INTRODUCTION

Sugar industry huge amount of wastewater. The generated wastewater must be

treated to reduce the concentration of harmful contaminants and to comply with the
standard given by the government before disposal in the receiving body of water.

Different processes are being employed 'o treat wastewater used for industrial and
activities after discharging and this includes physical, chemical and biological
processes.

The Central Azucarera Don Pedro Inc. produces kilograms of wastewater per batch
operation. This wastewater mostly comes from the manufacturing itself and from
cooling towers and other used water. The generated wastewater needs to be
treated to meet the allowable characteristic of water to be discharged in the
wetlands where they used it for irrigations.

The wastewater treatment of Central Azucarera Don Pedro Inc. involves primary
treatment (AP Lagoons and Bar Screen), secondary treatment (Aeration Pond and
Clarifier), and tertiary treatment (Sand Filter

Tanks) for their 5000 CMD (cubic meter per day) treatment facility while for the
2000 CMD treatment facility, they have primary treatment (Facultative Lagoons and
Screen), secondary treatment (Trickling filter, Aeration basin and Clarifier) and
tertiary treatment (Sand Filter tanks).

COMPNAY PROFILE
Central Azucarera Don Pedro Inc. (CADPI), which is in Batangas, provides the
refined sugar requirements of traders and industrial customers such as
multinational food and beverage and pharmaceutical companies in Luzon.

Roxas Holdings, Inc.

CADPI is a subsidiary company of Roxas Holding, Inc. (RHI) which is the
second largest refiner of sugar in the Philippines. RHI owns and operates the largest
milling operations in the Philippines.
Central Azucarera De La Carlota, Inc.
Aside from CADPI, RHI also has Central Azucarera De La Carlota, Inc. (CACI)
which is based in Negros Occidental where there is substantial sugar activity and
near the port for export. It meets the raw sugar requirements of customers in the
Visayas.

Roxol Bioenergy Corporation

Roxol Bioenergy Corporation is the bioethanol unit of the Roxas Group. A
wholly-owned subsidiary of Roxas Holdings, Inc., the company tapped KBK Chem-
Engineering Pvt. Ltd., an India-bases firm, for the setting up of a turnkey bioethanol
plant, amounting to about Php 1,000,000,000.00, in Negros Occidental.

HISTORY
RHI was established in Nasugbu, Batangas in 1927 as a sugar milling
company and was then known as Central Azucarera Don Pedro. Due to the rising
competition, RHI embarked on an expansion and modernization program which
enabled the company to become an integrated sugar manufacturing company with
a refinery in 1994. In 1998, it acquired majority ownership in CACI.
In 2002, the company commenced a corporate reorganization program to
transform itself into a holding and investment corporation. This resulted in the
integration of its sugar businesses under a single subsidiary known as CADP Group
Corporation (CADPGC).

With this, RHI's primary business became its 89% investment in CADPGC. RHI
and CADPGC were both listed in the Philippine Stock Exchange (PSE) until the Roxas
Group underwent a corporate reorganization in 2008. The goal of the reorganization
is to separate the sugar and real estate businesses of the Group into two PSE-listed
firms.

Thus, only RHI remained as the listed holding company for the sugar-related
businesses, while CADPGC was merged with Roxas & Company, Inc. (RCI), the
Group's parent company. RCI holds the group's real estate interests. This move
eliminated the extra holding company layer for the sugar-related businesses which
reduced the redundancies in the group and improve its efficiency.

PRODUCTS

The Group's principal products are raw and refined sugar in different grades.
Its high
quality standard and premium refined sugar is accredited and preferred by big
industrial

customers. It also produces special granulated sugar, a high quality and finer
refined sugar

required by the manufacturers of powdered juice drinks, infant milk formula, and
pharmaceuticals.

The Group also provides toll or refining services to raw sugar owners at its
Batangas plant. Tolling/refining services involve a process whereby raw sugar is
converted or processed to refined sugar.

Refined (categorized into four types standard, premium, specially-

granulated and super fine) and raw or washed sugar are also being produced by the
Group.
 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Upon determining the characteristic of the wastewater generated from sugar

manufacturing, it has been confirmed that its content contains sort of harmful
contaminants both to the environment and human being. Also, it is a legal
responsibility to cormpy with the government requirements of reaching the
characteristics of ideal wastewater before proper disposal.

The researchers main problem is to design and efficient equipment that aid
the treatment of wastewater that will result to a characteristic that conforms to the
standards set by the government.
 OBJECTIVES

The researchers aim to establish an effective wastewater treatment facility as

part of the whole manufacturing process of sugar of Central Azucarera Don Pedro.
Inc.

Specifically, the researchers aim to meet the following objectives:

1. To design proper and efficient equipment that aid the treatment of

wastewater

2. To reach the desired safest and allowable wastewater characteristics

suitable for discharge in the wetlands.

3. To comply with the legal requirements and standards of the government.

 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The sugar industry is an important consumer of both drinking and industrial

waters used in the refining process. Wastewaters produced have a high organic load
and, initially in the refining process, also have a high particulate load. Thus,
treatment of these wastewaters requires a process that combines mechanical,
chemical, and biological treatment measures. The principle element of the
purification process is based upon the aerobic activated sludge technology with one
or more aeration stages.

The principle factors which determine the ability of the purification process to
remove organic pollutants, and, in that way, the quality of the effluent of the plant,
are the reaction time between the wastewater and the biomass in the aeration tank,
the type and speed of reactions that take place during wastewater treatment, and
the concentration of the contaminants in the wastewater and the biomass in each
moment during the reaction. Thus, for optimal treatment using aerobic activated
sludge treatment, it is important that the inflowing wastewater have certain
characteristics that make it treatable using this technology: namely, the wastewater
must be biologically treatable (biodegradable), contain essential plant nutrients
such as nitrogen and phosphorus (if these two elements are lacking, as in the
wastewater from the sugar industry, they are added as urea and orthophosphate in
the aeration tanks in order to ensure a C:N:P ratio of 100:5:1), be between 7.0 and
8.5 pH units (maintained using

chemical reagents), and free of substances that inhibit the growth of aerobic
microorganisms. In addition, the waste stream should be as constant as possible, in
terms of both quantity and composition, to avoid the shocks that can negatively
influence the purification process and the yield. Aerobic conditions must be
maintained in the reactors (the lack of oxygen results in mineralization of the
biomass), which also keeps the biomass in suspension.

Sugar can be produced from sugarcane or sugar beets. In Europe, sugar is

extracted from sugar beets. The average sugar content of sugar beets is 18%. The
processing of sugar beets is seasonal (campaign operation) and generally takes
place from September to mid-December.

In recent years, the amount of wastewater has been greatly reduced from 18
m3 to approximately 0.8 m3 of sugar beets by water-saving methods
and by extensive sealing of the water circuits. In modem plants the water

derives almost exclusively from the sugar beets themselves (sugar beets

have approx. 0.78 m3 Of fruit water per ton). According to ATV (2004), a

typical sugar factory produces the following wastewater flow fractions.

The most important wastewater components are the high organic

loads derived from the sugar. In contrast. the amounts of nitrogen and

ohosphorous are comparatively low; because growing ecological

awareness has led to a more controlled fertilization of sugar beet fields. the

3rnounts of these pollutants are ever decreasing.

For the treatment of sugar factory wastewater, the following

)rocesses are common