MICROPARA LAB REVIEWE R- MERCADO

Nematodes
v Non-segmented, cylindrical, tapered at both ends covered by a cuticle; sexes are separate; stages in life: egg, larvae, adult

Ascaris lumbrocoides Eneterobius vernicularisTrichuris trichIuria Capillaria philippinesis H o o k w o r m s F I l a r I a l w o r ms

Ancylostoma duodenale; Brugia malayi ; wuchereria bancrofti
necator americanus
COMMON NAME Giant intestinal Pinworm/ seat worm whipworm Pudoc worm Old world New world Malayan filarial Bancrofts filarial
roundworm hookworm hookworm worm worm
HABITAT Intestine Lower ileum or cecum Large intestine Small intestine Small intestine Lymph vessels and glands
EGG (mammillary clear Football shaped Peanut shaped LARVAE: Rhabidiform VECTOR: VECTOR:
covering) corticated Yellow or brown Flattened bipolar plugFilariform (needs host) monsonia Aedes, anopheles
MODE OF ingestion ingestion Ingestion Ingestion Skin penetration Biological vector
TRANSMISSION
INFECTIVE Fertilized egg Fertilized egg Embryonated egg Infective larvae Filariform larvae L3 larval stage
STAGE
DIAGNOSTIC Unfertilized egg Eggs on perianal folds;Unembryonated Unembryonated egg Eggs in feces Adults produce sheathed
STAGE mature for 4-6 hrs egg microfilariae in the blood stream
INTERMEDIATE Fish Mosquito
HOST
PATHOLOGY Tissue reaction Perianal itching Rectal prolapse Gurgling of stomach Ground itch, lung migration, Lymphodentitis, swelling &
Intestinal irritation Pruritus ani (borborygmi) chronic: microcytic, hypocytic, iron redness of arms,
Malabsorption of fats deficiency anemia elephantiasis, hydrocele
PREVENTION Sanitary disposal of Personal cleanliness Sanitary disposal of Prevent people in Sanitary disposal of feces Use of mosquito nets
human feces Handwashing human feces endemic areas from wear shoes, prophylaxis
Washing of veggies eating raw fish
LABORATORY Direct Fecal Smear Grahams scotch Direct Fecal Smear Direct fecal smear Direct fecal smear Microscopic findings of
DIAGNOSIS adhesive tape swab or characteristic microfilariae in
perianal cellulose tape the blood (8am - 4pm)
Knotts method (filtration),
Antigen detecting

CE S T O D E S
v ORDER:: Pseudophyllidea (spatulate head) Diphyllobotrium latum (Broad fish tapeworm)
v Cyclophillidea (globular) Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
- Tania saginata (beef tapeworm)

Diphyllobotrium latum Taenia solium Taenia saginata

COMMON NAME
MORPHOLOGY
INTERMEDIATE HOST
INFECTIVE STAGE
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE
Broad fish tape worm Pork tapeworm Beef tapeworm
Proglottid is broader than long Scolex: globular arm; Pr: fingerlike branches Pr: tree like branches
Larvae: cysticircus cellulose Larvae: cysticircus bovis
Small crustaceans (shrimp) or fish Pig Cattle
Infected crustacean (plerocercoid) Oncospheres -> cystecerci in muscle (may be fatal, only in
Unembryonated eggs in feces Eggs or gravid proglottids
 MICROPARA LAB REVIEWE R- MERCADO

HABITAT Small intestine
PREVENTION Freezing of fish for 24-48 hr Avoid eating raw or insufficiently cooked meat
PATHOLOGY Adult tapeworm: bathriocephallus anemia Mild intestinal obstruction Intestinal obstruction
Larval: human sparganosis cysticercosis Systemic intoxication
MODE OF TRANSMISSION ingestion
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS Recovery of eggs in stool Biopsy/x-ray, Recovery of eggs in stool
Sparganosis: surgical removal Proglottids in scotch tape

TREMATODES
v BLOOD FLUKES - Diocecious, males are shorter and stouter than females, eggs are non-operculated, Embryonated eggs ciliated
embryo (miracidium), no metacerciarial stage

SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI

COMMON NAME Oriental blood fluke Vesical blood fluke Mansons blood fluke
INTERMEDIATE HOST Oncomelania quadrasi Bullimus (physopsis) Biomphalaria and Australorbis
DEFINITIVE HOST Man and domestic animals man man
EGG Lateral knob Terminal spine Lateral spine
PATHOLOGY Schistosomiasis
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Distended belly, abdominal distention, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy
TREATMENT Praziquantel
INFECTIVE STAGE Carcariae (have bifid tails)
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE Eggs in feces and urine

LUNG LIVER
SCIENTIFIC NAME Parogonimus westermani Fasciola hepatica Clonorchis sinensis
COMMON NAME Oriental lung fluke Sheeps liver fluke Chinese/oriental liver fluke
1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST Brotia asperata (snail) Lymnia philippinensis Bulimus fuchsiana (snail not found in the
Phil)
2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST Sundathelpusa philippina or Watercress grass Ctenopharyngondonidellus (fish)
Parathelpusa grapsoides
INFECTIVE STAGE Cercariae invade the crustacean and Metacercariae in water plant ingested by Metacercariae in flesh or skin or fresh water
encyst into metacercariae human, cattle or sheep fish ingested
DIAGNOSTIC STAGE Unembryonated eggs Unembryonated eggs passed in feces Embryonated eggs passed in feces
MODE OF TRANSMISSION ingestion
MORPHOLOGY
 MICROPARA LAB REVIEWE R- MERCADO

PROTOZOA
v Single-celled eukaryotes, free living or disease-causing, transmission is by means of resistant or infective stages of biting insects, most
can prevent immune recognition of their plasma membrane, some can survive within macrophages, classified primarily by their means of
locomotion: amoebae, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoa

Amoebae Flagellates Ciliates Sporozoa

- simplest eukaryote, - has flagellum, kinetoplast, axostyle, parabsal - B. coli (only ciliate known to -protozoa with complex life
consist of: free-living, commensal, bodies (trichomonas hominis and chilomastix infect man), found as cycle, asexual and sexual
obligate & opportunistic parasites, mesnili- non pathogenic, giardia lamblia and commensals in pigs and stages, require internal
(entamoeba, endolimax nana, iodamoeba Diantemoeba fragilis cause gastrointestinal monkeys, causes disease of intermediate host
butschilii- not pathogenic), blastocyst disease the colon that is similar to
hormonis amoebic dysentery
Entamoeba Entamoeba coli Giardia lamblia Trichomonas Balantidium coli SPOROZOA : OBLIGATE
hystolitica vaginalis PARASITES:
TROPHOZOIT Nucleus has Doesnt cause Small, pear-shaped Oval, measuring 20- Grey - green, oval
E chromatin on the disease with 4 pairs flagellae, 25 microns, motile protective pellicle is - Blood (plasmodium and
outer membrane Has 1 nucleus two sucking disks, (jerky) via 4 flagellae ciliated babesia)
and appears as a with eccentric pabasal bodies, and an undulating anterior end has - tissues ( toxoplasma
densely stained endosome axonemes, 2 nuclei membrane cystosome and a narrow gondii)
ring and large central peristome, posterior end -intestines
karyosomes has cytopge (cryptosporidium;
CYST Never more than 8 nuclei Axonemes, parabasal Double walled isospora, sarcocystis,
4 nucleus splinter- shape bodies, 4 nuclei piled NO CYSTIC FORM with a single, large cyclospora)
th
1/10 have chromatoidal in 1 end & thread-like macronucleus,
chromidial bars body remains of flagella, contractile vacuoles and Malaria
with smooth, Resistant to cilia - insect vectored
rounded ends chlorination (Anopheles mosquito)
I.S - Cyst and trophozoite passed in feces cyst Trophozoite in vagina cyst
D. S - Mature cysts ingested
- female anopheles
CLINICAL Amoebic Adhere to human Women infected Ulcers are formed, extra
mosquito, transmission of
FEATURES dysentery jejunal microvillus asymptomatically, but intestinal infection including
disease occurs in virtually
membrane, acute T. vaginalis liver abscess and peritonitis
all of tropical regions,
Amoebic liver diarrhea, nausea, persistent vaginitis,
caused by Plasmodium
abscess flatulence, letharg = frothy yellow
spp. In man
discharge, cervical
inflammation, itching,
burning - mal bad; aria - air
TREATMENT Metronidazole or tinidazol Metronidazole Metronidazole or Metronidazole or tetracycline
tinidazol
PREVENTION Improving socioeconomic conditions and Boiling of drinking Restoring the normal Good hygiene practices
sanitation, proper food hygeine water, good personal vaginal pH Washing of fruits and
hygeine vegetables prior to eating
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PlasmodIum
v lives as intracellular parasites in the red blood cells of an intermediate host (man) and multiply asexually through a process called schizogony.
v In the definitive host, there is asexual reproduction which takes place in the gut, hemolymph, and salivary glands of a mosquito
v The gametes are developed independently and the zygote (ookinetes) is motile
v Stages: ring, trophozoite, schizont and gametocyte
v FOUR SPECIES:
o P. vivax -
o P. falciparum blackwater fever
o P. ovale -
o P. malariae quartan malaria
CLINICAL FEATURES
Fever and chills are due to host inflammatory response and are associated with rupture of erythrocytic schizonts
Fever present in 3 stages:
1. Cold rigors and fevers lasting from 15 mins to 1 hour
2. Hot - 40C for 2-6 hours
3. Sweating the temperature falls (2-4 hours)
Periodic fever often takes more than 7 days to develop