FORMULAE A N D GRAPHS OF ELASTIC STRESSES FOR

DESIGN A N D ANALYSIS OF U-SHAPED BELLOWS

P. JANZEN
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River,
Ontario KOJ IJO, Canada

(Received: 10 September, 1978)

ABSTRACT

This paper presents equations describing the meridional and circumferential elastic
stress levels at the root and crown due to external pressure and axial deflection of U-
shaped bellows. The derivation is based on a statistical analysis of selectdd bellows
configurations. The mathematical formulations and various graphical repre-
sentations are proposed as aids to bellows design and analysis.

NOMENCLATURE

d Convolution depth.
E Young's Modulus.
F Correction factor, including sign, as a function of
geometric variables.
K Axial spring rate.
1 Convoluted length = 2no(re + rr).
nc Number of convolutions.
np Number of plies.
P External pressure.
rc, rr Torus radius at crown and root.
ri Internal radius.
rm ri + d/2.
S Stress.
So,, Si~ Outer and inner surface stress.
s.,s~ Membrane and bending stress component.
s.~,s... Membrane stress at crown and root.
t Ply thickness.
407
Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 0308-0161/79/0007-0407/$02-25 AppliedSciencePublishersLtd, England, 1979.
Printed in Great Britain
408 P. JANZEN

fll Statistically determined exponents.

A Bellows total axial deflection.
p X//~l -- v 2) rcr,/r.~t.

INTRODUCTION

Although bellows have numerous applications, from large low pressure expansion
joints in air ducts to small high pressure bellows stem seals in valves, little
information on design or analysis of bellows can be found in the published literature.
The information which is available is based on approximate solutions which
frequently result in unacceptable discrepancies.
This paper derives equations describing the spring constant and the meridional
and circumferential elastic stress levels at the root and crown of U-shaped bellows
due to pressurisation and axial deflection. The derivation is based on a statistical
analysis of theoretical data obtained from a finite element analysis of selected
bellows configurations. This approach yields a formulation which is more accurate
than available aids to bellows design and analysis, is simpler to use and permits
quick estimation of effects of changes in relevant geometric variables. Mathematical
formulations and various graphical representations are included.
Although convolution shapes are far from standardised, for the purpose of this
study an idealised axisymmetric U-shaped convolution with uniform material
properties and thickness will be adopted as the reference configuration. Poisson's
ratio has been assumed as 0.3. The physical parameters describing this shape are the
internal radius, ri, depth of convolution, d, root and crown torus radius, r~ and r,,
and thickness, t (Fig. I).

CONVOLUTION
PITCH
r c CROWN
TORUS
RAOiUS
t PLY THICKNESS

CONVOLUTION
DEPTH, d
: (O0-10)
2

(OO-IO)
f
I ROOT !HUDT
I
\
ro : 2
ID
rr: ROOT ri= T
TORUS
RADIUS

OO - OUTER DIAMETER
IO - iNNER OiABETER

Fig. 1. Bellows nomenclature.

 ELASTIC STRESSES FOR DESIGN OF U-SHAPED BELLOWS 409

STRESS ANALYSIS

Theoretical analyses of stress states in thin shells generally assume a linear strain
variation with distance normal to the neutral surface. In bellows convolutions, the
ratio of torus radius to thickness can be small enough to yield a significantly non-
linear meridional strain distribution at root and crown. However, due to the large
thickness ratio, r/t, in the circumferential direction, its stress distribution due to
loading is practically linear.
Typical surface stress distributions obtained from the finite element analysis are
depicted in Figs. 2 and 3.

'''. X O~lTSiOt M(RIOIONAL. ~10~JTSIOE CIRCUIdFER

"'. X INSlO~ CIII~UIMFER ~ iNSIDE M~RIOtONAL
20O0

*OCO

o
O.

,e,-"" , ' "".

i'
IGIIg

. i , t~" ROOT SPAN ~ I C~OWNl

t.!~ l I1- t . . ~TI 1. . . . . . . . . 1
O0 O.S l.O 15 l.O 25 lo ~,s 4o 4
CENTRELINE DISTANCE ( r a m )

Fig. 2. Typical bellows stress distribution due to axial compression of 1 mm per convolution.

It will be assumed that the resultant meridional stress level at 4) = 0 characterises

the bellows performance capability. A non-rotatable 'central composite' design of
experiment in the five geometric variables and for/~ < 2.5 was used to generate the
surface stress data.
Estimates of membrane and bending stresses were derived from:

Sos + Sis Sos - Sis

s,. - ~ , sb - 2 (l)

In view of the non-linear stress distribution, Smand Sb in the meridional direction are
fictitious quantities. The circumferential components, however, should be accurate
estimates.
Dimensionless ratios:
Ya = rc/ri, Yn = rr/ri, Yc = d/ri, Yr. = t/ri (2)
simplify the expressions for stress functions. A multiple linear regression analysis
410 P. JANZEN

200 I OUTSIDIE M~RICJION&L ~ OUTSrlt~ cI~rCuMFER

i INSIDE ClRCUMFER h'~/~IOE MERIOIONAL.

.. ..... ..

5O ".%%% 'o . ,,

"o " . %. |.
.
. . . . . . . .
.
iiiiiiiilt
5O

O,O 0.~ P.0 I.S 2.0 Z.5 ~.O 3.S 4.0 4.5
CENTRFLINE DISTANCE (ram)

Fig. 3. Typical bellows stress distribution due to external pressure of 1 M P a .

using the least squares method is employed to obtain the exponents ill,
i = 0, 1. . . . . 4, and coefficients of the correction factor Fin the mathematical models
for the stress functions
Axial deflection:
ncriS lS
EA - (YA + Yn)EA - (3)
External pressure:
nvS yP2y/h vP,
F eyP,
--A P
~B "o
C'E
P
Axial spring rate:
n~K IK
2nriE 2rtr~(YA + Y s ) E

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The regression analysis according to simplified models, F = 1, yielded the results in

Table l(a) and (b). These models exhibit acceptable fit for most applications and
indicate the effect of changes in the various geometrical parameters
Consider a unit axial deflection per convolution or unit pressure applied to the
bellows
(1) All meridional stress components and circumferential bending stress
components are practically independent of r~.
(2) The circumferential membrane stress components due to axial compression
are approximately inversely proportional to r~.
 ELASTIC STRESSES FOR DESIGN OF U-SHAPED BELLOWS 411

T A B L E l(a)
EXPONENTS IN MERIDIONALSTRESS COMPONENTSAND AXIAL SPRING RATE

Stress Component Location flo fll f12 f13 f14

Crown - 1.160 - 1.082 -0.006 - 1.980 2-033
Membrane
Axial Root - 1-063 -0.032 - 1.100 - 1-932 2.053
compression Crown -0.879 -0.490 -0.018 - 1.699 1-082
Bending
Root -0.818 -0.029 -0.548 -1-655 1.111
Crown -0.781 -0.582 -0-020 1.462 -0.918
Membrane
Root - 1.036 -0.038 -0.626 1.636 -0.988
Actual
External membrane* Root - 0.826 - 0.068 - 0.044 I. ! 12 - 1.050
pressure
Crown - 1.878 -0.531 0.028 2.255 - 1.901
Bending
Root - 1.760 0.019 -0.519 2-353 - 1.926

Axial spring rate -0.850 -0.028 -0.001 -2.620 2.896

* Actual m e m b r a n e stress at crown due to external pressure:

p 2 //Yr(I + Yc)}

T A B L E l(b)
EXPONENTS IN CIRCUMFERENTIALSTRESSCOMPONENTS

Stress Component Location flo fll f12 f13 f14

Crown - 1.647 1.636 0.452 - 1.624 -0-430
Membrane
Axial Root -0.702 0.299 0.746 - 1.604 0.334
compression
Crown - 2.143 - 0.496 - 0.026 - 1.697 1.086
Bending
Root -2.096 -0.029 -0.561 -1-655 1.112
Crown 1-566 0.099 0.509 - 1.139 -0.425
Membrane
External Root 1-538 0.188 0.478 -0.899 -0.566
pressure Crown -3.091 -0.534 0.031 2.243 - 1.891
Bending
Root -2.954 0.025 -0.522 2.333 - 1.912

(3) Under external pressure the circumferential membrane stress components

are approximately proportional to rv
(4) All bending stress components at root and crown decrease for respective
increases in torus radius.
(5) A change in root torus radius has little effect on bending stresses and
meridional membrane stresses at the crown, and vice versa.
(6) Convolution d e p t h is t h e m o s t i n f l u e n t i a l p a r a m e t e r , c l o s e l y f o l l o w e d by
thickness. An increase in d or t results in a decrease and increase,
respectively, of bending stress components and meridional membrane stress
components.
 412 P. J A N Z E N

(7) A x i a l s p r i n g r a t e is a p p r o x i m a t e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l to i n n e r r a d i u s and
p r a c t i c a l l y i n d e p e n d e n t o f t o r u s radii.

S h o u l d m o r e a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e s o f stress t h a n t h o s e g i v e n by t h e simplified m o d e l s
be d e s i r e d , T a b l e 2(a) to (d) p r e s e n t s f o r m u l a e f o r t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r , F, w h i c h
i n c l u d e s t h e sign o f t h e stress c o m p o n e n t .
S o m e a p p l i c a t i o n s r e q u i r e a n a c c u r a t e e s t i m a t e o f m e r i d i o n a l m e m b r a n e stresses
to o b t a i n r e a c t i v e forces. F o r a x i a l d e f l e c t i o n t h e a x i a l s p r i n g r a t e is a p p r o p r i a t e .
T a b l e l ( a ) a l s o i n c l u d e s a n a p p r o p r i a t e f o r m u l a f o r t h e effect o f e x t e r n a l pressure.
E x c e p t for several low m a g n i t u d e c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l stress c o m p o n e n t s , t h e
c a l c u l a t e d stresses a g r e e d w i t h the finite e l e m e n t results f o r the selected
c o n f i g u r a t i o n s t o w i t h i n a m a x i m u m o f 5 p e r cent.
G r a p h s o f m e r i d i o n a l stress c o m p o n e n t s for t h e d e s i g n a n d a n a l y s i s o f b e l l o w s are
s h o w n in Figs. 4 a n d 5.

TABLE 2(a)
FORMULAE FOR CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR MERIDIONAL STRF.C~ed~_~DUE TO AXIAL COMPRESSION AND AXIAL
SPRING RATE. SIGNS OF BENDING STRESS COMPONENTS ARE FOR OUTER SURFACE

1. Membrane Stress at Crown:

F = -exp[0.711 x 10 -1 -0.130 x IO(YE/Yc) -- 0.451 102(yAY~)
+ 0.297 x IO-2(YE/Y~) + 0.344(Y]/yr) + 0.363 x IO(Y~/Yc)
+ 0.188 x IO-t(Y2/YE) - 0"207(YAYc/YE) -- 0'340 X IO-2(Ys/YaYc)].
2. Membrane Stress at Root:
F = -exp[0.364 x 10 -1 + 0.139 x 10-3(Yc/YA2) -0.104 x 102(V~Yc)
+ 0.566(r2/vB) + 0.571(r2/ye) + 0.318 x l O - l ( y 2 / r E )
0.326(VBVc/Vr) - 0.256 x lO-t(Yr/yByc)].
-

3. Bending Stress at Crown:

F = exp [0-257 - 0.435 x 10-2(I/YA) + 0"820 X IO(YAYc)
+ 0"264 x IO-1(YA/yE) -- 0.454(YJyA) -- 0"173 X IO-*(1/YcYr)
- 0"753 x IO-2(Ya/Y~) + 0.596(y2/yB) - 0.677(y2/yE)
+ 0.227 x IO(y2/Yc) + 0.141 x IO-S(I/Y~Yc) - 0.180 x I03(YAYcYE)
-- O'107(YAYc/Ye) + 0.141 x IO-3(Yc/YAYs)].
4. Bending Stress at Root:
F = -exp[0.281 - 0.639 x 10-2(I/YB) - 0.499 x lO-2(l/Yc)
+ 0.391 x IO-I(YB/YE) -- 0'211 X IO(YJYc) -- 0'949 x 103(YAY2)
- 0"920 x 10(YArc2) - 0.703 x 104(YAY2r) + 0"696 X I O - * ( Y c / Y 2)
+ 0.185 x 102(ya2/Yc) - 0.143 x IO(y2/yr) + 0'201 x l O - 5 ( l / y 2 r c )
+ 0.161 x I03(yAYnYc) + 0"364 x IO'(YAYBY D - 0"623 x lO-a(Yn/ycye)].
5. Axial Spring Rate:
F = exp[-0.185 + 0.257 x 10-*(l/Y~a)
+ 0.558 x I O - 2 ( Y J Y 2) + 0"417(YAyB/yr) ].
 E L A S T I C STRESSES F O R D E S I G N O F U - S H A P E D B E L L O W S 413

T A B L E 2(b)
FORMULAE FOR CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR MERIDIONAL STRESSES DUE TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE. SIGNS OF
BENDING STRESS COMPONENTS ARE FOR OUTER SURFACE

1. M e m b r a n e Stress at C r o w n :

F= -exp[-0-345 + 0.870 x IO-I(Yc/YA) - 0.727 x IO-2(YB/Y 2)

- 0.397 x IO-3(Yc/Y~) + 0.129 x IO(Y2/Y2c) - 0.662 x lO-2(YnYc/YZa)
+ 0.169 x IO-6(YB/YaY~) - 0.258 x IO-t(YcYE/Y~) + 0.121 x IO3(YaY~Yc)
- O'142(ysy2/y~) + 0.187 x IO-3(YE/Y~Yc)].
2. M e m b r a n e Stress at R o o t :

F = exp [ - 0 . 7 8 2 x 10 - 2 - O.190(YE/Y2c) + 0.638 1 0 - t ( Y ~ / Y E )

- 0.126 IO-S(1/y2yc) + 0.104 IO(y2/y~) - 0.998 x IO-3(Y2/Y24)
+ 0.295 x IO-2(Y~/Y 2) + 0.927 x IO-t(1/Y~Y~) + 0.215
x I O - 2 ( Y J Y . Y c ) - 0'672 x IO-t(YBY2/YA) + 0-213 x IO3(Y~YBYc)
- 0.338 x IO(Y~Ys/YE) - 0.170 IO-2(Y2/YnYE) + 0.143

x IO-3(Y~/YaYE) - 0.189 x IO-x(YnYc/YAYE)].

3. B e n d i n g Stress at C r o w n :

F= exp [0.596 x 10 - j - 0"245 x 10-*(I/Y,~) + 0"167 x 102(YaYc)

+ 0"205 x IO-'*(Y2c/Y2) + 0 - 1 9 0 x I O - 7 ( I / Y ] Y 2) - 0 " 3 9 4 x IO(YsYE/Ya)
- 0.226 x lO(y2rc/Vs) - 0.226 x IO(Y~Yc/YE) - 0-160 x IO(y2y~/YA)].

4. B e n d i n g Stress at R o o t :

F = e x p [ 0 . 1 1 7 + 0.268 x 10(Ys) + 0.151 103(YBYE)

- 0.304 x lO'*(Yar 2) - O.I03(YE/y 2) - 0.250 x I O - ' ( Y ~ / Y B2)
-0-371 IO(YAYE/Ya)-O.131 x IO-'(YE/YAYc) + O.II8
x
x IOa(YAYBY~) -- 0.337 x IO3(yAy2/yc) - 0"260 x l O - S ( r c / r ~ r . )
+ 0.106 x l O - 7 ( l / Y A r 2 Y c ) - 0.278 x IO(y2c/Y~)].

T A B L E 2(c)
FORMULAE FOR CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESSES DUE TO AXIAL COMPRF_.SSION. SIGNS
OF BENDING STRESS COMPONENTS ARE FOR OUTER SURFACE

1. M e m b r a n e Stress at C r o w n :

F= [0-139 + 0.280 x l O - l ( l / Y n ) - 0.765 x IO-I(YB/Ye)

- 0.182 x I02(yaYc) - 0.570 x lO-4(1/YsYr) + 0-104 x 1 0 2 ( y a Y c2)
+ 0.375 x IO(Y~/Ya) - 0.278 x IO-S(I/Y]YB) - 0.916
x IO-~(Y~,/Y~YB)+0.991 x IO-6(1/YaYnYe)].
2, M e m b r a n e Stress at R o o t :

F = - 1.00.

3. B e n d i n g Stress at C r o w n :

F= lO-l(Ya/Ys)
e x p [ 0 . 3 1 8 - 0.679 x 1 0 - 2 ( 1 / Y a ) + 0.673 x
- 0.176 lO(YdYc) - 0"465(Y2a/YE) + 0.240 x 10(Y2/Yc)
- 0.918 x IO-2(Y~/YE) + 0.135 x 10-5(l/Y2aYc) + 0-428
lO-'(YdY~r~)].
 414 P. J A N Z E N

TABLE 2(c)--cored.

4. B e n d i n g Stress at R o o t :

F=-exp[-0.628 x l0 I-0.320 l0 l(l/Yc)+0.182 x 102(yAYB)

+ OIOI(YB/YE) - 0.925 x l O a ( Y A r s2) - 0.100 x IOS(YAY~.)
+ 0.951 x IO-2(yA/Y~) - 0.806 x IO-*(YB/Y 2) - 0.226
x l O - 3 ( Y c / Y ~ ) + 0 . 4 0 7 x 10-7(l/Yc Y 2 ) - 0 . 4 5 3 x 103(y2aYe)
+ 0-142 x IO(y2/yA) + 0.176 x I02(y2/Yc) - 0.201 x IO(Y~/Ye)
+ 0-112 x IOJ(YAYaYc) + 0'436 104(YAYaYe) + 0'199
x lO-t(YE/YnVc)+O.131 x IO-5(I/YAYBYc)].

T A B L E 2(d)
FORMULAE FOR CORRECTION FACTOR F FOR CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESSES DUE TO EXTERNAL PRESSURE. SIGNS
OF BENDING STRESS COMPONENTS ARE FOR OUTER SURFACE

1. M e m b r a n e Stress at C r o w n :

F= -[-0.175 x 10+0.521 x 102(YA)+O. 128(I/Yc)--O.160 x 10-~(1/YE)

+ 0.145 x 10(Yc2) + 0.33l(Yc/Ye) + 0.448 IO(Y~/Yr)
- 0.393 x IO-2(Y~/Y~) + 0,354 IO3(yAYnYc) - 0.534 x IO(YAYc/YE)
-- 0.111 x 102(YAYr/Y z) + 0.936 x IO-2(YsYc/Y~) + 0.236
x IO-~(Yc/YnY~) + 0.374 x IO-~(YB/Y~Y~) -- 0.230 x l O * ( r 2 Y d r c )
- 0.296(Y~/YcYE) - 0-543 x IO-2(Y2/YAY~) ].

2, M e m b r a n e Stress at R o o t :

F= -[-0,471 x l0 + 0.113 x 1 0 2 ( Y c ) + 0.922 x lO-2(l/Yn)

+ O.191(Yc/Y D + 0.575 x 102(YdYc) + 0.200 x IO-2(Yc/Y~)
- O.345(Y~/Ya) - 0,729(Y~/Ye) - 0 - 1 3 4 ( y 2 / y 2 )
- 0.228 IO-2(Y~./Y 2) + 0.757 x IO-I(yS/YAYc) -- 0'449
X IO-2(FB/YAY~)+0"183 X IO-S(YB/FA r2) + 0 ' 3 6 1 X l O - t ( Y r / Y s V 2)
-- 0"260 x IO-*(YA/Y~YE) -- 0'519 x IO-2(YJY2aYc)
+ 0.551 x IO-'(YYc/YsYE) - 0-346 x I03(y2/Y~)].
3. B e n d i n g Stress at C r o w n :

F= exp[0.461 0.105 x 1 0 - 4 ( I / Y A2) + 0.650 x 102(Y,~Yc)

x 10 - 2 -
- 0.249 x IOa(YcYe) - 0.943(Y2/YA) + O. I04(Y4Yc/Y~)
+ 0"674(YBYr/Y~) - 0 ' 8 6 9 x I O - 6 ( y c / Y A Y 2) + 0.234 x IO(YaY~/Yr)
+ 0.325 x 103(YcY2/YB) -- 0.664 x IO(y2Yc/Ye)I .
4. B e n d i n g Stress at R o o t :

F= exp[-0.124 x 10 -1 + 0 . 6 7 4 x 10(Ys) + 0 - 1 5 3 x IO-t(Yc/YB)

- 0.468 x IO-'(Y2/Y~) + O.151 x l O 3 ( r 2 Y c2) - 0-574 x IO'*(YaYcY~)
- 0.390 x IO(YBYe/Y~) - 0.559 x l O - ' ( Y c r e / y ~ ) - 0.341 x IO(YBYc/Yr) I.
 I I r ~ f l I o.o~ { I I ~ J I I o.~
" ~ 0.075
0.10
O
O.L :).125
0.1'

i 0 -I ~
J.s I.s
~T ~T
i

! 0 ~
~3

d,

I 0:

I I I I I J I I
,0~ .$08 .012 .016 .~20 .~2q .028 .;J32 .$(~1 .$08 .$12 .916 .~ .(]~ .~]~lJ .0F
t-'
YE v[

(a) M e m b r a n e stress: YA = Ys = 0-04. (b) Bending stress: YA = YB = 0.1)4.

Fig. 4. Compressive meridional m e m b r a n e and outer surface bending stress c o m p o n e n t s at convolution roots due to axial compression.

L,n
 Z
N
Z

0.000 .0~ .008 .012 .01G .020 .32~ ,0Gt8 ,032 0.000 ,0Oq .398 ,012 ,016 .~20 .02~ .028 .032
~t vl

(c) M e m b r a n e stress: YA = YB = 0.06. (d) B e n d i n g stress: YA = Ya = 0.06.

Fig. 4--contd.
 I ) l I ) I I I t'rI
t t I t l__.____J_.. I t

I0o ~ /
'i o 95

o
is ;0
AE

I0" 0.~0
8,

L t' '")~:; f f l i f r
3.000 ,O0~ .008 ,012 ,316 .020 .02q .028 .0~2 0.990 .0~ .l~'~ .012 .016 .~20 .~ .0~8 ,032
vt vt t"
(e) M e m b r a n e stress: Y,~ = Ya = 0-08. (f) B e n d i n g s t r e s s : ,4 = YB = 0.08.
t~

Fig. 4--contd.

)=,,,,
41 $ p. J A ~ Z ~

h]i~i r r f ~r[IpF i , I ~ir[re ~ ~ I hlllf i

~ ~ ~ ~ ~,.

ii, f I r ~ f l , ~ P,,,,~ i ~ i ~lrrl,r I ,

A ~ iJJJl, J , l HlJJJl , , J,,,,J i J

 m
t"

-]

,-1

7e
o

~h

~t~
J i 1 i i "h i'--l =
o.ooo .o4 .oell .ol1 .olr, .ozo .u2,l .o111 .o~z o.ooG .oo4 .Qo$ .o12 .ol6 .ozo .o14 .o18 .os~/
vl vt
t"
(a) M e m b r a n e stress: YA = YB = 0.04. (b) Bending stress: YA = YB ~ 0.04. o

Fig. 5. Tensile meridional membrane and outer surface bending stress components at convolution roots due to external pressure.

~D
 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I

10 3

~l 02

10 ~
nws
i
ID
.p$

10'
I0
Z
N
\ Z

10'
!!:
]0'

o,o0o .oo4 .o08

I
,o12
]
.oi~
vt
I
.o/u
I
.024
I
.o21
!! I
.o~2
10-
o.o0o
t
.ool
l"
.o08 .o~2 .ol6
YE
.o/o .014 ,o2s ,o12

(c) M e m b r a n e stress: YA = YB = 0.06. (d) B e n d i n g stress: YA = YB = 0"06.

Fig. 5--contd.
 I I 1 I I I I I I ]0 ~ [ 1 ~ I I ] I

-]
I0 ~

0
,0,

0Z
O
I0'

,075

10 t~
I 0"
i I I I I J I 1 l I l l o.o,)
o.ooo .oo4 .~*oe .Ol2 .olb .o~1 .o24 .ozJ .o)1 0.000 .004 .ooll .012 .01~ .o2o .024 .0211 .0~2
v!

(e) Membrane stress: YA = YB = 0.08. O

(f) Bending stress: YA = YB = 0-08

Fig. 5--contd.

to
 I I I I I I I -1 I I ------2..._ I t I I I

t
P
I0'

Z
N
11
7'

I0"
1 I I I 1 I I : 1 -_.1
o.o~ .oo4 .ool .oll .ol6 .ols .ol4 ,O;HI .031
o.~ .~ .ooe .ol2 .ol4 .olo .o24 .o1| .o32
v!
v!

(g) M e m b r a n e stress: YA = Ys = 0-10. (hi B e n d i n g stress: YA = ge = 0-10.

Fig. 5--contd.
 ELASTICSTRESSES FOR DESIGN OF U-SHAPEDBELLOWS 423

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The finite element computer program used in this study was developed by R. Shill of
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River.