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Moustafa S. Moussa
2.1 INTRODUCTION 1
REFERENCES 24
APPENDICES 25
The effect of the exposures to chemical substances, dust-laden and noise are
discussed further.
A summary of some of the most common dust and foams and their effect on human
health is presented in table 2.7 (3).
Chemical
Substance Emission Action Toxic Effect
Process
Carbon 3 Narcotic, Contact with skin can cause
disulphide hemolytic, severe pain and damage
neurotoxic Contact for more than a few
minutes can cause second
degree burns. Inhalation of
100-1000ppm can cause
fatigue, vomiting, headaches
and constipation. Lethal dose
around l0ml. 150ppm in air is
dangerous.
Carbon 3 Reduces blood Dizziness, weakness,
monoxide oxygen-carrying headache. Concentrations
capacity. above 1000ppm can be fatal
within 1 hour.
Hydrogen 3 Irritant and Violent headache, muscular
sulphide narcotic weakness and feeble pulse.
TLV 50ppm.
Kerosene 3 3 Nausea, vomiting, coughing,
leading to respiratory
paralysis.
Nitrogen 3 Sever irritation of eyes and
oxides respiratory tract. High
oncentrations can cause
immediate asphyxia.
Sulphur oxides 3 Irritant Inhalation of low
concentrations causes rhinitis
and burning pain in chest.
Particulates 3 Irritant Irritation of respiratory system.
Fever and coughing are
frequent symptoms.
2.5.3 NOISE
At birth the inner ear is fully developed and has its full
complement of hair cells, supporting cells and nerve
fibers. Unlike most other tissues in the body, mammalian
hair cells and nerve fibers do not regenerate when
damaged. The response of the human ear to sound
depends both on the sound frequency
Noise can cause hearing impairment, interfere with communication, disturb sleep,
cause cardiovascular and psycho-physiological effects, reduce performance, and
provoke annoyance responses and changes in social behavior. The main social
consequence of hearing impairment is the inability to understand speech in normal
conditions, which is considered a severe social handicap.
• It is 10 times less expensive (unit cost per decibel reduction) to make noise-
generating processes quieter than to make a barrier to screen the noise
COD/ Color
Water Usage (L/kg) BOD COD TSS O&G Phenol Chromium Sulfide
Subcategory BOD APHA
Min. Mod. Max. (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (mg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) (µg/L) Units
1. Wool scouring 4.2 11.7 77.6 2,270 7,030 3.1 3,310 580 ID ID ID ID
2. Wool finishing 110. 283.6 657.2 170 590 3.5 60 ID ID ID ID ID
9
3. Low water use 0.8 9.2 140.1 293 692 2.4 ID ID ID ID ID ID
Processing
4. Woven fabric finishing
a. Simple processing 12.5 78.4 275.2 270 900 3.3 60 70 50 40 70 800
b. Complex processing 10.8 86.7 276.9 350 1,060 3.0 110 45 55 110 100 ID
c. Complex processing 5.0 113.4 507.9 420 1,240 3.0 155 70 145 1,100 ID ID
plus desizing
5. Knit fabric finishing
a. Simple processing 8.3 135.9 392.8 210 870 4.1 55 85 110 80 55 400
b. Complex processing 20.0 83.4 377.8 270 790 2.9 60 50 100 80 150 750
c. Hosiery processing 5.8 69.2 289.4 320 1,370 4.5 80 100 60 80 560 450
6. Carpet finishing 8.3 46.7 162.6 440 1,190 2.7 65 20 130 30 180 490
7. Stock and yam 3.3 100.1 557.1 180 680 3.77 40 20 170 100 200 570
finishing
8. Nonwoven finishing 2.5 40.0 82.6 180 2,360 13.1 80 ID ID ID ID ID
9. Felted fabric finishing 33.4 212.7 930.7 200 550 2.75 120 30 580 ID ID ID
Water Usage (L/kg) BOD COD TSS O&G Phenol Chromium Sulfide
Subcategory
Min. Mod. Max. (Kg/ ton) (Kg/ ton) (Kg/ ton) (Kg/ ton) (g/ ton) (g/ ton) (g/ ton)
1. Wool scouring 4.2 11.7 77.6 41.8 1289 43.1 10.3 ID ID ID
2. Wool finishing 110. 283.6 657.2 59.8 204.8 17.2 ID ID ID ID
9
3. Low water use 0.8 9.2 140.1 2.3 14.5 1.6 ID ID ID ID
Processing
4. Woven fabric finishing
a. Simple processing 12.5 78.4 275.2 22.6 92.4 8.0 9.1 8.2 4.3 7.6
b. Complex processing 10.8 86.7 276.9 32.7 110.6 9.6 3.8 7.7 2.6 12.5
c. Complex processing 5.0 113.4 507.9 45.1 122.6 14.8 4.1 13.1 20.9 ID
plus desizing
5. Knit fabric finishing
a. Simple processing 8.3 135.9 392.8 27.7 81.1 6.3 4.0 8.7 7.8 13.0
b. Complex processing 20.0 83.4 377.8 22.1 115.4 6.9 3.5 12.0 4.7 14.0
c. Hosiery processing 5.8 69.2 289.4 26.4 89.4 6.7 6.6 4.2 6.4 23.8
6. Carpet finishing 8.3 46.7 162.6 25.6 82.3 4.7 1.1 11.3 3.4 9.4
7. Stock and yam 3.3 100.1 557.1 20.7 62.7 4.6 1.6 15.0 12.0 27.8
finishing
8. Nonwoven finishing 2.5 40.0 82.6 6.7 38.4 2.2 ID ID 0.5 ID
9. Felted fabric finishing 33.4 212.7 930.7 70.2 186.0 64.1 11.2 247.4 ID ID
Process
Substance Emission Action Toxic Effect
Chemical
1. Acids
4. Carriers
Non-benzidiniu 3 Non-toxic
m direct
Vat 3 Non-toxic
Benzidinium 3 Carcinogenic