFENDANT On April 20, 2006, the CA rendered a Decision finding merit in
ordering the latter to pay Plaintiff as follows:
respondent's appeal, the dispositive portion of which reads:
SO ORDERED.[9] In reversing the RTC, the CA ruled that respondent did not give its
consent to the purchase of the spare parts allegedly installed in the
defective elevators. Aside from the absence of consent, the CA also
The RTC held that based on the sales invoices presented by
held that there was no perfected contract of sale because there was no
petitioner, a contract of sale of goods was entered into between the
meeting of minds upon the price. On this note, the CA ruled that the
parties. Since petitioner was able to fulfill its obligation, the RTC
Service Agreement did not give petitioner the unbridled license to
ruled that it was incumbent on respondent to pay for the services
purchase and install any spare parts and demand, after the lapse of a
rendered. The RTC did not give credence to respondent's claim that
considerable length of time, payment of these prices from respondent
the elevator parts were never delivered and that the repairs were
according to its own dictated price.
questionable, holding that such defense was a mere afterthought and
Aggrieved, petitioner filed a Motion for Reconsideration, [14] which
was never raised by respondent against petitioner at an earlier time.
was, however, denied by the CA in a Resolution dated July 31, 2006.
Petitioner started working on the project in February 1994. petitioner of ITIs September 7, 1995 report.
On June 30, 1994, respondent executed a deed of sale [12] (covering On October 12, 1995, petitioner sought to confirm respondent's plan
114 condominium units and 20 parking slots of the MPT collectively to take over the project.[18] Its letter stated:
valued by the parties at P112,416,716.88)[13] in favor of petitioner The mutual agreement arrived at sometime in the
last week of August 1995 for [respondent] to take
pursuant to the full-swapping payment provision of the supplemental over the construction supervision of the balance of
the [project] from [petitioner's] [e]ngineering staff
agreement. and complete [the] same by December 31, 1995 as
promised by [petitioner's] engineer.
Shortly thereafter, petitioner sold some of its units to third persons. [14] The [petitioner's] accomplished works as of this
date of [t]ake over is of acceptable quality in
materials and workmanship.
In September 1995, respondent engaged the services of Integratech,
This mutual agreement on the take over should
Inc. (ITI), an engineering consultancy firm, to evaluate the progress not be misconstrued in any other way except
that the take over is part of the long range plan
of the project.[15] In its September 7, 1995 report, [16] ITI informed of [respondent] that [petitioner], in the spirit of
cooperation, agreed to hand over the construction
respondent that petitioner, at that point, had only accomplished
supervision to [respondent] as requested.(emphasis
supplied)[19]
31.89% of the project (or was 11 months and six days behind
schedule).[17]
Engineers Antonio Co, general construction manager of respondent,
Meanwhile, petitioner and respondent were discussing the possibility and Luzon Y. Tablante, project manager of petitioner, signed the
of the latters take over of the projects supervision. Despite ongoing letter.
On November 22, 1996, petitioner demanded from respondent the
showed that respondent did not merely take over the supervision of While the complaint for specific performance was pending in the
the project but took full control thereof.[23] HLURB, respondent sent a demand letter to petitioner asking it to
a writ of execution was issued upon its finality.[34] income amounting to US$1,665,260.[41] The dispositive portion of the
set-off respondent's other outstanding liabilities with respondents 3. Attorney's fees in the amount
of P100,000 as acceptance fee, P1,000
excess payment in the project. [39] It concluded that respondent owed appearance fee per hearing and 25% of the
total amount awarded to [petitioner].
petitionerP2,023,876.25.[40] In addition, because respondent refused
With costs against the [respondent].
to deliver the keys to the condominium units and the management
SO ORDERED.[42]
Petitioner moved for reconsideration but it was denied. Hence, this
Respondent appealed the RTC decision to the CA. [43] The appellate
petition.
court found that respondent fully performed its obligation when it
executed the June 30, 1994 deed of absolute sale in favor of Petitioner contends that the CA erred in giving weight to ITI's report
petitioner.[44] Moreover, ITI's report clearly established that petitioner because the project evaluation was commissioned only by
had completed only 48.71% of the project as of October 12, 1995, respondent,[47] in disregard of industry practice. Project evaluations
the takeover date. Not only did it incur delay in the performance of are agreed upon by the parties and conducted by a disinterested third
its obligation but petitioner also failed to finish the project. The CA party.[48]
enrichment.[45] Thus:
WHEREFORE, the appealed decision REVIEW
is REVERSED and a new one entered dismissing OF
[petitioner's] counterclaims of P2,023,867.25 CONFLIC
representing unpaid balance for [its] services in [the TING
project]; US$1,665,260 as accrued lost earnings, FACTUAL
and attorney's fees. [Petitioner] is hereby ordered to FINDINGS
return to [respondent] the amount of P66,677,000
representing the value of unfinished [portion of the
project], plus legal interest thereon until fully paid.
Upon payment by [petitioner] of the As a general rule, only questions of law may be raised in a petition
aforementioned amount, [respondent] is hereby
ordered to deliver the keys and [m]anagement for review on certiorari. Factual issues are entertained only in
[c]ertificate of the [Makati Prime Tower] paid to
[petitioner] as consideration for the [project]. [46] exceptional cases such as where the findings of fact of the CA and
the RTC and the CA. The trial court found that respondent one binds himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to
contributed to the project's delay because it belatedly communicated render some service.[50] This case involved two contracts entered into
the modifications and failed to deliver the necessary materials on by the parties with regard to the project.
time. The CA, however, found that petitioner incurred delay in the
The parties first entered into a contract for a piece of work [51] when
performance of its obligation. It relied on ITI's report which stated
they executed the supplemental agreement. Petitioner as contractor
that petitioner had accomplished only 48.71% of the project as of
bound itself to execute the project for respondent, the
October 12, 1995.
owner/developer, in consideration of a price certain (P130,000,000).
hired two contractors in petitioner's stead. [53] Moreover, petitioner's obliged to return the excess to respondent. Embodying the principle
project engineer at site only monitored the progress of architectural ofsolutio indebiti, Article 2154 of the Civil Code provides:
works undertaken in its condominium units. [54] Petitioner never Article 2154. If something is received when there is
no right to demand it and it was unduly delivered
objected to this arrangement; hence, it voluntarily surrendered its through mistake, the obligation to return it arises.
participation in the project. Moreover, it judicially admitted in its
answer that respondent took over the entire project, not merely its
For the extra-contractual obligation of solutio indebiti to
supervision, pursuant to its (respondents) long-range plans. [55]
arise, the following requisites must be proven:
Because the parties agreed to extinguish the supplemental 1. the absence of a right to collect the
excess sums and
agreement, they were no longer required to fully perform their
respective obligations. Petitioner was relieved of its obligation to 2. the payment was made by mistake.[57]
October 12, 1995 was never due. The condominium units and The situation is, however, complicated by the following facts:
parking slots corresponding to the said excess were mistakenly a) the basis of the valuation (P112,416,716.99) of the
delivered by respondent and were therefore not due to petitioner. condominium units and parking slots covered by the
petitioner and the latter, pursuant to Article 2154, was obliged to b) the percentage of petitioner's actual accomplishment in
the return them to respondent.[58] Article 2160 of the Civil Code the project has not been determined and
provides:
Article 2160. He who in good faith
accepts an undue payment of a thing certain and
determinate shall only be responsible for
c) the records of this case do not show the actual number of the value of its actual accomplishment (i.e., the amount due to
of condominium units and parking slots sold by it) as of October 12, 1995. If these properties include units and/or
petitioners. slots already sold to third persons, petitioner shall deliver the
Because this Court is not a trier of facts, the determination of proceeds of the sale thereof or assign the actions for collection to
these matters should be remanded to the RTC for reception of further respondent as required by Article 2160. DELAY IN THE
amount due to petitioner. It will only be the management certificate The construction contract[65] provided a procedure for protesting
and the keys to these units that petitioner will be entitled to. The delay:
Article XIV
remaining units, having been mistakenly delivered by DELAYS AND ABANDONMENT
respondent, will therefore be thesubject of solutio indebiti. 15.1. If at any time during the effectivity of this
contract, [PETITIONER] shall incur
unreasonable delay or slippages of more than
What exactly must petitioner give back to respondent? fifteen percent (15%) of the scheduled work
program, [RESPONDENT] should
Under Article 2160 in relation to Article 2154, it should return to notify [PETITIONER] in writing to accelerate
the work and reduce, if not erase, slippage. If
respondent thecondominium units and parking slots in excess
after the lapse of sixty (60) days from receipt of
such notice, [PETITIONER] fails to rectify the
delay or slippage, [RESPONDENT] shall have the change of the designated construction manager, ITI's September 7,
right to terminate this contract except in cases
where the same was caused by force majeure. 1995 report could not bind it.
FORCE MAJEURE as contemplated herein, and in
determination of delay includes, but is not limited
to, typhoon, flood, earthquake, coup d'etat, In view of the foregoing, we hold that petitioner did not incur delay
rebellion, sedition, transport strike, stoppage of
work, mass public action that prevents workers in the performance of its obligation.
from reporting for work, and such other causes RECOVERY
beyond [PETITIONER'S] control.[66] (emphasis OF
supplied) ADDITION
AL COSTS
RESULTIN
xxx xxx xxx G FROM
CHANGES
accelerate work on the project and reduce, if not eliminate, slippage. The supplemental agreement was a contract for a stipulated price.
[68]
If delay had truly been the reason why respondent took over the In such contracts, the recovery of additional costs (incurred due to
project, it would have sent a written demand as required by the changes in plans or specifications) is governed by Article 1724 of the
construction contract. Moreover, according to the October 12, 1995 Civil Code.
letter-agreement, respondent took over the project for the sole reason Article 1724. The contractor who undertakes to
build a structure or any other work for a stipulated
that such move was part of its (respondent's) long-term plan. price, in conformity with plans and specifications
agreed upon with the landowner, can neither
withdraw from the contract nor demand an increase
Respondent, on the other hand, relied on ITI's September 7, 1995 in the price on account of higher cost of labor or
materials, save when there has been a change in
report. The construction contract named GEMM, not ITI, as plans and specifications, provided:
construction manager.[67] Because petitioner did not consent to the
1. such change has been authorized by the
proprietor in writing; and Petitioner submitted neither one. In addition, petitioners project
2. the additional price to be paid to the coordinator Estellita Garcia testified that respondent never approved
contractor has been determined in writing by
both parties. any change order.[72] Thus, under Article 1724 and pursuant to our
In Powton Conglomerate, Inc. v. Agcolicol, [69] we reiterated that a cost it incurred in effecting the design modifications. A contractor
claim for the cost of additional work arising from changes in the who fails to secure the owner or developer's written authority to
scope of work can only be allowed upon the: changes in the work or written assent to the additional cost to be
1. written authority from the developer/owner incurred cannot invoke the principle of unjust enrichment. [73]
ordering/allowing the changes in work; and RECO
VERY
2. written agreement of parties with regard to the OF
increase in cost (or price) due to the change in COMP
work or design modification. [70] ENSAT
ORY
DAMA
GES
Furthermore:
rates submitted by petitioner[75] and on the premise that all those units
The March 15, 2002 decision and May 29, 2003 resolution of the
would have been leased had respondent only finished the project by
Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No. 61353 and the August 5, 1998
December 31, 1995.[76] However, other than bare assertions,
decision of the Regional Trial Court, Branch 58, Makati City in Civil
petitioner submitted no proof that the rental pool was in fact able to
Case No. 97-1501 are hereby SET ASIDE. New judgment is
lease out the units. We thus hold that the losses sustained by
entered:
petitioner were merely speculative and there was no basis for the
Since respondent did not repudiate petitioner's other claims stated in claims as stated in the inventory and
the inventory[77] in the RTC and CA, it is estopped from questioning 2. dismissing petitioner Titan-Ikeda Construction and
the validity thereof.[78] However, because some of petitioner's claims Development Corporations claims for the cost of additional
have been disallowed, we remand the records of this case to the RTC work (or change order) and damages.
slots sold by petitioner Titan-Ikeda ISSUE: Whether or not the petitioner is entitled to damages.
Construction and Development Corporation RULING: No, because in a contract necessarily that there is a
meeting of the minds of the parties in which this will be the
to third persons; binding law upon them. Thus, in a reciprocal obligation. Both
parties are obliged to perform their obligation simultaneously and
in good faith. In this case, petitioner, Titan-Ikeda can not recover
2. the computation of petitioner Titan-Ikeda damages because it was found out there was no solutio indebiti
or mistake in payment in this case since the latter is just entitled
Construction and Development Corporation's actual to the actual services it rendered to the respondent and thus it is
ordered to return the condominium units to the respondent.
liability to respondent Primetown Property Group,