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0.3
UCL
Process capability 0.25
Standard Deviation
More on Hypothesis Testing 0.2
0 LCL
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Sample Number
Control Charts
Suppose we have a general statistic W
We plot W over time
We specify control limits of the form
U C L 3
W W Mean of W
C L W
L C L W 3 W Std. Dev. of W
A control chart based on a number of standard deviations of the statistic
from the mean of the statistic is called a Shewart Control Chart
Some commonly used Ws
X bar: Average
R: Range
s: Standard deviation
We can also specify control charts using probability limits
5
x Chart : R Chart :
UCL x A2 R UCL D4 R
Central line x Central line R
LCL D3 R
LCL x A2 R
R xmax xmin
x x ... xm
x 1 2 R1 R2 ... Rm
m R
m 20 ~ 25 m
m 20 ~ 25
n4~6
Estimates process A2, D3, D4=?
mean,
To find the control limits, need to estimate
the variance, or standard deviation
6
UCL s 3 s
CL s
LCL s 3 s
X LCL x A2 R LCL D3 R
X bar & R chart R CL x CL R
d2 UCL x A2 R UCL D4 R
pronounced
Null
H nought
Alternative Hypothesis
Hypothesis H 0 : 1.10
H1 : 1.10
Example3: suppose that someone says that the average price of a liter of regular unleaded
gas in Montreal is $1.10. How would you decide whether this statement is true? You could try
to find out what every gas station in the city was charging and how many liters they were
selling at that price. That approach might be definitive, but it could end up costing more than
the information is worth. A simpler approach is to find out the price of gas at a small number of
randomly chosen stations around the city and compare the average price to $1.10.
Of course, the average price you get will probably not be exactly $1.10 due to variability in
price from one station to the next. Suppose your average price was $1.18. Is this three cent
difference a result of chance variability, or is the original assertion incorrect? A hypothesis test
can provide an answer.
16
The p-value is the probability of observing the given sample result under the assumption
that the null hypothesis is true. If the p-value is less than , then you reject the null
hypothesis. For example, if = 0.05 and the p-value is 0.03, then you reject the null
hypothesis. The converse is not true. If the p-value is greater than , you have insufficient
evidence to reject the null hypothesis.
The outputs for many hypothesis test functions also include confidence intervals. Loosely
speaking, a confidence interval is a range of values that have a chosen probability of
containing the true hypothesized quantity. Suppose, in the example, 1.15 is inside a 95%
confidence interval for the mean, . That is equivalent to being unable to reject the null
hypothesis at a significance level of 0.05. Conversely if the 100(1- ) confidence interval
does not contain 1.15, then you reject the null hypothesis at the level of significance.
17
X 0
Z0 (3-23)
/ n
Rejection Rule
ssuming a .05 level of significance,
Reject H0 if Z0 < -1.96 or if Z0 > 1.96
22
For the two-sided alternative hypothesis, reject H0 if |t0| > t/2,n-1, where
t/2,n-1, is the upper /2 percentage of the t distribution with n 1 degrees of
freedom
For the one-sided alternative hypotheses,
If H1: 1 > 0, reject H0 if t0 > t,n 1, and
If H1: 1 < 0, reject H0 if t0 < t,n 1
p_value:
2[1- F (| t0 |)] for a two-tailed test
p value 1- F (t0 ) for an upper-tailed test
F (t ) for a lower-tailed test
0
( Z / 2 Z ) 2 2
n , where 0
2
32
33
Example 3.9
The top figure shows comparative box plot for the 97
yield data for the two types of catalysts. These 96
Yield
93
0.95
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Data
41
Test Statistic
(continued)
H0: 1 - 2 = 0 i.e. (1 = 2)
H1: 1 - 2 0 i.e. (1 2)
t0
X X
1 2 1
2 3.27 2.53 0 2.040
1 1 1 1
S
2
p
1.5021
n1 n 2 21 25
n
S 1
2 1S1
2
n 2 1S 2
2
21 11.30 2
25 11.16 2
1.5021
(n1 1) (n2 1) (21 - 1) ( 25 1)
p
Pooled-Variance t Test Example: Hypothesis Test
43
Solution
Reject H0 Reject H0
H0: 1 - 2 = 0 i.e. (1 = 2)
H1: 1 - 2 0 i.e. (1 2)
= 0.05 .025 .025
df = 21 + 25 - 2 = 44 -2.0154 0 2.0154 t
Critical Values: t = 2.0154
2.040
Test Statistic: Decision:
3.27 2.53
t0 2.040 Reject H0 at = 0.05
1 1
1.5021 Conclusion:
21 25
There is evidence of a
difference in means.
Pooled-Variance t Test Example: Confidence
44
Interval for 1 - 2
1 1
X X t
1 2 /2,n1 n2 2 S 0.74 2.0154 0.3628 (0.09, 1.471)
2
p
n1 n 2
Since 0 is less than the entire interval, we can be 95% confident that
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