Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh

Ministry of Communications
Roads and Highways Department (RHD)

RAMSinteractiveGIS
GIS Tools for RHD

User Manual
Version 2.0

July 2007

Transport Sector Management Reform Project

in association with:
Mott MacDonald and DDC
 Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................... V

PREFACE TO THE USER.............................................................................................................. VI

CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................................1
Road and Bridge Asset Management System (RAMS)............................................................................................1
RHD Road Names and Numbering ..........................................................................................................................1
Location Reference Point (LRP) ...............................................................................................................................3
Road Link ..................................................................................................................................................................4
Users Manual Overview ...........................................................................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2 ..................................................................................................................................7
Introduction to RAMS Interactive GIS.......................................................................................................................7
User Requirements ...................................................................................................................................................7
Software Requirements ............................................................................................................................................8
Data Requirements ...................................................................................................................................................8
Installation.................................................................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER 3 ................................................................................................................................10
Getting Started........................................................................................................................................................10
User Login...............................................................................................................................................................11
Configure ................................................................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER 4 ...............................................................................................................................14
Map Browser...........................................................................................................................................................14
Elements of Map Browser Map Window.................................................................................................................14

i
 Table of Contents

File Menu ................................................................................................................................................................14

Opening an Existing Map........................................................................................................................................15
Map Browser Toolbar..............................................................................................................................................17
Page Setup .............................................................................................................................................................18
Printing Map............................................................................................................................................................19
Exporting a Map......................................................................................................................................................19

CHAPTER 5 ................................................................................................................................21
Interactive Map .......................................................................................................................................................21
Creating a New Map ...............................................................................................................................................22
LRP Map .................................................................................................................................................................22
Turning a Layer On or Off .......................................................................................................................................23
Showing a Layers Legend......................................................................................................................................23
Showing the Contents of a Data Frame..................................................................................................................24
Layer Context Menu................................................................................................................................................24
Removing a Layer...................................................................................................................................................24
Zooming to the Extent of a Layer............................................................................................................................24
Viewing a Layers Attributes Table .........................................................................................................................25
Exporting Features to a New Data Source .............................................................................................................26
Exporting Attributes Data ........................................................................................................................................28
Displaying a subset of Features in a Layer that meet some Criteria......................................................................30
Labelling all Features in a Layer dynamically .........................................................................................................31
Guidelines for building label expressions ...............................................................................................................33
Selecting Features By Attributes ............................................................................................................................38
Building an SQL expression ...................................................................................................................................40
Interactive Map Tool bar .........................................................................................................................................44
Open Document......................................................................................................................................................44
Select Tool ..............................................................................................................................................................45
Zooming In or Out ...................................................................................................................................................45
Panning ...................................................................................................................................................................45

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 Table of Contents

Zooming to the Full Extent of Data .........................................................................................................................45

Identifying Features by Pointing at them ................................................................................................................46
Identifying RHD Road Feature................................................................................................................................47
RHD Road Details...................................................................................................................................................48
Identify LRP Feature ...............................................................................................................................................50
Identify Bridge Feature............................................................................................................................................51
Zoom to Selected Features.....................................................................................................................................52
Clear Selection........................................................................................................................................................53
Map Scale ...............................................................................................................................................................53
Switching between Data View and Layout View.....................................................................................................54
Laying Out a Map....................................................................................................................................................55
Zooming In on the page ..........................................................................................................................................56
Inserting Map Elements ..........................................................................................................................................57
Adding Graphics Elements .....................................................................................................................................58
Changing the size of a Graphic ..............................................................................................................................58
Deleting a Graphic ..................................................................................................................................................58
Changing Colour or Symbol of a Graphic ...............................................................................................................59
Adding Text Element...............................................................................................................................................60
Changing Font, Colour, and Size of Text................................................................................................................60
Editing a Text String................................................................................................................................................61
Changing Angle, Character Spacing, and Leading ................................................................................................61
Moving a Graphic....................................................................................................................................................62
Ordering a Graphic .................................................................................................................................................62
Aligning the Graphics..............................................................................................................................................62
Grouping Graphics..................................................................................................................................................63
Ungrouping Graphics ..............................................................................................................................................63
RAMS Map..............................................................................................................................................................63
Data View................................................................................................................................................................66
Layout View ............................................................................................................................................................67

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 Table of Contents

Traffic Volume Map.................................................................................................................................................69

Traffic AADT Chart..................................................................................................................................................70
Export......................................................................................................................................................................71
Print.........................................................................................................................................................................72
Roughness Map......................................................................................................................................................72
Roughness IRI Chart ..............................................................................................................................................73
Road Condition Map ...............................................................................................................................................75
Opening a Map Document ......................................................................................................................................77
Saving a Map Document.........................................................................................................................................78
Page Setup .............................................................................................................................................................78
Printing Map Document ..........................................................................................................................................79
Exporting a Map......................................................................................................................................................80

CHAPTER 6 ................................................................................................................................81
Data Organization ...................................................................................................................................................81
Spatial Data ............................................................................................................................................................81
Non-spatial Data .....................................................................................................................................................81
Integration of Spatial and Non-spatial Data ............................................................................................................82

CHAPTER 7 ................................................................................................................................83
Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................................83

GLOSSARY....................................................................................................................................84

REFERENCES ...............................................................................................................................90

iv
 Foreword

FOREWORD

Geographical Information System (GIS) is increasingly becoming instrumental, in the highway transportation policy
realm, to shape and influence the context in which decisions are made.

RAMS Interactive GIS is a standalone software program, copyright by Roads and Highways Department (RHD),
Bangladesh and followed by the proceedings of Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), Inc., Redlands,
California.

RHD has been accomplished through a GIS based Road and Bridge Asset Management System (RAMS), entitled
RAMSinteractiveGIS. This interactive GIS interfaces the systems of Road Maintenance Management System (RMMS),
Bridge Maintenance Management System (BMMS) and Highways Development Management (HDM) analysis output,
thereby providing extensive GIS mapping and database querying in a user-friendly environment.

The application program is based on the current Road GIS works held in GIS unit, Database Division, HDM Circle with
the cooperative efforts from Transport Sector Management Reform (TSMR) project consultants and RHD Engineers. It
is mentioned that the application program has been built with the methodology and approach of RAMS mapping, which
are currently adopted by RHD for its roads and bridges maintenance programs.

v
 Preface to the user

PREFACE TO THE USER

The purpose of this manual is to provide the instructions and guidelines of using RAMSinteractiveGIS application to
produce RAMS and related RHD road maps. There is the assumption that the users have at least a passing familiarity
with GIS and with the most basic geographical concepts. But this user manual can serve as a gentle introduction to
GIS and RAMS even for those who do not have the prior knowledge of GIS and RAMS.

vi

IN THIS CHAPTER
Road and Bridge Asset
Management System (RAMS)
Road Name and Numbering
Location Reference Point (LRP)
Road Link
User Manual Overview
Chapter 1
CHAPTER 1
Road and Bridge Asset Management System (RAMS)
Before using RAMSinteractiveGIS package user should have the knowledge about RAMS. RAMS is collectively
defined to its associative systems, namely Road Maintenance Management System (RMMS), Bridge Maintenance
Management Systems (BMMS), Highways Development and Management System (HDM) and Geographical
Information Systems (GIS). The functionality of RAMS is comparable to that of systems in the most advanced
countries.
RAMS has the capabilities owing to the road data management activities in support of RHDs main activities of
maintaining and enhancing the road and bridge assets of the country. These include: Data Collection and Reporting,
and Needs analysis, planning and programming. RMMS and BMMS are facilitated for Data Collection and
Reporting purposes and subsequently HDM and GIS are used for Needs analysis, planning and programming by
producing RAMS Maps.
One of the main outcomes of RAMS is the RAMS Map, a GIS-based map having HDM4 analysis results, which
visualizes the essential tasks to be undertaken for annual road and bridge maintenance program.
RHD Road Names and Numbering
Various numbering systems have been used to identify roads and bridges as the main road network of RHD has been
developed over the years.
Road occurrence is a set of sequentially connected Links. Each Road is identified by a unique alpha digit name called
a Road Name. Road class, road function, road status and road name are constant from the start to the end of a Road.
If any of these changes, then this is defined as another road.
The Class of road is the hierarchy of roads by physical standard related to traffic flow.
1
 Chapter 1

The Road Function is the allocation of a road serving purpose as one of National, Regional or Zila Road.

The Status of a road is the hierarchy of roads, which are defined as importance of at the national level, the regional
level, or the district levels.

The Road Name is the official name of the road as defined by the government office

Three types of RHD road are recognized

National Highways:
National highways connect the capital with major Zonal and District HQs.
National highways connect the capital with international borders and ports.
A National Highway must branch of from another National Highway, National Highways cannot
be originated from Regional Highways or Zila Roads.
N1 - N8 Major national routes of primary levels.
N101 - N809 National routes of secondary levels, where the first number is the major national route and the
second digit (chronological order) designates a serial number.

Regional Highways:
Regional highways connect the National highway network with District HQs.
Regional highways connect District HQs.
Regional Highways must branch of from National or Regional Highways, Regional Highways
cannot connect between Zila Roads.
R101 - R899 Where the first number is the national road number from which is branches off and the second
two digits (chronological order) designates a serial number.

Zila Roads:
Zila roads connect Upazila/Thana HQs with the National/Regional road network (single shortest
route).
Zila roads connect Upazila/Thana HQs.
Zila roads branches of from National or Regional Highways or other Zila roads.
Z1001 - Z8999 Where the first number is the national/regional road number from which is branches of and the
next three digits (chronological order) designates the Zila road.

2
 Chapter 1

Location Reference Point (LRP)

Along every road there are existing fixed monuments and points such as concrete kilometer posts, bridge markers,
corners of buildings and centerline intersection points of the main road with its side roads. Because they are
permanent, they are chosen as Location Reference Points of LRPs and are then used to locate all other objects
longitudinally along the road, such as bridges, culverts, signposts etc. The main type of LRP is the Km post.

The second type of LRP is not a km post, but a bridge, which is an equally useful non-moving reference point. LRPs
that are not km posts are labeled by adding an a to the previous km post number; if there are more fixed objects to be
used as LRPs before next Km post, then the suffixes b, c and so on are used.

The LRP number is normally a sequence number ascending from 001 and the preferred locators are kilometer posts.
Their true chainage has been measured accurately from the start of the road and checked. If there are no km markers
for a distance exceeding 5 km then another monument will either be erected or an existing structure such as a bridge
within that section will be adopted as an LRP and included in the master list.

Several types of LRPs are recognized on RHD road network, which include Start and End of Road, Km Post, Bridge,
Culvert, Ferry Ghat, Road Junction (L or R), Railway Crossing and Toll Plaza.

Primary Location Reference Points are Km posts.

Km posts only (also missing) are given whole numbers such as:
LRP001
LRP002
LRP003
Etc.

A missing km post is assumed to be located 1,000m from the last km post.

Secondary Location Reference Points are all other referensable objects named in the above table.
Secondary LRPs are identified by the LRP number plus an additional letter such as:
LRP001
LRP001a (for example the first structure located between LRP001 and LRP002)

3
 Chapter 1

LRP001b (for example an intersection located after the bridge (LRP001a) and between LRP001 and LRP002)
LRP002
LRP002a (for example an intersection located between LRP002 and LRP003)
LRP003

Road Link
Most roads have several intermediate junctions where vehicles can exit or join the main route. The lengths between
significant junctions, namely the junctions with other RHD roads, have a uniform user profile of traffic by volume and
vehicle type, and are therefore important elements for analysis. In RAMS the following rules are applied:

Rule 1. The Number of Main Carriageway lanes is constant

Rule 2. The Link is either one-way or two-way traffic flow

Rule 3. Ramps and roundabouts are to be treated as single links unless the number of main carriageway lanes
change, or the traffic flow change. In these cases the ramp or roundabout must be split and apportioned
to more than one Link.

Rule 4. A link must start a Connecting LRP but might end at a Connecting LRP or an End LRP, except in the
special case of a roundabout where the Link starts and ends at the same Connecting LRP. The link must
be either split or extended in accordance with Rules 1. to 3.

Rule 5. If the length of a Link (between two LRPs) is less than approximately 200 meters, then the Link is not to
be considered a separate Link but to be included in the shorter of the Links either before or after.

Each Link is given a serial number starting with 1, 2, 3 etc. from the beginning of the road and increasing in the
direction (increasing chainage) of the road. A unique serial number is given to each Link within each Road.

For example:
N1.1, N1.2, N1.3 etc
R101.1, R101.2, R101.3 etc
Z3015.1, Z3015.2, Z3015.3 etc.

Dual carriageways get the link extension L (left) and R (right) this distinguishes the individual sides in the RMMS and
when the HDM carries out the planning and programming runs.

4
 Chapter 1

R
C
L
Link 3L RCL Link 4L
LRPS LRPE
R R
C RCL RCL C
L L
Link 3R RCL Link 4R
R
R C
C L
L

Link 1 Link 2 Link 3L Link 4L Link 5 Link 6

Link 3R Link 4R
Single Carriageway Dual Carriageway Single Carriageway

If a link has to be split because a new road joining the link then the following rule is to be used:

R
C
L
Link 3L RCL Link 4L LRPE
R
LRPS R
C RCL RCL C
L L
Link 3R RCL Link 4R
R R
C R C
L C L
L

Link 1 Link 2a Link 2b Link 3L Link 4L Link 5 Link 6

Link 3R Link 4R
Single Carriageway Dual Carriageway Single Carriageway

New Road

Link N1.2 is split into two new links given the following numbers: N1.2a and N1.2b.

Extension (for example .2a) for a split of links will be shown before the extension for dual carriageway (for example .2aL)

5
 Chapter 1

Users Manual Overview

This manual provides the detailed instructions for using RAMSinteractiveGIS to browse previously stored GIS maps
and also for creating various levels of interactive maps of RHD road application. The manual is organized as follows:

Chapter 1 Road And Bridge Asset Management System

Chapter 2 Introduction

Chapter 3 Getting Started

Chapter 4 Map Browser

Chapter 5 Interactive Map

Chapter 6 Data Organization

Chapter 7 Conclusion

GLOSSARY

REFERENCES

6

IN THIS CHAPTER
Introduction to RAMS Interactive
GIS
User Requirements
Software Requirements
Data Requirements
Installation
Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2
Introduction to RAMS Interactive GIS
RAMSinteractiveGIS application is a set of ArcGIS tools specially designed to integrate the data from RMMS, BMMS
and HDM results with respective RHD GIS layers to produce various types of road and RAMS maps. This Interactive
GIS application has been developed as a standalone GIS module, which allows users with a limited GIS experience to
create interactive mapping for road application.
The current version of this Interactive GIS is given functionality to retrieve previously stored GIS maps using Map
Browser functionality. The functionality of interactive mapping allows user to create various RHD road maps with LRP
locations from RMMS and bridge locations from BMMS, and also various levels of RAMS maps using HDM4 results
and bridge priority lists from BMMS.
A set of standard functionalities and tools are given with the application, which are Query Building, Map and Data
Export, Open and Save Map Document, and Map Printing.
Most of the standard tools are given with this application such as Pan, Zoom, Identify feature, Query, Definition
Query, Insertion Graphics Elements and options for changing their properties, and insertion map surrounding
elements (North Arrow, Scale Bar and Legend) etc.
User Requirements
RAMSinteractiveGIS is a standalone GIS application program that provides users with a set of procedures, tools, and
utilities for presenting RHD Road maps using RMMS and BMMS databases and RAMS maps using HDM4 analysis
results. While the tools are designed for users with a limited geographic information systems (GIS) experience, good
knowledge of GIS is advantageous. Users, however, must have knowledge about RHD road and bridge works and a
minimum knowledge about RMMS and BMMS databases etc.
7
 Chapter 2

RAMSinteractiveGIS is fully license protected and can be used only with the authorized PC in which the application is
installed. The authorization is fully protected under RHD and ESRI Software Copyright protection.

This application is given limited access to the valid users who have the permission to access GIS data layers and RHD
databases.

Software Requirements
RAMSinteractiveGIS requires ArcGIS Engine Runtime Program to be installed in Desktop Computer. ArcGIS
Engine Runtime needs to be registered with a license code file comes with the software for single use on a per-
machine. For this it will be provided a registration license code file to unlock the application program.

System requirements for RAMSinteractiveGIS is based on ArcGIS Engine Developer Kit on which the software
application program has been built and the platform configuration.

Minimum Requirements

Platform PC-Intel
Operating System Windows 2000 or Windows XP (Home Edition and Professional)
Memory 256 MB RAM or Higher
Processor 1 GHz or Higher

Data Requirements
RAMSinteractiveGIS requires spatial and non-spatial data. Spatial data that include a set of GIS layers used for
GIS mapping. These layers are RHD road centerline, locations of LRP and bridge-culverts, boundaries of
administrative and RHD office jurisdictions, and administrative headquarters etc. All these respective GIS layers
are processed in ArcInfo coverage format.

8
 Chapter 2

Key Definitions
ArcGIS Engine Runtime: An end
user product that must be installed
on any machine that a custom
application, developed using the
ArcGIS Engine Developer Kit, is
deployed.
Licensing: The grant to party of the
right to use a software package or
component.
Non-spatial data is defined by the attributes of GIS features stored in a database table, can be linked with the
respective GIS features. In this regards RAMSinteractiveGIS uses RMMS and BMMS database tables and along
with standalone tables of HDM4 results, and ongoing road and bridge lists.
Installation
The installation requires ArcGIS Engine Runtime module to be installed in the user PC in which the user wants to
install RAMSinteractiveGIS. The ArcGIS Engine Runtime need to be registered and authorized for use on a single
machine, single use via a license code. To do the registration process it requires a license code file to unlock the
underlying software components to use. After success fully installed and register ArcGIS Engine Runtime,
RAMSinteractiveGIS can be installed.

Copy Protection: The mechanism The installation steps are very easy and straightforward.
used to license the ArcGIS Engine
Runtime on a per-machine, single
1. Install ArcGIS Engine Runtime module.
use basis via an ESRI Copy
Protection License Code file.
2. Register the ArcGIS Engine Runtime with the supplied license code file.
Software Authorization: Configuring
the ArcGIS Engine Runtime with a
license code file. 3. Install RAMinteractiveGIS application program.

Deployment: The installation of a

component or application to a target
machine

9
 Chapter 3

IN THIS CHAPTER
CHAPTER 3
Getting Started
Getting Started
User Login
Configure RAMSinteractiveGIS is a standalone customised GIS module which includes a set of procedures, tools and utilities for
retrieving and creating interactive RHD road and RAMS maps using GIS layers and RHD databases.

The user should have the RMMS and BMMS database access permission and the folder access permission to use GIS
layers where the GIS layers and files are held in the GIS data server. The data source paths should be specified in the
data source configuration section.

The application is built with two main sections of Map Browser and Interactive Map.

Map Browser is used for browsing previously stored GIS maps (*.MXD). A few functionalities like pan, zoom, print and
export to graphics etc. facilities are given in this section.

Interactive Map section is used for creating interactive maps for RHD road network, LRP, RHD Bridge and various
levels of RAMS Maps.

In the LRP sub-section, the system integrates the RMMS database to retrieve LRP locations on RHD road layer. The
user will be able to identify the individual road information, roughness and LRP details in this section.

In RHD Bridge sub-section, the system integrates the BMMS database to retrieve bridge and culverts locations on
RHD Road layer. The user will also be able to identify the individual bridge information from BMMS database.

In RAMS sub-section, RHD National, Zone and Divisional levels of RAMS maps can be created. The user should
select any levels of RHD jurisdiction of National, Zone or Division for which the RAMS map can be created. As long as
the area jurisdiction is specified, user should also specify the database files containing processed HDM4 results for

10

User Login
RAMSinteractiveGIS is given a hard-
coded Login and Password to
which the user can run the
application without any entry of Login
and password in the Login dialog
box. User should know the name of
server where RMMS and BMMS
databases are stored. The users are
requested to use RHD3 as server in
the login dialog box.
Chapter 3
road priority, and bridge and ferry priority lists stored in the GIS data server. The choice of paper sizes and map scales
are given flexible to the users. A standard predefined map template is used for RHD division level.
User Login
Start RAMSinteractiveGIS from the windows Start
Menu. At the very beginning of running the
program, following login dialog will appear.
To Logon, user should write the SQL database
server name as RHD3 where RMMS and BMMS
databases are stored. If the user login and
password are valid, click the Check Box for trusted
connection, the system will automatically recognise
it as a valid user. It uses the Windows NT user logon name and password. If not the trusted connection, user should
use his database login name and password. Database login name and password should be obtained from Database
System Administrator.
When the login name and password are correctly
entered, a main Console screen will appear.
Console window contains Console, Configure,
Map Browser, Interactive Map, and Window
and Help menu items.
11
 Chapter 3

Configure
Click Configure menu, Configuration of GIS Data
Location dialog box will appear. The folder path
locations of RHD Maps, Location of GIS layers, and
Location RHD Route Layers should be entered.

The following default path locations are used by this Interactive GIS, which are:

RHD Maps: \\Gisserver\GIS\RHD-GIS

GIS Data Layers: \\Gisserver\GIS\RHD-GIS

RHD Road Route Layers: \\Gisserver\GIS\RHD-GIS\RoadRoutes

RAMS Definition Files: \\GISServer\GIS\RAMS

Data Source Path Button

To navigate the data source path, press Data Source Path button and then
a Folder-Tree dialog will appear and select the specific folder and click OK.
The selected path name will be entered into the configure dialog box.

If all the specified paths are selected or entered into the configure dialog then press OK button to save the folder path
locations.

12
 Chapter 3

These folder path locations strings will be stored in a text file GISConfig.txt, in the default application path location in
user PC. The user doesnt need to create this GISConfig.txt file. If GISConfig.txt is not available, at the very start of the
application, Configuration Dialog Box will be appeared to enter the specific path locations and while OK button is
pressed, the path location strings will be written into GISconfig.txt file, which will be stored in the default application
path folder.

13
 Chapter 4

IN THIS CHAPTER
CHAPTER 4
Map Browser
Elements of Map Browser Map Browser
map Window
Click Map Browser > MAP Item, following Map Browser window will appear. The arrow marks indicate the different
Opening an Existing Map
parts of the Map Browser window.
Map Browser Toolbar
Page Setup Elements of Map Browser Map Window
Printing Map Map Browser consists of a Menu Bar, Tool Bar, Table of
Exporting Map Contents (TOC), Page Layout and a Map display area.

To the Left of the Page Layout window is the Table of

Contents (TOC), showing the layers will be available to
display. In Page Layout, map elements North arrow,
Scale bar, Legend, and user textual information will be
drawn. Active map will be displayed in the map area

File Menu
Only File Menu option is available in this section. The
menu items are Open, Page Setup, Print, Export and
Exit.

Tool Bar Table of Contents Page Layout Map

Menu Bar

14
 Chapter 4

Opening an Existing Map

1. Click Open file menu item or click Open tool from toolbar to open an existing map document. It will appear a
file dialog box to select map document file (*.mxd).

2. In the dialog box, click the Look in dropdown arrow, and navigate to the folder where the map document file
(*.mxd) is stored.

3. Double-Click the selected file (*.mxd), it opens the selected map. It stores the map as a map document, which
doesnt contain the actual data, but rather references the data stored on disk along with information about how
it will be displayed. The map document also stores other information about the map such as its size and the
map elements it includes (title, scale bar, and so on).

15
 Chapter 4

4. To the left of the Page Layout window is the table of contents (TOC), showing which geographic layers are
available to display. To the right of TOC is the map Page Layout area. The map is displayed inside of Page
Layout.

16
 Chapter 4

Map Browser Toolbar

There are several tools are provided with the toolbar. A tool waits for user action after being activated and will either
invoke a dialog or change the mouse pointer, indicating the need for further action.

Zoom All for Display Map

Pan for Display Map
Zoom Out for Display Map
Zoom In for Display Map
Zoom Next
Zoom Previous
Zoom to Page
Pan for Page
Zoom Out for page
Zoom In for Page
Open Map Document (*.mxd) file

1. Using Open tool to open map document similar use of Open File menu.

2. Using Page Zoom In tool, draw a box around in the Page Layout to zoom in. Place the mouse pointer on a
position, press the mouse button, and hold it down while dragging to the lower right. It will be seen as a box
drawn on the screen. When you release the mouse button, it zooms on that portion defined by the box on the
page layout.

3. Using Page Zoom Out tool, similarly draw a box around in the Page Layout; it will zoom out on the page defined
by the box on the page layout.

4. If necessary, use the Page Pan tool (the hand) on the Tools toolbar to reposition the map. Place the mouse on
any position on map, hold the mouse button down while dragging the direction you want to move the page, and
then release the button.

5. Using Zoom to Page, click the tool; the page will be drawn with its full extent.

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 Chapter 4

Page Setup
1. Click Page Setup from file menu, a Page Setup dialog will appear.

2. Make sure the same as printer box is not checked, otherwise, the page size will default to be the same as
printer.

3. Set the Paper size from the Standard Page

size list. For custom page size, Width and
Height of the page should be entered. Page
units can be set Centimeters or Inches or
Points.

4. Page Orientation can be set using Portrait or

Landscape options.

5. For Printer Setup, select the printer name

from the available printer name list.

6. Set the printer page size from the available page size for the selected printer. The paper size should be
consistent with the map page size.

7. Set the page orientation from Page Orientation options. The printer paper orientation should be consistent with
the map page orientation

8. Click OK. The page display change to reflect the new size and orientation.

18
 Chapter 4

Printing Map
1. Click Print from File Menu, printer dialog box will appear
with the previously selected printer. The selected name
and type will appear in the dialog box.

2. Click Setup button to set the printer if require,

PageSetup dialog will appear to set up the printer again.

3. Check the Scale Page to Printer option to print the map

if the printer paper size is not equal to the layout page
size.

4. Click OK button

Exporting a Map
1. Click Export from File menu

2. Press the Export File Button to navigate where

the export file to be saved.

3. Navigate to where user wants to save the export

file.

4. Click the Save as type dropdown arrow and

click the type of file that user wants to export

5. Type a name for the export file

6. Click Save button. As pressing the Save button

the newly created file is ready for export and the
file dialog will be disappeared

19
 Chapter 4

Once you open a map, you may wan

to export it from a map document to 7. Now select the output image resolution
another file type. You can export from the Resolution dropdown list from
maps as several types of image files. Export Map dialog.
These include EMF, BMP, EPS, PDF
and JPEG etc. 8. Click OK to Export Map.
EMF (Enhanced Windows Metafile)
is windows native vector, or vector
and raster graphics. The advantage
of this type is that they can be
resized without distortion.
BMP (Windows Bitmap) files are
simple, native windows raster
images. They do not scale as well as
EMF files.
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files
are primarily used for vector graphics
and printing.
PDF (Portable Document Format)
files are designed to be consistently
viewable across different platforms.
They are commonly used for
distributing document on Web.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group) files are compressed image
files. They are commonly used for
images on the Web because they
are more compact than many other
file types.

20

IN THIS CHAPTER
Interactive Map
Creating a New Map
Turning a Layer On or Off
Showing a Layers Legend
Showing the Contents of Data
Frame
Table Of Contents (TOC)
Layer Context Menu
Layer Definition Query
Labelling Features dynamically
Guidelines for building Label
Expressions
Switching to Data View or
Layout View
Selecting Features By
Attributes
Select Feature
Building an SQL Expression
Chapter 5
CHAPTER 5
Interactive Map
Using Interactive Map menu from Console Window, user will be able to create LRP, Bridge and RAMS interactive
maps.
Frequently used commands, such as Zoom,
Pan, Select, Identify, etc are on the Standard
toolbar.
Menu Bar containing Use these Tab Buttons to quickly
several menu options. switch between data view and layout
Click New Map from Interactive Map menu,
following Map window will appear called
Interactive Map window.
Add Graphics
elements with the The table of contents lists the
Draw toolbar layers on the map.
Status Bar to show active
messages in run time.
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 Chapter 5

Creating a New Map

Lets a LRP Map to be created as an example.

1. Click the Map menu item from Menu bar and click LRP Map

LRP map will be created and all the associative layers will be loaded into
the map view window.

LRP Map

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 Chapter 5

Turning a Layer On or Off

1. In the table of contents, check the box next to the layers name.

2. The layers should appear on the map. If any layer cant be seen, it may be hidden by
another layer or display only at a particular scale.

Showing a Layers Legend

1. Click the plus or minus sign to the left of the layer name in the table of contents to
show or hide its legend.

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 Chapter 5

Showing the Contents of a Data Frame

1. Click the plus or minus sign to the left of the data frame in the table of contents to
show or hide the list of layers it contains.

Layer Context Menu

1. Place the mouse pointer on a layer and right click on it.

Removing a Layer
1. In the table of contents, right click the layer to remove

2. Click Remove Layer

Zooming to the Extent of a Layer

1. Right-click the layers to zoom

2. Click Zoom To Layer

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 Chapter 5

Viewing a Layers Attributes Table

1. In the table of contents, right-click the layer to display the attribute table

2. Click Open Attributes Table. The layers attribute table opens.

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 Chapter 5

Exporting Features to a New Data Source

User can export selected or all features to a new data source.

1. If selected feature to be exported, select features using any selection method (see select feature).

2. Right-click the layer that contains the features, point to Export Feature Data.

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 Chapter 5

3. Click Export dropdown list, if selection method has been done previously, selected feature option will be
highlighted in the dropdown list.

4. Click Use the same Coordinate System as this layers source data

5. Click the folder button and navigate to a location to save the exported data.

6. Type the Name for the output source data.

7. Click the Save as Type dropdown as Shape File

(*shp).

8. Click Save

9. Click OK

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 Chapter 5

Exporting Attributes Data

User can export selected or all feature
attributes to a dBase (*.dbf) or Excel
worksheet (*.xls).

1. If selected feature attributes to be

exported, select features using any
selection method.

2. Right-click the layer that contains

features attributes to be exported, point
to Export Attributes

3. Click the Export dropdown arrow and

click Selected features for selected
features attributes or click All features
for all features attributes to be exported.

4. Click folder button and navigate to a

location to save the exported attributes

data.

5. Type the name for the output data file

6. Click the Save as type dropdown

arrow and choose the output type

7. Click Save

8. Click OK

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Chapter 5

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 Chapter 5

Displaying a Subset of Features in a Layer that meet some Criteria

1. In the table of contents, right-click the layer and
click Layer Properties.

2. Click the Definition Query tab.

3. Type an expression or click Query Builder.

The Query Builder user can create an expression

to identify particular features in the layer to display.
For example, user might choose to display only
LRPs on N1 Road, the expression is,

RoadNo = N1

4. Click OK.

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 Chapter 5

Labelling all Features in a Layer dynamically

1. In the table of contents, right-click the layer to be labeled and click Properties.

2. Click the Labels tab.

3. Click Display Annotations

4. Click the Label Field dropdown arrow and click the field that user wants to use as a label, if not Advance
Expression option is checked. Label Field dropdown arrow is enabled/disabled with the Advance Expression
option.

5. If Advance Expression is not checked, click OK to label features using the values of selected fields.

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 Chapter 5

If Advance Expression is checked, the Label Field dropdown list is disabled, filed list box and the
expression textbox is enabled with a default expression.

User can write his valid expression in the textbox. The rules for writing Advance Expression are given on
the next page.

1. Click Change Font to change the Text font

2. Click Text Colour dropdown, a colour dialog will appear and the change the colour

3. Click Angle UpDown arrow to set the text angle

4. Click Character Spacing UpDown arrow to set the character spacing

5. Click Leading UpDown arrow to set the leading spacing for text label

6. Click OK or Apply, the label annotation properties will set.

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 Chapter 5

Guidelines for Building Label Expressions

The expression should be coded using the rules for scripting language of Visual Basic (VB) purser. The expression can include any valid statements supported
by the VB scripting language.

Fields are enclosed in square brackets [ ] irrespective of the data type of the layer's data source.

The expression is limited to a single line of codes, unless check the Advanced Expression box which allows user to enter a function containing programming
logic and spanning multiple lines of code.

Expression examples

Use the VBScript & operator to concatenate strings. For example, this expression creates a label where the value of the ROADNO field is preceded by
the text " Road No: ": "Road No: " & [ROADNO]

To control how decimal numbers are displayed, use the VBScript Round function. For example, this expression displays a field called Length rounded to
one decimal place: Round ([LENGTH], 1)

To convert text labels to all uppercase or lowercase, use the VBScript Ucase and LCase functions. For example, this expression makes a Name field all
lower case: LCase ([NAME])

To create stacked text, use the VBScript vbNewLine or vbCrLf constants between the field names: "Name: " & [NAME] & vbNewLine & [ADDRESS_1] &
vbNewLine & [ADDRESS_2]

Use the VBScript format functions to format labels. For example, this expression displays the label as currency: "Occupancy Revenue: " &
FormatCurrency ([MAXIMUM_OC] * [RATE])

This VBScript function finds labels the Names of District HQs if their Type value is 30:

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 Chapter 5

Function FindLabel ([NAME], [TYPE])

if ([TYPE] = 30) then
FindLabel = [NAME]
end if
End Function

References for scripting languages

Microsoft VBScript Language Reference

Microsoft JScript Language Reference

ArcMap text formatting tags

Labels will be drawn using the symbol specified on the Labels tab (the tab launched this Expressions dialog from). You can modify or override the appearance of
that symbol for particular portions of the expression by inserting ArcMap text formatting tags into the expression as text strings. This lets you create mixed-format
labels where, for example, one field in a label is underlined. Here are the tags you can use:

Font: "<FNT name='Arial' size='18'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</FNT>"

Color: "<CLR red='255' green='255' blue='255'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</CLR>"

"<CLR cyan='100' magenta ='100' yellow='100' black='100'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</CLR>"

Bold: "<BOL>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</BOL>"

Italic: "<ITA>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</ITA>"

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 Chapter 5

Underline: "<UND>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</UND>"

All caps: "<ACP>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</ACP>"

Small caps: "<SCP>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</SCP>"

Superscript "<SUP>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</SUP>"

Subscript: "<SUB>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</SUB>"

Character spacing "<CHR spacing='25'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</CHR>"

(%):

Word spacing (%): "<WRD spacing='150'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</WRD>"

Leading (pts): "<LIN leading='12'>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</LIN>"

Tag Syntax

Just like other static text in label expressions, formatting tags must be surrounded by double quotes and concatenated to other parts of the expression using the &
operator:

"<BOL>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</BOL>"

VBScript or JavaScript does not interpret tags. Instead they are passed on to the ArcMap framework as plain text, to be dynamically formatted as they are drawn.
User doesn't need to quote tags included inside quoted strings:

"Current <BOL>status</BOL> of parcel: " & [LABELFIELD]

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 Chapter 5

The ArcMap text formatting tags follow XML syntax rules. Each start tag must be accompanied by an end tag. Tags can be nested, but it must be closed the inner
tag before closing an outer tag:

"<BOL><UND>" & [LABELFIELD] & "</UND></BOL>"

The case of tag pairs must match exactly. So <BOL>...</BOL> is valid, as is <bol>...</bol>, but <Bol>...</bol> is invalid.

In label expressions, tag attributes must be surrounded either by single quotes (as shown in the table above), or by two sets of double quotes. The following
expression is equivalent to the FNT entry in the table:

"<FNT name=""Arial"" size=""18"">" & [LABELFIELD] & "</FNT>"

& And < are special characters and are not valid in text if formatting tags are used. Use the equivalent character codes &amp; and &lt; instead. For example, this
expression displays the values of the label field inside < > characters:

"<ITA>&lt;" & [LABELFIELD] & "></ITA>"

If you have special characters embedded in the values of the label field, you can replace them dynamically using a simple label script:

Function FindLabel ([LABELFIELD])

NewString = Replace([LABELFIELD],"&","&amp;")

FindLabel = "<ITA>" & NewString & "</ITA>"

End Function

Formatting tags can be embedded in the values of the field, which is used to label a layer's features, whether or not you use a label expression. In this way, user
can change the format of any portion of a particular value in a label field. In order to embed formatting tags, the label field must be of string type. Tags and tag
attributes used in field values do not need to be surrounded by quotes, so the following are valid values for a label field:

<ITA>Rochester</ITA>

<FNT size='18'>C</FNT>olorado

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 Chapter 5

Tags aren't resolved by ArcMap's Table of Contents, Table window, or Identify Results window, so tags added to field values will be visible as tags in
those windows.

Tips

The Verify button does not check formatting tags for validity. Instead, all tags appear in the Verify window as plain text. To check the validity of
expressions containing text-formatting tags, apply the changes and view the labels on the map. In the case of invalid formatting tags/syntax, tags will
appear as plain text in the map labels.

User can't use formatting tags in labels for line features where you are using the placement option to follow the curve of the line. Tags won't work in any
text placed along curved lines; such as text created with the Splined text tool or any curved annotation (including annotation that is curved because it is
being projected on the map). Any tags in text placed along a curved line will be ignored and appear as plain text on the display.

The ArcMap text formatting tags can be used almost anywhere around the map. User can use the tags anywhere that you can specify both a text string
and a text symbol. For example, user can use tags in text added with the various text tools, annotation, legend text, map titles, and the values of fields
used to label features.

Every piece of text on a map has a symbol that is used when it is drawn. Formatting tags work by temporarily modifying this 'base' text symbol and
drawing the specified portion of the text with the formatting specified in the tag. The controls on the Draw toolbar and in the Symbol Selector always
reflect the properties of the base text symbol for the selected piece of text and do not reflect modifications made using formatting tags. So for example,
if you use the <FNT> tag to change the font of a piece of text, the Font dropdown in the Draw toolbar will not reflect this change when this text is
selected on the map; it will show you the font of the text's base symbol.

Tags have no effect on a piece of text if they simply repeat an existing property of the base text symbol. Generally, this behaviour is intuitive; for
example, if you have a <BOL> tag in your text string, but the base text symbol is already bold, then the <BOL> tag in user string will have no effect.
Also, because tags follow the rules of XML, it would be illegal to try and use a </BOL> tag to 'turn off' the bold property of a base text symbol.

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 Chapter 5

Selecting Features By Attributes

1. Click Selection item from Menu bar and click Select by
Attributes

2. Click the Layer dropdown arrow and click the layer containing the
features to be selected.

3. Click the Method dropdown arrow and click a selection method.

4. Click a field from the Fields list box, unique list of field values are
populated in Unique Values box.

5. Double-click a field to add the field name into the expression box.

6. Click an operator to add it to the expression.

7. Double click a value to add it to the expression. The expression

syntax should be valid,

8. Click Apply

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 Chapter 5

9. To display selected feature attributes,

click Data. Attributes data will display in a
tabular form.

10. To export attributes of selected features,

click Export. Export can be done either
Excel or dBase format.

11. In Save As dialog navigate the folder in

the Save in dropdown arrow, click Save
as type dropdown arrow to select file
format, type the name of file and then click Save button.

39

Building an SQL expression
When user creates an expression using Select By Attributes dialog box, it is
a version of SQL expression; it depends on the format of the data that is
being used.
The version of ANSI SQL is used for shared geo-database data and Jet SQL
is used for personal geo-database data. When user makes a query
Coverage, Shapefile, INFO tables, and dBase tables, it uses a limited
version of SQL that doesnt support functions or the many features of ANSI
and Jet SQL.
The following rules show how to build simple expressions.
This dialog is used to select features in a layer by building a query. To create
an expression, double-click the field that is to be used, click an operator, and
then double-click the value. This can also be typed directly into the query.
For example, a query will select all the bridges of more than or equal to 100
metre in total lengths in a coverage: LENGTH >= 100
Specifying fields
Fields are represented in query expressions in different ways according to
the data source layer or table:
Fields in ArcInfo Coverage, Shapefile, INFO tables, and dBASE tables
are enclosed in double quotes: "LENGTH"
Chapter 5
Fields in personal geo-database (Access) data are enclosed in square
brackets: [LENGTH]
Fields in SDE data are not enclosed: AREA
Fields are automatically listed in the dialog in the appropriate format
for the data source layer or table that is queried.
Searching for Strings
Regardless of the data user are querying, always enclose strings such as
names in the single quotes.
For example, this query will select a national road N1 in road layer based
on a Shapefile: ROADNO = N1
Case sensitivity depends on the data source of the layer or table is being:
Strings in queries on ArcInfo Coverage, Shapefile, INFO tables, dBASE
tables, and SDE feature classes and tables are case sensitive.
Strings in queries on personal geo-database (Access) feature classes and
tables are case insensitive.
For ArcInfo Coverage, Shapefile, INFO tables, dBASE tables, and SDE
feature classes and tables use the UPPER or LOWER function to set the
case for a selection. It is possible to select a district name Dhaka in
ArcInfo coverage with the following queries.
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 Chapter 5

"DISTRICT" = Dhaka or UPPER ("DISTRICT ") = DHAKA
Since Microsoft Access personal geo-database data is not case sensitive,
the following will select Dhaka in a personal geo-database:
[DISTRICT] = dHaka
Partial string searches and wildcards
This query will find Dhaka in a layer based on personal geo-database
data: [DISTRICT] LIKE '?haka
If user use a wildcard character in a string with the = operator, the
character is treated as part of the string, not as a wildcard.
User can use greater than/less than operators to select string values
based on sorting order.

To build a partial string search, use the LIKE operator (instead of the =
For example, this query will select all the cities in a coverage with names
operator) and include wildcards as follows:
starting with the letters M to Z: "DISTRICT" >= 'M'

If a query of an ArcInfo Coverage, Shapefile, INFO table, dBASE table or

Combining expressions
SDE data:
Complex queries can be built by combining expressions together with the
'_' indicates one character and '%' indicates any number of characters.
AND and OR operators.

If a query for personal geo-database (Access) data:

For example, to select all the Bridges on N1 road, which have the lengths
are more than or equal to 100 meter in a coverage, use this query:
'?' indicates one character and *' indicates any number of characters.
"ROADNO" = N1 AND LENGTH >= 100
These wildcard characters appear as buttons on the dialog that user can
When user uses the OR operator, at least one expression of the two
click to enter the wildcard at the current cursor location in his expression.
expressions separated by the OR operator must be true for the record to
(Only the wildcard characters that are appropriate to the data source layer
be selected, for example: [RAINFALL] < 20 OR [SLOPE] > 35
or table that is being queried or displayed).

NOT operator
For example, this query will select Dhaka in a layer based in SDE data:
DISTRICT LIKE 'Dha%'

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 Chapter 5

Use the NOT operator at the beginning of an expression to find features or Coverage, shapefile and SDE geo-databases comply with SQL standards:
records that don't match the specified expression, "DATE_FIELD" = date '1970-8-27'

for example: NOT "DISTRICT" = Dhaka Calculations

NOT expressions can be combined using AND and OR. Calculations can be included in queries using these mathematical
operators: + - * /
For example, to select all the national roads except N1, use the query:
Calculations can be between fields and numbers.
RD_Class = 1 AND NOT RD_NR = 'N1'
For example: "AREA" >= "PERIMETER" * 100
IS NULL operator
Or between fields. For example, to find the countries with a population
User can use the IS NULL operator to select features and records that
density of less than or equal to 25 people per square mile in a personal
have null values for the specified field.
geo-database feature class, user could use this query:

For example, to find roads whose Road number hasn't been entered, use:
[POP1990] / [AREA] <= 25
RD_NR IS NULL
Note: calculations between fields in a coverage or shapefile (or an INFO
Dates
table or a dBASE table) are not supported. It can include calculations
between a field and a number.
Special data dependent delimiters are used for querying dates.

Precedence parentheses
For example, the following query examples will select a date in a layer
based on Microsoft Access personal geo-database data:
Queries are normally evaluated from left to right, but expressions enclosed
in parentheses are evaluated first. User can either click to add
[DATE_FIELD] = #1970/8/27# or [DATE_FIELD] = DateSerial(1970,8,27)
parentheses into the query and then enter the expression which is to be

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 Chapter 5

enclosed, or highlight the existing expression that user wants to be Queries on SDE databases can include SQL functions like TRUNC,
enclosed and then press the Parentheses button to enclose it. BETWEEN, UPPER and LOWER

For example, this query on a personal geo-database table: Queries on coverages, shapefiles, INFO tables, and dBASE tables
use an internal version of SQL that doesn't support functions like
[HOUSEHOLDS] > [MALES] * [POP90_SQMI] + [AREA]
UPPER and LOWER.

will be evaluated differently from:

Decimal delimiter

[HOUSEHOLDS] > [MALES] * ([POP90_SQMI] + [AREA])

A comma cant be used as a decimal delimiter in a query.

SQL syntax

The syntax used in the query expression depends on the type of data
source that is being queried because a number of different data types and
databases are supported. The expression is sent to the data source and
interpreted there rather than being parsed in the dialog, so expressions
are in the native format for the database they are aimed at.

For both SDE databases and personal geo-databases the query syntax is
SQL, but there some differences between them:

SDE databases use the SQL syntax for the RDBMS they are using.
For more information about SQL operators, see the SQL reference for
relational database.

Personal geo-databases use the Microsoft Access JET SQL syntax.

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Interactive Map Tool bar

The Tools toolbar lets move around the map and select features on the map and page layout. Place the mouse pointer
over each icon (without clicking) to see the description of each.

Open Document
Select Pointer

Zoom In
Zoom Out

Pan
Zoom to Full Extent
Identify

Custom Identify

Zoom to Selected features

Clear Selection

Map Scale
Layout Zoom In
Layout Zoom Out

Layout Pan
Zoom to Whole Page
Zoom Page to 100%

Open Document
Open Document tool is used to open Map Documents file (*.mxd) into the application. It is the similar use of Open File
method.

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 Chapter 5

Select Tool
It is a normal selection of Map elements. Click this tool, the mouse pointer will be normal and the command previously
active will be cancelled

Zooming In or Out
1. Click the Zoom In or Zoom Out button on the Tools toolbar. Method is discussed in page 17 in Chapter 4.

Panning
1. Click the Pan button on the Tools toolbar.

2. Move the mouse pointer over the map display and click and drag the pointer

Zooming to the Full Extent of Data

1. Click the Full Extent button on the Tools toolbar. Map will be displayed with its full extent.

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Identifying Features by Pointing at them

1. Click the Identify button on the Tools toolbar.

2. Click the mouse pointer over the map feature to identify.

The features in all visible layers under the pointer will be identified and retrieve theirs respective data in an identify
dialog box.

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Identifying RHD Road Feature

This custom Identify tool is used to identify features from RHDRoad, RHDBridge and LRPs layers in the map. This
identify tool is used to select a feature and retrieves its respective data from SQL server databases in different dialog
boxes.

1. Click the Custom Identify

button on the Tools toolbar.

2. Click the mouse pointer over

the map RHDRoad, feature,
which is to be identified.

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 Chapter 5

RHD Road Details

Road Number dropdown arrow shows the selected Road Number.
The dropdown list retrieves the whole list of roads in the Road
database. The selected Road retrieves all the basic information such
as Road Name, Start Location, End Location, Road Length, Start
Chainage and End Chainage etc. It also retrieves the respective
LRPs contained on this selected road in LRP Details tab and
Roughness in the Roughness tab.

1. Click Road Number dropdown arrow to change the Road

Number, the respective road information, LRP list, and
roughness will be retrieve and displayed on the RHD Road Details Screen.

2. Click Roughness tab to see the roughness details for the

selected road.

3. Click Survey Year dropdown arrow to see the roughness data for
the several years.

4. Click Chart button to see the roughness of the selected road for
the selected year in a bar chart.

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 Chapter 5

5. To zoom a portion of the chart, place the mouse on a position on the chart and hold the ctrl key and drag the
mouse to a portion of chart. The selected portion will be highlighted and will be zoomed.

6. Click Left Arrow/Right Arrow on the chart window to toggle between the zoom previous or zoom next of the chart.

7. User can export the chart into JPEG

graphics file. Click Export to Graphics File
on File menu. A file dialog box will appear
and then save the graphics of the chart.

8. Click Print from File menu, user can print the

chart to the default system
printer.

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 Chapter 5

Identify LRP Feature

1. Click the Custom Identify tool on the Tools toolbar.

2. Click the mouse pointer over the map of LRP feature that is to be identified.

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 Chapter 5

Road Number dropdown arrow shows the road number on which the selected LRP is located. The dropdown list
consists of all the roads listed in the database.

1. LRP Number dropdown list consists of the LRP features those contained or located on the selected road number in
the Road Number dropdown list.

2. Click Road Number dropdown and select a road, which will effect on the dropdown arrow list of LRP Number.

3. Click LRP Number dropdown and select a LRP number that will load the respective information in text boxes.

Identify Bridge Feature

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 Chapter 5

1. Click the Custom Identify tool on the Tools toolbar.

2. Click the mouse pointer over the map of Bridge feature that is to be identified.

Road Number dropdown list consists of the list of roads in the database and the Structure ID dropdown list consists
of the Bridges and Culverts located on the selected road of Road Number dropdown list.

1. Click Road Number dropdown and select a road, which creates a sub set of Bridge and Culverts structure ID lists
in the Structure ID dropdown list.

2. Click Structure ID dropdown arrow and select a Structure ID, which will display the respective information in the
Bridge-Culverts General Information
window along with the photograph of the
selected bridge.

3. Place the mouse pointer on the photo image

and double click. A larger size photo image
will appear.

Zoom to Selected Features

1. Click Zoom To Selected Feature tool

Interactive GIS zooms the map by selected

features extent.

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Clear Selection
1. Click Clear Selection tool to unselect the selected feature.

Map Scale
1. Click Map Scale tool, it will appear a Map Scale dropdown tool indicating the current map scale.

2. Click the Map Scale dropdown list and choose any value listed in the dropdown list, the current map will be
implemented with scale value selected in the dropdown list.

3. User can type scale value on the Map Scale dropdown list. As the user type any value that will be added with the
dropdown list and the current map view will be implemented with the scale of that entered value.

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Looking at a Map in Data View and

Switching between Data View and Layout View
Layout View Click View tab to
1. Click View tab to switch the data view display data view

Interactive GIS provides two different

2. Click Layout tab to switch the layout view
ways to view a map: view and layout
view. Each view lets you look at and
interact with the map in a specific
way.
When you want to browse the
geographic data on your map, click
View Tab. Data view is an all-
purpose view for exploring,
displaying, and querying the data on
your map. This view hides all the
map elements on the layout - such
as title, North Arrow, and Scale bar. Click Layout tab to
display Layout view

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 Chapter 5

Laying Out a Map

1. Click Layout tab to activate the layout view. All the respective layout tools can be used properly and the
display changes to show the layout of map. The layout view display with the default page size of A3.

2. If user wants to change the default page size, click Page Setup from File menu

3. Make sure the Same as Printer option is not checked otherwise the page size will be default to the same as
the selected printer.

4. Set the page size from

Standard Page Size
dropdown arrow or type the
page width and height in each
boxes, set the page units.

5. Set the Page Orientation as

Portrait or Landscape.

6. Set the appropriate Printer

from Printer dropdown list.

7. Set Page size from Printer Page dropdown list.

8. Set the printer page orientation as Portrait or Landscape.

9. Click OK. The page display will reflect the new size and the orientation.

10. Adjust and place the active map view frame manually.

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 Chapter 5

11. User can insert map-surrounding elements such

as North arrow, scale bar and Legend from
Insert Menu.

12. User can add Title text elements and other

graphics elements using Draw toolbar.

Zooming In on the page

The Tools of Layout that controls the user to view of the
position of the whole map (as opposed to the data layers
on the map). By default, the map size is set so user can
see all of it. But at this scale its hard to see all the
features clearly on the map.

1. Click Zoom to 100% on the toolbar. The page is displayed at the actual printed size so user can see the
detail.

2. Click the Pan on the toolbar and drag the map to anywhere so user can see the portion user wants to.

3. Click Page Zoom In tool to zoom a portion of the page user wants to.

4. Click Page Zoom Out tool to zoom larger area to zoom the page user wants to.

5. Click Zoom to Whole Page tool to see the entire page.

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Inserting Map Elements

Interactive GIS makes it easy to add legends, North arrow, and scale bar on the map.

1. Click Insert item on Menu bar and click Legend.

Legend element appears on the page for the map.

2. Click Insert and click North Arrow, a predefined north arrow appears on the page.

3. Now insert a scale bar from the Insert menu. Click Scale Bar, a predefined scale bar will be drawn.

As for example, if user wants to do left align using these

three elements; the following steps should be followed:

4. Click and drag the scale bar under the legend and north
arrow.

5. Click the legend to select it, click the scale bar while
holding down the Shift key it as well.

6. Click the Graphics from Main menu and click Align

Element and then click Align Left. The Scale bar is now
aligned with the left side of the legend.

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Drawing points, lines, and circle

Adding Graphics Elements
Points, lines, circles and rectangles 1. On the Draw toolbar, click the type of graphic to be added.
Drawing tools
are among the graphic shapes youll (See the tools in the table to the right)
use to highlight features in your data Line
and draw cartographic elements, 2. Move the mouse pointer over the display and click to add
such as neatlines, on your layout. Rectangle
Once youve added a graphic to your the graphics element.
map, you can move it, resize it, Circle
change its colour or style, or align it Some graphics require more than one click. For example,
with other graphics. user will need to click and drag the mouse to add a Point

If you want to add a graphic as part rectangle. Text

of the map layout, add it in layout
view. If you want the graphic to Select Graphics Button
display with your data, add it in data
view. For example, suppose you Changing the size of a Graphic
want to draw a circle representing a 1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and
buffer around a feature. Instead of
drawing the circle over the data Click the graphic to be resized.
frame in layout view, draw it directly
over your data in data view. Then, as 2. Move the mouse pointer over one of the blue selection
you pan and zoom your data, the handles and click and drag the handle.
graphic elements pan and zoom with
it.

Deleting a Graphic
1. Click the select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and click
Click and drag a selection
the graphic to be deleted.
handle to resize the
graphic. Use the Shift key
2. Press the Delete key on the keyboard. to resize as a square or
Ctrl key to maintain the
aspect ratio.

58

Limitation
You cant create graphic elements as
annotation of layers as ArcMap does.
Chapter 5
Changing Colour or Symbol of a Graphic
1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the
Draw toolbar and double-click the graphic
to display its properties.
The properties vary depending on the type
of graphic that was selected.
2. To change the fill colour, click the Fill
Color dropdown arrow and click a new
colour. If you want to use no fill colour,
click No Fill Color check box. If it is
checked no fill colour is used.
3. To change the Out Colour, click the
Outline Color dropdown arrow and click a
new colour. If user wants to use no outline colour, click No Outline
Color check box. If it is checked no outline colour is used.
4. To change the outline width, click UpDown arrow to change the
Outline width or type outline width value on Outline Width box.
5. To change Fill Style, click the Fill Style dropdown arrow and click a
new fill style.
6. Click Apply to implement the properties.
7. Click OK.
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Adding text
Text serves a variety of purposes on Adding Text Element
a map. You can use text to annotate
1. Click the Text tool on the Draw toolbar.
map features, to present information
about the data on the map such as
2. Click the mouse pointer over the map display and type the
its coordinate system, or to provide a
title that describes the purpose of the text string.
map.
Changing Font, Colour, and Size of Text
In this application you will be able to
1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and
place the text only along horizontal
direction. double-click the text elements.

You can control the font, colour, 2. Click the Change Symbol Font button to specify the Font
style, and size of text as needed.
Name and the font size from Font dialog.
Text associated with map features
3. To change the Text colour, click Text Colour dropdown
should be added to the data view.
Text representing an element on the arrow and click a new colour from Color dialog.
map layout-such as a title should
be added to the layout in your layout 4. Click OK.
view.

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Editing a Text String

1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and double-click the text element to be edited.

2. Type a new text string.

3. Click OK

Changing Angle, Character Spacing, and Leading

1. Click Angle Up Down arrow to change the orientation of Text.

2. Click Character Spacing Up Down arrow to change the character spacing value of text string

3. Click Up Down arrow to change the

leading space of text string

4. Click OK.

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Moving, aligning, and ordering Moving a Graphic

graphics 1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and click
the graphic that user wants to move
Much of the work you do while
building your map involves arranging
graphics and other elements on it. 2. Click and drag the selected graphic to its new position.
For instance, you might want to
orient labels around the appropriate Move the mouse pointer
Ordering a Graphic
features in a data frame or position over the graphic and click
map elements, such as titles, 1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and
neatlines, and north arrows, on the
click the graphic to place in front of or behind other
layout.
graphics.
Interactive GIS provides you a
number of tools that let you position
2. Click Graphics on Main menu bar, click Order and then
and orient graphics. You can move
graphics by dragging them with the
mouse or you can place one graphic click order option.
on top of another by ordering them.
Aligning the Graphics
1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and
click the graphics to be aligned.

2. The dominant graphic has blue selection handles around

it. To change the dominant graphic, press and hold the Ctrl

key and click the graphic you want as dominant one. The
blue colour shows the handle of dominant graphic. Click
Alignment Element options from Graphics menu item on
Main menu bar.

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Aligning, and grouping graphics Grouping Graphics

1. Click the Select Graphics tool on the Draw toolbar and click the graphics to be grouped.
You can align graphics with other
graphics-using the sides, middles, or
top or bottom edges. Once you have 2. Click Group option from Group Elements sub-menu from Graphics menu on
arranged the graphics, you may want
main menu bar.
to group them together. That way,
you can move them as a group and
maintain their alignment. Ungrouping Graphics
1. Click the Select Graphics button on the Draw toolbar and click the graphics to be
ungrouped
What do the blue selection
handles indicates:
2. Click Ungroup option from Group Elements sub-menu from Graphics menu on
When you have more than on the main Menu bar.
graphic selected, the blue handles
indicate the dominant graphic, or the
one that system will use, for
example, to align other graphics with.
To change the dominant graphic, RAMS Map
hold down the Ctrl key and click on
the selected graphic that you want to To create a RAMS map following steps should be
be the dominant one. followed:

1. Click RAMS Map from Map menu of Interactive Map

window. A RAMS-Configuration window will be
appeared. User will be able to create RHD National,
Zone or Division level RAMS Maps. Circle level
RAMS mapping is not available with the application.

2. RHD Jurisdiction tree consists of levels of RHD

offices hierarchy. Click plus or minus sign of National

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 Chapter 5

level, it will expand or collapse the Zone level offices,

again click plus or minus sign of each zone level it will
expand the respective circle offices and do the same for
division levels.

3. Click the levels of RHD field office on the field office tree
and press the mouse pointer over the desired RHD
jurisdiction name, the name will be selected which will be
shown on the Selected Area text box. As changing the
selection of RHD jurisdiction on the tree, the selected
name and its level of jurisdiction will shown of the
Selected Area box

4. As the selection is done, Load From File (*.dbf) option will be enabled on the Configure window. Click Fiscal Year
Up Down arrow to select the desired year for which the RAMS Map will be created.

5. To select Road Priority Data file (processed

HDM4 results), click browse button to navigate
file location where the data file is stored. The
default location is:
\\Gisserver\GIS\RAMS\2007\RoadData\

6. Select the desired file as Road Priority Data file

from the file dialog and click open button.

7. To select Bridge Priority Data file, click

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browse button to navigate the file location where

the data file is stored. The default location is:
\\Gisserver\GIS\RAMS\2007\BridgeData\

8. Select the desired file as the Bridge Priority Data

files from the file dialog and click open button.

9. Follow the same way to select ongoing Road and

Bridge projects data from the locations where the
respective data files are stored. The default
locations are:

\\Gisserver\GIS\RAMS\2007\RoadData\

\\Gisserver\GIS\RAMS\2007\BridgeData\

10. Once user select the data files, the respective

data file names will be shown on the RAMS
Configure window.

11. Click Apply.

At present the information of ferry priority lists and

ongoing projects are not available. So, the ferry
options are not available with this application. In
future the ferry information will be included.

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Now RAMS Map of the selected RHD jurisdiction will be created and displayed on the Data View of Interactive Map
window. (The next insert shows the RAMS Map of Sylhet Division for 2007).

Data View
RAMS Map View window contains the
features of virtual layers of definition data
tables of roads and bridge priority lists, and
the ongoing projects lists of roads and
bridges.

As any changes occurred in the definition

data files (*.dbf), which will effect on the map
features. This is the benefit of RAMS
mapping. Advanced GIS functionality has this
capability.

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Layout View
To display the Layout view, click Layout tab, which will
activate the Layout view for the current map. (The next insert
shows the contents of the Layout view of RAMS map).

A pre-defined layout view is created for RHD Division level

by the application. The layout view for National and Zone
levels are not pre-defined, user can modify the layout view if
he wants to.

In the Layout view of division level map title, custom map

legend, explanation of RAMS codes and a report which has
been created from the attributes of features layers containing the priority lists of road and bridge options having their
respective treatments and costs are displayed. This is the standard RAMS map of RHD division level.

To the right side of the layout view, shows a list report for
road and bridge priority options for their respective treatment
and costs. The red colour text signifies the critical where as
the blue colour represents the priority treatment.

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The layout also shows the key shape

symbols and colours used by the
feature layers, Ranks colours, and
RAMS code along with their
descriptions. Shape colour (blue)
signifies the Rank; the right table shows
all as Priority.

A standard RAMS Sample map for

Sylhet Division, 2007.

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Traffic Volume Map

To create a Traffic Volume map follow the steps are given below:

1. Click Traffic Volume Map from Map menu of Interactive Map window. A dialog
box will be appeared to select the RHD field office for which the traffic volume
map will be drawn. RHD National, Zone and Division levels traffic volume maps
can be created.

2. The hierarchy of RHD jurisdiction is shown in the dialog box. Click plus sign of
National level, it will expand or collapse the Zone level offices, again click plus or
minus sign of each zone office it will expand the respective circle offices do and
the same for division level offices.

3. Click the Levels of RHD field office on the RHD Field Office Jurisdiction Tree
and press the mouse pointer over the desired RHD jurisdiction level, the name of
the selected RHD field jurisdiction will display on the Selected Area box.

4. The Select Year drop down arrow is disabled. This traffic volume map picks the
available road wise latest year AADT data from database.

5. Click OK, a Traffic volume map will be created.

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Traffic volume map shows the Road Link wise traffic AADT
values in graduated line symbol classified by Motorized (MT)
and Non-motorized (NMT) traffic.

Traffic AADT Chart

A Bar chart is implemented with the traffic volume map. The
chart illustrates the road link AADT by different types of
modes including motorized and non-motorized. The chart
window displays the road information along with the road
length distributed by RHD field office jurisdictions. It also
indicates the Road Links definitions.

The following steps describe how this bar chart can be

created.

Click Chart tool from toolbar, or Click Chart from

Charts on the main menu. If map view is loaded with
traffic volume map, a Traffic AADT Chart will be drawn
for a road link.

User has given the flexibility to select a particular road from Road No dropdown list and the list is populated with the
roads or part of roads situated within the selected RHD filed jurisdiction for which the map is drawn.

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The Road Link dropdown list is loaded with the number of links covered by the selected roads from the Road No
dropdown list. As changing the selection on both the Road No and Link No dropdown lists, the AADT charts along
with the respective road and link information will be changed.

The bar chart can be exported into several graphics formats file. This chart can also be printed through the windows
system printer. Following steps describe how chart can be exported and printed:

Export
1. Click Export from File menu. A
Save As dialog box will be
appeared where graphics file will
be stored.

2. In Save As dialog navigate the folder in the Save in

dropdown arrow, click Save as type dropdown arrow to
select file format, type the name of file and then click Save button. Several graphics formats such as JPEG,
BMP and GIF support to export the chart.

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Print
1. Click Print from File menu.
Print Dialog will be
appeared.

2. With the Print dialog, the

Printer paper size, color,
print quality etc. can be setup, and then print can be made.

The above chart preparation is similar for Roughness and Road

Condition maps.

Roughness Map
To create a Roughness Map, follow the steps are given below:

1. Click Roughness Map from Map menu of Interactive Map window. A dialog box
will be appeared to select the RHD jurisdiction area for which the roughness map
will be drawn. RHD National, Zone and Division levels Roughness Maps can be
created.

2. Select the Levels of RHD Field Office on the RHD Office Jurisdiction Tree and
press the mouse pointer over the desired RHD jurisdiction level, the name of the
selected RHD field jurisdiction will display on the Selected Area box.

3. Select the roughness survey year from the Select Year dropdown list

4. Click OK for Roughness Map for the selected RHD field jurisdiction (National or Zone or Division).

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Roughness Map shows the Road wise Roughness IRI

(International Roughness Index) values in graduated line
symbols using five ranges of IRI values.

Roughness IRI Chart

A Bar chart is implemented with the roughness map. The
chart illustrates the road wise IRI by road section of 100
metre intervals. The chart window displays the road
information along with the road length distributed by RHD
field office jurisdictions.

The steps describe below how IRI chart can be created.

Click Chart tool from toolbar, or Click Chart from

Charts on the main menu. If map is Roughness
map, a road wise Roughness Chart will be drawn.

User has given the flexibility to select a particular road from

Road No dropdown list and the list is populated with the
roads or part of roads located within the selected RHD filed
jurisdiction. As changing the selection of Road in Road No
dropdown list, respective Road IRI chart will drawn indicating its respective road information within the selected filed
office.

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To zoom a portion of the chart, place the mouse on a position on

the chart and hold the ctrl key and drag the mouse to a portion
of chart. The selected portion will be highlighted and will be
zoomed.

Click Left Arrow/Right Arrow on the chart window to toggle

between the zoom previous or zoom next of the chart.

User can export the chart into JPEG graphics file. Click Export
to Graphics File on File menu. A file dialog box will be appeared
and then the user can save the graphics of the chart.

Click Print from File menu, user can print the chart though the
default system printer.

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Road Condition Map

To create a Road Condition Map, follow the steps are given below:

1. Click Condition Map from Map menu of Interactive Map window. A dialog box will be
appeared to select the RHD field office for which the Road Condition map will be
drawn. RHD National, Zone and Division levels Road Condition Maps can be created.

2. Select the Levels of RHD Field Office on the RHD Office Jurisdiction Tree and
press the mouse pointer over the desired RHD jurisdiction level, the name of the
selected RHD field jurisdiction will display on the Selected Area box.

3. Select the condition survey year from the Select Year dropdown list

4. Click OK for Condition Map for the selected

RHD field jurisdiction (National or Zone or
Division).

Condition Map illustrates the Road Condition

Parameters such as Potholes, Edge Break, Narrow
Crack, Wide Crack, Rutting, Depression, Raveling,
and over all Ratings of underlying sections of a road.
The road condition is based on a Score Rating System
using a combination of several road defects. There are
four scores of ratings are derived: Good (Rating < 6);
Fair (Rating 6 - 9), Poor (Rating 9 12); and Bad
(Rating > 12). The map uses these rating values by graduated line symbols.

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Click Chart tool from toolbar, or Click Chart from Charts on the
main menu. If map is Condition map, a dialog box will be appeared
to list the items of condition parameters to be graphed.

Select Items or Item from the Left List and add them into the Right List,
which will be used for multiple Charts for selected Condition Parameters.
Click Draw to implement the Condition Parameters Chart.

As Changing the Road selection on Road No dropdown list, the Item Charts
will be changed.

The multi item charts can be zoomed by clicking the check box. Place the
mouse on checked Chart item and hold the ctrl key and drag the mouse to a
portion of chart. The selected portion will be highlighted and the item chart will
be zoomed.

To toggle between the Zoom Previous and Zoom Next, Click Left
Arrow/Right Arrow on the Chart window

Click Export from file menu to export the chart into graphics format file. A file dialog box will be
appeared and then the multi item charts will be exported into files using GIF, JPEG or BMP formats.

Click Print from File menu, the Charts can be printed using windows system printer.

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Saving and Opening of Map

Opening a Map Document
Documents
To open a map document created by this Interactive-GIS, make sure that user are in the Interactive Map window
where he can create a new map.
Interactive-GIS is capable of saving
the map content as an ArcGIS map
1. Click Layout tab to activate the Layout
document file (*.mxd). The saved
view where the map document will be
map document can also be opened
opened.
with this application.
2. Click Open Map from File menu, a file
It suggested that the saved map
dialog will be appeared.
document (using this Interactive GIS)
should be opened with this 3. In the dialog box, click the Look in
application. dropdown arrow, and navigate to the
location folder where the map document
Interactive-GIS has been developed
is stored.
with the similar functionalities of
ArcMap does. ArcMap has Data view 4. Select the map document file (*.mxd). The selected file name will be shown on the File name box and then click
frame and Layout view which are Open button.
working together for any map
document. Interactive-GIS is working 5. The map will be loaded in the layout view with other map elements

with this fashion. Simply map view

6. Click View tab, the map will be displayed in the map view.
copies the map objects from the
active display map from the Layout
view.

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Saving a Map Document

1. Click File and click Save As, Save Map Document file dialog appears.
2. Navigate to the folder where the map document file is to be saved.
3. Type the name of the map document file
4. Click Save.

Page Setup
1. Click Page Setup from file menu, a Page Setup dialog will
be appeared.

2. Make sure the same as printer box is not checked,

otherwise, the page size will default to be the same as
printer

3. Set the Paper size from the Standard Page size list. For
custom page size, Width and Height of the page should be entered. Page units can be set Centimeters, Inches
or Points

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4. Page Orientation can be set using Portrait or Landscape options

5. For Printer Setup, select the printer name from the available printer name list.

6. Set the printer page size from the available page size for the selected printer. And the paper size should be
consistent with the map page size

7. Set the page orientation from the Page Orientation options. The printer paper orientation should be consistent
with the map page orientation

8. Click OK. The page display change to reflect the new size and orientation.

Printing Map Document

1. Click Print from File Menu, printer dialog box will be appeared conned with the previously selected printer. The
selected name and type will be appeared in the dialog box.

2. The selected printer can be setup using Setup button and if press Setup button the PageSetup dialog box will
be appeared

3. Check the Scale Page to Printer option to print the

map if the printer paper size is not equal to the
layout page size.

4. Click OK button.

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Once you open a map, you may wan

to export it from a map document to
another file type. You can export
maps as several types of image files.
These include EMF, BMP, EPS, PDF
and JPEG etc.
Exporting a Map
1. Click Export on File menu
2. Press the Export File Button to navigate the
location where the file to be exported.

EMF (Enhanced Windows Metafile) 3. Navigate to where the export file to stored.
is windows native vector, or vector
and raster graphics. The advantage 4. Click the Save as type dropdown arrow and
of this type is that they can be click the type of file to be exported
resized without distortion.
BMP (Windows Bitmap) files are 5. Type a name for the export file
simple, native windows raster
images. They do not scale as well as 6. Click Save button. As pressing the Save button the newly created file is ready for export and the file dialog will
EMF files. be disappeared
EPS (Encapsulated PostScript) files
are primarily used for vector graphics 7. Now fix the output image resolution from the Resolution dropdown list from Export Map dialog
and printing.
8. Click OK for Exporting Map
PDF (Portable Document Format)
files are designed to be consistently
viewable across different platforms.
They are commonly used for
distributing document on Web.
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts
Group) files are compressed image
files. They are commonly used for
images on the Web because they
are more compact than many other
file types.

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IN THIS CHAPTER
Data Organization
Spatial Data Spatial and the Non-spatial data.
Non-spatial Data
Integration of Spatial and
non-spatial data
Chapter 6
CHAPTER 6
Data Organization
The entire system architecture was framed around the two major building blocks of a GIS enabled system: the
Spatial Data
Spatial layers that required to be incorporated into the system are RHD road related features and other auxiliary
features. The road features are mainly RHD road centerlines, location reference point (LRP), locations of RHD
bridge-culverts, RHD ferry, and the boundaries of RHD jurisdiction hierarchy etc. The auxiliary features layers
include general administrative boundaries and headquarters, major river network and char lands, and railway
lines, etc. with the system.
All the related feature layers are stored in the specified folders centrally located in the GISServer data server in
RHD. The GIS data layers are available under folder location of \\GISServer\GIS\RHD-GIS, and the data formats
are in ArcInfo coverage and ESRI shapefile. The users are given privileged for read permission of these GIS data
layers.
Non-spatial Data
Attributes that required to be attached to the spatial data layers, and were thought of considerable significance
while planning, monitoring, and maintenance of the road network. The data have already been collected mostly
by a project Road Assessment Survey and by HDM Circle, and subsequently validated and entered into RMMS
and BMMS databases centrally located in RHD server. The system has the client-server enabled functionality to
integrate the respective data tables from the SQL sever databases. Users are requested to obtain user
permission to use the above RMMS and BMMS databases.
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Dynamic Segmentation For RAMS mappings, standalone dBase files containing lists of road priority (from HDM4 results), bridge priority,
There are two data requirements for and the ongoing road and bridge projects are to be added with system.
performing dynamic segmentation.
First, each event in an event table
must include a unique identifier and
The road priority (HDM4 results) lists and the ongoing road projects lists are defined by the road sections, these
its measurement along a linear sectional data are integrated with GIS road layer using Dynamic Segmentation process in GIS. The bridge priority
feature. Second, each linear feature
(commonly called a route) must have lists and the ongoing bridge projects lists are included as point event layers (virtual layer) using their respective
a unique identifier and a geographic coordinates (Latitude, Longitude) in RAMS map.
measurement system stored with it.
The dynamic segmentation data Dynamic segmentation is the process of associating multiple sets of attributes to any portion of a linear feature.
model uses data files called event
tables to store segmented data for These attributes can then be stored, displayed, queried and analyzed without affecting the underlying structure of
linear features. Event tables contain
linear feature.
records called events, which identify
and describes a particular location
along a linear feature. Integration of Spatial and Non-spatial Data
Event records are comprised of a A proper integration of spatial data in GIS and the non-spatial data residing in the RDBMS was achieved in the
route-identifier, measure values
indicating a location, and one or GIS environment through the database connectivity using OLE DB connections. Care was taken to ensure that
more attributes describing the the linkage of maps to the attribute database remains dynamic, in the sense, that, whenever there is a change in
location.
the attribute database, it gets reflected in the GIS.
Because events reference routes
and measure locations along the
routes (road), they can be edited and GIS interface has been customized with ESRIs ArcGIS Engine the base, the customization environment being
maintained independently of Arc
topology in GIS. Data for this linear developed with ArcGIS Engine using ArcObjects with Visual Basic programming language. Several custom query
feature can be stored in many interfaces have been built across different property attributes in the attribute databases, and incorporated with
different events. For example, there
may be pavement, traffic volume this Interactive GIS application program.
event tables where each references
the same road feature.

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CHAPTER 7
Conclusion
As envisioned, the application serves the purpose of a decision support tool at all levels of RHD organizational
hierarchy. The present version of the application can further be enhanced to incorporate several new features
and additions based on future requirements.

The Interactive GIS application can bring forth a dynamic accessibility and visualization of GIS data, which would
definitely be a further enhancement as far as the organizations decision-making activities are concerned. The
entire system and the framework on which it has been developed serve as an effective workable tool for the
department and can go a long way in not only enabling policy makers but also solving the problems of spatial
data.

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 Glossary

GLOSSARY

The following is a glossary of common terms used throughout this manual and as well as this GIS application. While it
is not meant to be a comprehensive list, it should provide a quick reference to GIS software-specific terminology.

ArcObjects A library of software components that makes up the foundation of ArcGIS. ArcGIS
Desktop, ArcGIS Engine, and ArcGIS Runtime are built on top of the ArcObjects
libraries.

ArcInfo Workspace An ARC/INFO workspace is the work area used during an ARC/INFO session.
Within the computer file system, the workspace is a directory containing one or more
geographic data sets (e.g., coverage, tin, grid), a local INFO database, and other
supporting data.

Attribute A characteristic of a map feature. Attributes of a road might include its name, length,
start and end location, and so on.

Attribute Table Information about feature on map, stored in rows and columns. Each row relates to
a single feature, each columns the values for a single characteristic.

Chart A graphic representation of tabular data. Also referred to as a graph.

Color map A range of colors used in a map to show ranking or order of feature attributes.

Coordinate System A method for specifying the location of real-world features on the surface of the
earth.

Coverage A vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and attributes of
geographic features. One of the primary vector data storage formats for ArcInfo.
Coverage is stored in an ArcInfo workspace.

BMMS Bridge Maintenance Management System (BMMS) database is a SQL server

database stored in RHD3 server.

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 Glossary

Data A collection of related facts usually arranged in a particular format and gathered for
a particular purpose

Data frame A frame on the map that displays layers occupying the same geographic area.

Data source Any geographic data such as coverage, shapefile, raster, or geo-database.

Data view An all-purpose view for exploring, displaying, and querying geographic data. This
view hides all map elements such as titles, North arrow, and scale bars. See also
layout view

Database An ordered collection of data organized in a file or in some tables (SQL server
database) for efficient retrieval of information.

Dataset Same as data source

Decimal degrees Degrees of latitude and longitude expressed as a decimal rather than in degrees,
minutes, and seconds.

GIS A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer system capable of

capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information;
that is, data identified according to location. Practitioners also define a GIS as
including the procedures, operating personnel, and spatial data that go into the
system.

Feature A representation of a real-world object in a layer on a map

Feature Class The conceptual representation of a geographic feature. When referring to

geographic features, feature classes include point, line, are, and surface. In a geo-
database, an object class that stores features and has a field of type geometry in a
geo-database.

Feature dataset Same as Data source

Field A column in a table. Each field contains the values for a single attribute.

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 Glossary

Geo-coding The process of creating geometric representations for locations (such as point
feature) from descriptions of locations (such as address)

Geo-database A geographic database that provides services for managing geographic data. A geo-
database is hosted inside a relational database management system. A geo-
database contains feature datasets.

Geographic coordinates A measurement of a location on the earths surface expressed in degrees of latitude
and longitude.

Geo-referencing To establish the relationship between page coordinates (i.e. x, y) of a planar map of
image with known real-world coordinates (i.e. longitude/latitude, UTM, etc).

Layer A collection of similar geographic features-such as roads, rivers, international

boundary or administrative head quarters-of a particular area or place for display on
a map. A layer references geographic data stored in a data source, such as
coverage, and defines how to display it.

Layout The design or arrangement of elements-such as geographic data. North arrows, and
scale bars-in a digital map display or printed map.

Layout view The view for laying out a map. Layout view shows the virtual page upon which the
geographic data and map elements-such as titles, legend, and scale bars can be
placed for printing.

Legend A list of symbols appearing on the map; includes a sample of each symbol and text
describing what feature each symbol represents.

LRP Along every road there are existing fixed monuments and points such as concrete
kilometer posts, bridge markers, corners of buildings and centerline intersection
points of the main road with its side roads. Because they are permanent, they are
chosen as Location Reference Points of LRPs and are then used to locate all other
objects longitudinally along the road, such as bridges, culverts, signposts etc. The
main type of LRP is the Km post.

Map A graphical presentation of geographic information. It contains geographic data and

other elements such as title, North arrow, legend, and scale bar. User can

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 Glossary

interactively display and query the geographic data on the map and also prepare a
printable map by arranging the map elements around the data in a visually pleasing
manner.

Map display A graphic representation of the map on the computer screen.

Map document The file-based representation of a map. Map documents can be printed or
embedded into other documents. Map documents have and *.mxd file extension.

Map element A graphic component, such as a scale bar, North arrow, and title, that helps describe
the geographic data on the map.

Map scale The scale of a map is the ratio of a single unit of distance on the map to the
equivalent distance on the ground. The scale can be expressed in four ways: as a
ratio, a fraction, in words and as a graphical (bar) scale.
A scale expressed as a ratio of say 1:25,000 means that one unit on the map
represents 25,000 units on the ground, i.e. 1 millimetre represents 25,000 mm,
expressed better as 25 metres.

Map units The units-for example, feet miles, meters, or kilometers-in, which the coordinates of
spatial data are stored.

Network A set of edges and junctions that are topologically connected to each other.

Network feature A feature that participates in a geometric network.

North arrow A map element that shows how the map is oriented.

Projected coordinates A measurement of locations on the earths surface expressed in a two-dimensional

system that locates features based on their distance from an origin (0,0) along two
axes, a horizontal x-axis representing east-west and a vertical y-axis representing
north-south. A map projection transforms latitude and longitude to x; y coordinates in
a projected coordinate system. See also geographic coordinates.

Projection A mathematical formula that transforms features locations from the earths curved
surface to a maps flat surface. A projected coordinate system employs a projection
to transform location expressed as latitude and longitude to x, y coordinates.

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 Glossary

Projections cause distortions in one or more of these spatial properties: distance,

area, shape, and direction.

Query A question or request used for selecting features. A query often appears in the form
of a statement or logical expression. In ArcMap, a query contains a field, an
operator, and a value.

Road Number See Road Names and Numbering in Chapter One

Road Link See Road Link in Chapter One

RMMS Road Maintenance Management System (RMMS) is a SQL server database stored
in RHD3 server.

Resolution 1. The accuracy at which a given map scale can depict the location and shape of
geographic features. The larger the map scale, the higher the possible
resolution. As map scale decreases, resolution diminishes and feature
boundaries must be smoothed, simplified, or not shown at all. For example,
small areas may have to be represented as point.
2. The size of the smallest feature that can be represented in a surface.
3. The number of points in x and y in a raster.

Scale The relationship between the dimensions of features on a map and the geographic
objects they represent on the earth surface, commonly expressed as a fraction or a
ratio. A map scale of 1/100,000 or 1:100,000 mean that one unit of measure on the
map equals 100,000 of the same unit on the earths surface.

Scale bar A map element that graphically shows a maps scale.

Select To choose from a number or group of features or records, to create a separate set,
or subset.

Shapefile A vector data storage format for storing the location, shape, and attributes of
geographic features. A shapefile is stored in a folder and contains one feature class.

Spatial data The locations and shapes of geographic features with descriptions of each.

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 Glossary

Structured Query Structured Query Language is a computer language designed for the retrieval and
Language (SQL) management of data in relational database management systems, database
schema creation and modification, and database object access control
management. Developed by IBM in 1970s, SQL has become an industry standard
for query languages in most relational database management system.

SQL Server Database Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system (RDBMS)
produced by Microsoft. Its primary query language is Transact-SQL, an
implementation of the ANSI/ISO standard Structured Query Language (SQL) used
by both Microsoft and Sybase.

Style An organized collection of elements that can be used to make a map. Styles include
elements such as symbols, scale bars, north arrows, and colors.

Symbol A graphic representation of an individual feature or class of features that helps to

identify it and distinguish it from other feature.

Symbology The criteria used to determine symbols for the features in a layer. A characteristic of
a feature may influence the size, color, and shape of the symbol used.

Table Information formatted in rows and columns. See attribute table.

Tabular data Descriptive information that stored in rows and columns and can be linked to map
features

Table of contents Lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer represent.

Text label Text added to a map to help identify features.

VB Visual Basic. A programming language developed by Microsoft based an object-

oriented form of the BASIC language and intended for application development. VB
runs on Microsoft Windows platforms.

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 References

REFERENCES

Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), ArcGIS 9, ArcGIS Engine Developer Guide, ESRI, 380 New
York Street, Redlands, California 92373-8100. 2005.

Minami Michael, ESRI, Using ArcMap, ArcGIS series, ESRI, 380 New York Street, Redlands, California 92373-8100.
2000.

RAMS Consultancy Services, RSRP Project, Roads and Highways Department (RHD), Draft RAMS Manual, WSP
International Imc. July 2005.

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