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Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102

XXV Polish Russian Slovak Seminar Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering

Strength and stability analysis of load-bearing structures

of Evolution Tower with allowance for actual positions
of reinforced concrete structural members
Alexander M. Belostotskya,b*, Pavel A. Akimova,b,c, Taymuraz B. Kaytukova,b,c,
Nikolay O. Petryasheva, Sergey O. Petryasheva, Oleg A. Negrozova,c
a
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (National Research University), 26 Yaroslavskoye Shosse, Moscow, 129337, Russia
b
Research & Educational Center StaDyO, Office 810, 18, 3-ya Ulitsa Yamskogo Polya, Moscow, 125040, Russia
c
Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, 24, Ulitsa Bolshaya Dmitrovka, Moscow, 107031, Russia

Abstract

The distinctive paper is devoted to strength and stability analysis of loadbearing structures of Evolution Tower (high-rise 54-
storey building) with allowance for actual positions of reinforced concrete structural members (columns and walls). Finite
element method (FEM) is used for structural analysis. The authors present formulations of problems, governing equations,
information about basic three-dimensional finite element models (so-called design (ideal) model, the first actual model
(taking into account the deviations of positions of columns from the project) and the second actual model (taking into account
the deviations of positions of walls from the project)) of the coupled system Evolution Tower foundation within ANSYS
Mechanical software and their verification, numerical approach to structural analysis and corresponding solvers. Finite element
models include mainly 4-node structural shell elements (suitable for analyzing foundation slabs, floor slabs and load-bearing
walls) and three dimensional 2-node beam elements (suitable for analyzing beams and columns), special spring-damper elements
and multipoint constraint elements. Detailed finite element mesh on the bottom foundation slab is agreed with the location of
piles. The advanced model of Prof. Yu.K. Zaretsky is used for approximation of soil behavior. Construction sequence and various
types of nonlinearities are taken into account. The results of modal analysis, static and dynamic analysis with various load
combinations (gravity load, faade load, dead (constant) loads, temporary loads, wind load, snow load, crown load etc.) are
considered, the results of the regulatory assessment of the strength of structures (obtained with the use of corresponding software
in accordance with design codes of the Russian Federation) are under consideration as well. The corresponding displacements,
stresses, natural vibration frequencies can be used for research and development of the correct monitoring method of the
foundation and load-bearing structures of a high-rise building.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +7(499)706-88-10; fax: +7(499)706-88-10.

E-mail address: amb@stadyo.ru

1877-7058 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of the XXV Polish Russian Slovak Seminar Theoretical Foundation of Civil Engineering.
doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.086
96 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102

2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-reviewunder
Peer-review under responsibility
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organizing committee
committee of theofXXV
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PolishPolish Russian
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Civil Engineering.

Keywords: numerical method, finite element model, high-rise building, strength, stability, monitoring, actual position of structural members

1. Introduction

The distinctive paper is devoted to the main results of scientific research work, that was carried out in the
Research and Educational Center of Computer Simulation of Unique Buildings, Structures and Complexes of
National Research Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. This work is dedicated to strength and stability
analysis of load-bearing structures of Evolution Tower with allowance for actual positions (i.e. deviations from the
project) of reinforced concrete structural members (columns and walls). In particular, the following tasks were
solved:
analysis and generalization of scientific, research and project documentation of the system Evolution Tower
foundation, the data on the actual deviations of the columns and walls from the project, formulation of problems of
structural analysis of the bearing structures of Evolution Tower;
development and verification of the corresponding space shell-beam finite element models of the system
foundation load-bearing structures of Evolution Tower in two versions (designed model and actual model
with allowance for the detected significant deviations of the reinforced concrete structures (walls and columns) from
the designed positions;
carrying out alternative calculation investigations of the stress-strain state, reliability and stability of the three-
dimensional system of the load-bearing structures of Evolution Tower at specified main combination of loads basing
on the enumerated above versions of finite element models.

2. Choosing a method of numerical simulation. Governing equations

As the main method of numerical modeling i.e. finite element method was used (FEM), which today occupies the
leading position in the practice of engineering calculations of building structures, buildings and constructions and is
a powerful tool of high-tech investigations [1-15].
The method has such advantages as generality at solving different tasks of the justifying calculations for a
construction object, relative simplicity of accounting for the interaction of the object with the environment
(mechanical, temperature, corrosive impacts, boundary conditions, etc.). It is remarkable for the high automation
degree of all the stages of calculation, exact and clear mechanical analogy and possibilities of simulation both on the
basis of physical and mathematical approaches. As it is known, the essence of the method is in approximation of the
observed construction object, which has an infinite number of the degrees of freedom, by the assembly composed of
relatively simple finite elements connected with each other in node points and characterized by finite number of the
degrees of freedom.
Motion equation of a geometrically linear system (in the condition of small displacements and deformations) as
stated by Lagrange in frames of FEM (with account of space-time digitalization) in matrix form may be expressed as
[4, 7, 16, 17]:

[M ]{u(t )}  [C ]{u (t )}  ([K ]  [ K G ]){u(t )} {F (t )}  {R(u, u)} , (1)

From the one hand in the equation (1) kinematic boundary conditions are taken into account, but, from the other,
it should be defined by the initial conditions (basing on the analysis of the results of the corresponding statistical
calculation at t t 0 ). Commenting on the used designations we should note, that [M ], [C ], [ K ], [ K G ] are
correspondently symmetrical, block, rarely filled global matrixes of mass, damping, linear (initial) and geometrical
rigidity of FE model; t the time; point means differentiation in time; {F (t )} the given vector of static and
 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102 97

dynamic loads; {R(u, u )} the so-called pseudoloads vector, describing physical nonlinear effects; {u (t )} the
desired vector of generalized dynamic displacements of the FE model [4].
It is obvious, that the presented general dynamic statement may be reduced to the most significant specific
problems static, on the eigenvalues (frequencies and natural vibrations modes, critical values and forms of initial
stability loss), and dynamic (spectral definition).
The global matrixes and vectors [M ], [C ], [ K ], [ K G ] , {F }, {R} are created basing on the matrixes and vectors of
the concentrated factors [ M ] L , [C ] L , [ K ] L , {F } L , {R} L , local matrices and vectors element [m]e , [c]e , [k ]e , [k G ]e and
{ f }e , {r}e , composing of which is in general case realized with the use of quadrature formulae of optimal accuracy.
In order to provide approximation accuracy, adequacy and flexibility of geometrical, rigidity, inertial and damping
properties, acting static and dynamic loads and the resulting stress-strain state of various space combined systems
there was developed, investigated and tested a set of rod, beam, membrane, plate-shell, two-dimensional (flat) and
three-dimensional (volume) finite elements, compatible and conformed in one design model and allowing also
alternative assembly techniques [4, 11].
In order to solve a system of linear algebraic equations of static balance

[ K ][{u}1 ! {u} l ] [{ F }1 ! {F } l ] (2)

with l variants of loads, to sequence of which also linear, non-stationary and/or dynamic tasks are reduced
( [ K ] o [ K ] , [ H ] o [ H ] ), effective realization of straight (precise) Gauss method may be used for the systems
with positive defined symmetrical block, rarely filled coefficient matrixes (SPARSE-scheme) (modified scheme of
the square root (of Cholesky) or iterative realization of conjugate gradient method with preconditioning (PCG)) [3,
18].
In frames of spectral dynamic analysis (in particular for the analysis of wind load pulsation component) or as an
independent problem a partial problem of eigenvalues is solved

[ K ][) ] [: 2 ][ M ][) ] , (3)

where

[) ] [{M }1 !{M } NITER ] ; [: 2 ] diag (Z12 , !Z NITER

2
). (4)

The subspace iteration method and Lanczos decomposition method are chosen and optimized as basic [3, 11].
These methods today are believed to be the most advanced approaches to solving the generalized partial problem of
eigenvalues. The authors experience of carrying out multiple computational experiments realized also for the
systems with multiple frequencies and for the ill-conditioned ones allows concluding about the reliability and high
efficiency of the methods used for justifying calculations of an object. It should be noted, that for the tasks of high
calculation dimension the Lanczos decomposition method has substantial advantages from the perspective of the
speed of estimating the given quantity of frequencies and forms of natural frequencies.

3. Development and verification of finite element models of the object

Basing on the files of the research activity customer in the form of AutoCAD and the set of drawings in the
software ANSYS verified in the system of the Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences [1-3], a
design shell-beam finite element model (FE model) of a building was constructed (Fig. 1). For modelling the
foundation slabs, the slabs of floor and bearing walls triangular and quadrangle in the plan shell finite elements with
the constant width (of the type BEAM188). The sufficiently detailed finite element grid on the lower plate of the
foundation was associated with the zones of pile fields. In frames of mathematical model of the subsystem soil
mass (a model of Yu.K. Zaretsky) in the process of calculation the recommendations of the corresponding report of
the Research Institute of Bases and Underground Structures named after N.M. Gersevanov were taken into account.
98 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102

According to them the piles were modelled by three types of connections of the finite rigidity (by introducing
secondary members of elastic damper COMBIN14), between the piles the justified value of soil bed coefficient was
assumed (in correspondence with static characteristics of soil for the corresponding loads). Then basing on the
design (ideal) model another two models were developed: actual no. 1 finite element model of an object, in
which the deviations of piles from the designed positions were taken into account, that were found out as a result of
investigation; actual no. 2 finite element model of an object, in which the deviations of walls from the designed
positions were taken into account, that were found out as a result of investigation.

Fig. 1. Fragments of finite element models of the object.

In the process of development actual no. 1 model for building automation in the model of piles deviations from
the designed positions the subprograms macroses were developed in the APDL language embedded in ANSYS. The
macrosses read from the corresponding text files the measured deviation values of the top and bottom of the columns
from the designed positions, from the read deviation values the deviation values of the top and bottom of the
 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102 99

columns were subtracted, which were obtained from the calculation of the design model with account of the
phasing of the construction. The obtained values were observed as actual deviations of a pile from the project,
according to these deviation values the position of FE-columns was corrected (updated) and rigid inserts were
introduced for connection of the deviated columns with each other and with the joints of floor slabs. The rigid
inserts were modelled with the help of FE multipoint communication (of MPC184 type).
The deviations of the piles were taken into account as follows: offset was made from the nod of the design
column along the corresponding coordinate axes of the size of the deviation from the project, in the obtained new
point a nod of new, deviated (actual column was created. This procedure was performed for the bottom and for
the top of each column. According to the obtained new nods a new deviated column was created, after that the
design column was deleted. The bottom and the top nods of, correspondently, design and actual column were
connected by rigid inserts. Such inserts were modeled with the help of FE multipoint communication (of MPC184
type).
In the process of actual no. 2 model development for estimation of the influence of the measured eccentricities
the sampling statistical calculation and the checking of the walls reinforcement from the point of differences from
the corresponding results for the design model was made. In order to carry out such investigations four
characteristic stories were selected, on which the peaks in the measured deviations from the design positions of the
corresponding structures were observed. Also it was supposed, that each area of the wall should be flat, but it can be
turned or inclined to the horizon. It can be explained by the fact that in case of fractures in the finite element model
of the wall unpredictable effects may appear at choosing the reinforcement. The sections of the wall were assigned
according to the project. In this regard the measure results provided by the customer were first processed so that for
each wall only three deviations were left, which were maximal in value among all the measures on the given wall.
The deviations of the wall tops agreed with the measured values and were applied to the corners of the alls near the
top slab. In order to provide the proper wall inclinations, the lower contour was set as mirroring the upper one, but
moved at the maximal value, which can be observed in the provided measures. Therefore the stated goal was
achieved: the walls remained flat and the worst (according to system sensitivity) variant of the wall angle of
deflection was taken into account. The upper and lower joints, which corresponded to the design and actual wall
position were connected be rigid inserts.
The calculation dimensions of ANSYS-models was: design 186,3 thousands of joints (1100,5 thousand of
degrees of freedom), 232,2 thousands of finite elements, actual no. 1 190,5 thousands of joints (1100,6
thousands of degrees of freedom), 233,0 thousands of finite elements, actual no. 2 188,2 thousands of joints
(1100,5 thousand of degrees of freedom), 234,1 thousands of finite elements. The specified models properly and
adequately represented the geometrical, rigid and inertia characteristics of the structures and foundation of the
considered high-rise building [4, 5, 17].
In frames of verification of finite element models the natural frequencies and vibrational modes of the considered
system were estimated (for design and actual no. 1 models), which means almost most informative test tasks
were solved, which, from the one hand, integrate many factors and parameters of the design models, and, from the
other, allow detecting their difference. Thus determined natural frequencies and vibration modes of the building
were expectable characteristic (for the objects of a similar type) in quality and quantity senses (in terms of natural
frequencies spectrum and systemic forms), which allowed making a conclusion on the correctness and adequacy of
the created finite element models to the design variant of the building (actual no. 1 model is dynamically
equivalent to the design one).

4. Allowance for the phasing of the construction (phasing of erection)

In frames
of the investigations multivariant geometrically nonlinear calculations were made, which account for great
displacements and phasing (consequence) of constructing (erecting) and loading of an object (with memorizing
geometrical positions of constructions in the process of constructing each storey (part) of a building) [17-23].
Decomposition of the corresponding rigidity matrix at each step is implemented using the mentioned scheme
SPARSE.
100 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102

In order to simulate the construction process of a building, first of all, the stages of construction should be
revealed, which means determining the group of finite elements corresponding to the constructed fragments of the
building frame. The main stages of simulating the process of building construction are enumerated below.
Step 1. The so-called rigidity zeroing of all the finite elements (the procedure of death of elements) excepting
the piles, foundation slab and the 3rd floor; strengthening of all the joints, which dont belong to the elements of the
enumerated floors according to all the degrees of freedom; the following estimation of stress-strain state;
Step 2. Setting the former rigidity for all the finite elements (procedure of birth of elements) of the 2nd floor;
removing the joints locking, belonging to the elements of the 2nd floor at all the degrees of freedom; the following
of stress-strain state.

Step 58. Setting the former rigidity for all the finite elements (procedure of birth of elements) of the 54th floor;
removing the joints locking, belonging to the elements of the 54th floor at all the degrees of freedom; the following
of stress-strain state.
The stepwise calculation is carried out for the target value of dead load. After completion of construction stage
the following stages were implemented: addition of design load from the facades; addition of the design constant
loads; addition of the forces from the corona; addition of the design temporary loads; addition of the design wind
load; addition of the design snow load.
It should be explained, that locking of joints, which dont belong to the elements animated according to the
scheme described above, was made in order to fix the elements of the building structures on the design levels for
account of the teal construction process (the so-called bringing the slabs to the design levels).

5. Setting external loads

The following design loads were taken into account: the dead load, load from the facades, constant loads,
temporary loads, wind load (the values of which were applied in correspondence with the results of the experiment
in the wind tunnel; according to the recommendations of the Central Research Institute of Building Constructions
named after V.A. Kucherenko different calculated wind directions were observed), loads from corona, snow load.
The constant, temporary, snow and wind loads were combined in the calculation combinations (three different load
combinations were considered as the main calculated ones) and applied simultaneously on the last step of the
stepwise calculation.

6. Calculations and analysis of the results.

On the first calculation step the design building model on the pile foundation was observed in order to
determine the actual deflections of the piles and walls from the corresponding designed positions (the calculation
was conducted with account of the phasing of construction. Comparison of the results for the design one with the
results of the corresponding field measurements allowed concluding, that the given results have similar (close) trend
in quality and quantity of the building height, provided that the importance of the phasing factor of construction and
loading was conformed [18-21].
On the following stages the multivariant calculations of the stress-strain state and reliability of the space system
of the bearing building structures at the specified main load combinations were conducted basing on design and
actual finite element models. The comparative analysis of the corresponding results revealed the slight
sensitivity of the stress-strain state parameters, which predetermine the reliability of the bearing structures (piles,
columns and walls), to the considered deviations of the columns and walls from the designed positions, detected as a
result of the investigations. It was established, that the design reinforcement of the piles and walls (here the
programs OM Snip Zhelezobeton [24] and ARBAT [25-28] included in the system SCAD Office were used)
generally possesses an essential reserve compared to the corresponding design parameters for design and actual
models.
Basing on the results of the investigations the authors made a conclusion on the correspondence of the design
parameters of the stress-strain state and reliability of the bearing structures of a high-rise building to the specified
 Alexander M. Belostotsky et al. / Procedia Engineering 153 (2016) 95 102 101

criteria of stability and deformability at set actual deviations of the reinforced concrete structures from the designed
positions, detected as a result of field measurements (account for eccentricities and vertical deviations [27, 28].
The obtained results of the mathematical simulation of a building static displacements, natural frequencies and
vibration modes may ( and as authors believe, should) be used at developing and implementing the program and
methods of monitoring the state of the foundation and bearing structures of a building on all the stages of its
operating life [1].

Acknowledgements

The Reported study was Funded by Government Program of the Russian Federation Development of science
and technology (2013-2020) within Program of Fundamental Researches of Ministry of Construction, Housing and
Utilities of the Russian Federation and Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences, the Research
Projects 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.

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