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Presentation
Godwin IRABOR
This presentation covers the following:
Conclusion
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To give an overview of Pipeline Wall Thickness Calculation
using API 1111 and ASME B31.4
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Pipelines need to be strong enough to withstand all the loads that will be applied to
it during installation, testing and operation
These loads include: Pressure, temperature, stresses and bending
The wall thickness and material grade influence the strength of a pipeline
Bad wall thickness design can lead to failurefailure leads to loss of life, money
and environmental pollution
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API 1111 and ASME B31.4 were used to perform the mechanical sizing as both
codes can be utilized for design, construction, testing, operation and maintenance of
offshore liquid pipeline systems which applies to the scope of this project
API 1111-used for Pipelines and Flowlines Wall thickness calculations because it
takes into account only pipe straight parts
ASME B31.4 - takes into account both straight parts and bends which was used
to determine the jumper wall thickness (for specific load conditions) as well as
structures piping
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Outer diameter
SMYS
Corrosion allowance
Pipe Coating
Pipe ovality
Poissons ratio
Modulus of elasticity
Steel density
Bend thinning
Bend radius Used for jumpers and structure piping
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Operational Parameters
Product Density - Minimum/Maximum
Hydrotest water Density
Design Pressure
Hydrotest Pressure
Incidental overpressure
Design Temperature
Environmental Parameters
Water Depth Minimum/Maximum
Seawater Density
Seawater temperature
Note: The design pressure was given at the well head (reference WD). To compute the hydrotest or
incidental pressure at Max or Min WD, the design pressure was taken to LAT before
multiplying it by 1.25 or 1.125 according to API 1111. The pressure at LAT is added to the
Weight column to get the pressure at Max or Min WD
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Design Factors
API ASME
Burst design factor Hoop stress design factor -Hydrotest
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The following criteria are checked against API 1111 for the pipeline and flowlines:
Burst due
to Internal
Pressure
Longitudinal
Propagation and
Buckling Combined
load
API 1111
Wall
Thickness
Buckling
Collapse
due to
due to
bending &
External
external
Pressure
Pressure
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The following criteria are checked against ASME B31.4 for the jumpers and
structure piping:
ASME Collapse
Hoop B31.4 due to
Stress
Wall External
Thickness Pressure
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Hoop stress (ASME B31.4) - Internal Pressure will create a hoop (circumferential) stress
in the pipe. This stress needs to be accommodated by the wall Thickness
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Internal Pressure (API 1111): If internal pressure is so large that the designed wall
thickness of the pipeline can not withstand it, the pipeline will BURST!!!
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The specified minimum burst pressure is determined by one of the following formulae:
OR
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External Pressure will tend to make the pipeline ovalize and ultimately collapse
A perfectly round pipe will remain circular until the external pressure reached the
elastic critical pressure
for deep water, the external pressure is very large and critical when compared to
shallow water
Pipes are not perfectly circular (manufacturing ovality)
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Design against collapse due to external pressure (API 1111): As per section
4.3.2.1 of API 1111, the collapse pressure of the pipe must exceed the net external
pressure everywhere along the pipeline as follows:
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Due to bending of the pipe during
installation the pipeline will experience Wall thickness to withstand:
bending stress
Installation:
Bending Stress + External
Pressure
Operation:
Resultant Bending Strain +
External Pressure
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Design against buckling due to combined bending and external pressure (API
1111): As per section 4.3.2.2 of API 1111, the combined bending strain and external
pressure load should satisfy the following:
Where:
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To avoid buckling, bending strains should be limited as follows:
Where:
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If a buckle is formed it may propagate
along the pipeline driven by the hydrostatic
pressure of the seawater
The pressure required to propel a
propagating buckling is much smaller than
the pressure required to initiate collapse of
an undamaged pipe
For deepwater pipelines it is often
uneconomical to design the pipeline with
sufficient strength to prevent a propagating
collapse failure, Therefore it is more
economical to design a pipe on collapse
pressure than propagation pressure
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Design against propagation buckling: As per section 4.3.2.3 of API 1111, buckle
arrestors should be used under the following condition:
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STRUCTURE PIPING SPECIFIC GRAVITY (VERTICAL STABILITY
CHECK)
The maximum hoop stress at all points
along the structure piping should be less The specific gravity of a pipeline shall satisfy
than 72 per cent of the Specified Minimum the equation below unless otherwise
Yield Strength during operations: specified:
SGP 1.15
ShMAX< 0.72 * Sy
Where: SGP = wa / wd
ShMAX = Maximum hoop stress SGP = Specific gravity of an empty
Sy = Specified minimum yield strength submerged pipeline, a dimensionless ratio
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The design pipeline wall thickness must take into
account the following:
Bend thinning
Fabrication Tolerance
Corrosion Allowance
API 5L Standards
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The following pipeline design parameters are given:
Pipe outer diameter (OD) = 12 (329.3mm)
Nominal Thickness (WT) = 10.9mm
Pipe Material Grade = X65 API 5L
Minimum water depth (WDmin) = 200m
Maximum water depth (WDmax) = 250m
Density of water (w) = 1000kg/m3
Design Pressure @ (200m WD) = 150 bar
Density of the product @ (WDmin) = 500kg/m3
Density of the product @ (WDmax) = 750kg/m3
Safety Factor (Sf) = 0.8
Fabrication Tolerance (Ftol) = +/- 5%
Corrosion Allowance = 3mm
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Use the diagram below to calculate the following:
The Allowable Stress
Pressure Variation (Design pressure at LAT and at 250m WD)
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy hoop Stress
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy Longitudinal Stress
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy Internal design pressure
The pipe wall thickness that satisfy External design pressure
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The design pipeline wall thickness must satisfy
the following:
Hoop Stress
Burst due to internal Pressure
collapse due to external pressure
Longitudinal and combined load
Buckling due to bending and external pressure
Buckling propagation
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