NAME OF SCHOOL : S.M.

K
AMINUDDIN BAKI

NAME OF STUDENT :
KHARTIGESAN NEHRU

TITLE: RESPIRATION

TEACHER NAME : CIK NURUL

FATIHAH BINTI
AHMAD
KHAIDZIR
CLASS: 3 KAMIL

RESPIRATI
ON
HUMAN BREATHING MECHANISM

LIVING THINGS GET THEIR OXYGEN

SUPPLY FROM THE
AIR AROUND THEM.WE BREATHE IN
OXYGEN FOR
RESPIRATION AND BREATHE OUT
CARBON DIOXIDE
AND WATER VAPOUR PRODUCED DURING
RESPIRATION.

1.1 HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

NASAL CAVITY
SPACE WHERE AIR PASSES THROUGH

BRONCHUS
TUBE THAT LEADS INTO THE LUNGS AND DIVIDES INTO SMALLER TUBES CALLED
BRONCHIOLES .

BRONCHIOLES
SMALL BRANCHES INSIDE THE LUNGS.AT THE END OF THESE TUBES ARE THE
ALVEOLI.

DIAPHRAGM
A SHEET OF MUSCLES WHICH SEPARATES THE THORAX FROM THE ABDOMEN.

TRACHEA
TUBE SUPPORTED BY RINGS OF CARTILAGE.

RIBS
BONES THAT FROM THE RIB CAGE TO PROTECT THE LUNGS.

INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
MUSCLES FOUND IN BETWEEN THE RIBS

LUNGS
MADE UP OF ALVEOLI AND RICHLY SUPPLIED WITH BLOOD CAPILLARIES.
BREATHING MECHANISM

OUR BODY USES OXYGEN, AND GIVES OFF CARBON DIOXIDE AND
WATER

VAPOUR DURING RESPIRATION . HOW DO THESE GASES ENTER

AND LEAVE OUR

BODY

THE BREATHING MECHANISM INVOLVES THE BREATHING IN

(INHALATION) AND

BREATHING OUT (EXHALATION) PROCESSES .PLACE ONE HAND

ON YOUR CHEST

AND FEEL WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU BREATHE IN AND OUT.

1.2 TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN IN THE HUMAN
BODY

HAVE YOU EVER WONDERED HOW THE OXYGEN YOU BREATHE IN

REACHES THE CELLS IN YOUR LEGS? IT NEEDS A TRANSPORT
SYSTEM CONSISTING OF THE
BLOOD CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

OUR LUNGS CONSIST OF MILLIONS OF ALVEOLI. EACH ALVEOLUS

HAS A ONE CELL THICK WALL. ON THE INSIDE , THERE IS A THIN
FILM OF MOISTURE AND ON THE OUTSIDE, IT IS COVERED WITH
BLOOD CAPILLARIES.

THE INHALED AIR WHICH IS RICH IN OXYGEN IS FOUND INSIDE

THE ALVEOLUS. THE OXYGEN DISSOLVES IN THE MOST LINING OF
THE ALVEOLUS AND THEN DIFFUSES INTO THE BLOOD
CAPILLARIES. DIFFUSION OF OXYGEN TAKES PLACE FROM AN
AREA OF HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF THE GAS.

THE BLOOD INSIDE THE CAPPILARIES CONTAINS RED BLOOD

CELLS WHICH ARE RICH IN A SUBSTANCE CALLED
HAEMOGLOBIN .THE OXYGEN COMBINES WITH THE
HAEMOGLOBIN IN THE RED BLOOD CELLS TO FORM
OXYHAEMOGLOBIN. THE BLOOD RICH THE IN OXYGEN THEN
LEAVES THE LUNGS AND IS CARREID BY BIGGER BLOOD VESSELS
TO THE HEART.

WHEN THE HEART PUMPS, THE OXYGENATED BLOOD IS

DISTRIBUTED TO ALL PARTS OF THE BODY .WHEN THE BLOOD
REACHES TISSUES OR CELLS THAT DO NOT HAVE ENOUGH
OXYGEN, THE OXYHAEMOGLOBIN IS BROKEN DOWN AND OXYGEN
IS RELEASED. THE OXYGEN THEN DIFFUSES THROUGH THE WALLS
OF THE CAPILLARIES INTO THE CELLS.THE THE SAME
TIME.CARBON DIOXIDE FROM THE CELLS DIFFUSES INTO THE
CAPILLARIES TO BE CARRIED BACK TO THE LUNGS.
THE MECHANISN OF ALVEOLUS

1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM

THE OXYGEN THAT IS NEEDED FOR RESPIRATION COMES FROM

THE ATMOSPHERE. DUE TO AIR POLLUTION, THE AIR THAT WE
BREATHE MAY CONTAIN SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE HARMFUL TO
OUR RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. THE AIR WE BREATHE IN MAY ALSO
CONTAIN BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS.

SEVERAL SUBSTANCES HARM THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.

FOR EXAMPLES CIGARETTE SMOKES DAMAGES THE REPIRATORY
SYSTEM. OTHER HARMFUL SUBSTANCES ARE INDUSTRIAL WASTE
PRODUCTS, POLLUTANTS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES, BACTERIA,
VIRUSES AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS.
CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES SOURCES DAMAGING
EFFECTS

TAR CIGARETTE SMOKE CAUSES LUNGS CANCER

NICOTINE CIGARATTE SMOKE CAUSES ADDICTION

TO
SMOKING

CARBON MONOXIDE CIGARATE SMOKE, REDUCES AMOUNT OF

CAR EXHAUST OXYGEN IN THE
BLOOD

SULPHUR DIOXIDE INDUSTRY, VEHICLES DAMAGES LUNG TISSUES

HYDROCARBONS INDUSTRY, VEHICLES CAUSES CANCES

NITROGEN OXIDE INDUSTRY, VEHICLES INTERACTS WITH

HYDROCARBONS
TO FORM HAZE

HAZE INDUSTRY, VEHICLES, CAUSES BREATHING

DIFFICULTUES
OPEN BURNING
DISEASES THAT AFFECT THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

BACTERIA, VIRUSES AND OTHER MICROORGANISM CAN CAUSE INFECTIONS

THAT AFFECT THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.THEY PRODUCE HARMFUL SUBSTANCES KNOWN AS
TOXINS IN THE
HUMAN BODY WHICH CAUSE ILLNESSES. VIRUSES CAN CAUSE INFLUENZA,
RESULTING IN
IRRITATION AND SWELLING OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. THEY CAN
ALSO CAUSE
WHOOPING COUGH OR PHEUMONIA

WHEN PARTICLES LIKE COOL DUST AND ASBESTOS DUST ARE PRESENT IN
THE TRACHEA,
AIRFLOW BETWEEN THE LUNGS, MOUTH AND NOSE IS BLOCKED. THIS
RESULTS IN BREATHING
DIFFICULTY.IN ADDITION, ASBESTOS DUST IS A CARCINOGEN. IT CAUSES
LUNG CANCER.
 NON SMOKER LUNGS SMOKER LUNGS

IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF AIR

THE AIR THAT WE BREATHE CONTAINS POLLUTIONS. IN ORDER FOR US TO

HAVE A HEALTHY
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM, THE AIR WE BREATHE MUST BE UNPOLLUTED. HOW
DO WE IMPROVE
THE QUALITY OF AIR TO ENSURE A HEALTHY RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ?

STOP OPEN BURNING ,FILTER THE AIR BEFORE RELEASE TO AIR , STOP
BUNING FOREST.
Events
January 1971 - Kuala Lumpur hit by flash floods.

June 2003 - Kuala Lumpur There is a reference below, in the June 2007 event, to "worst
[in KL] since June 2003" But no actual entry here related to any June 2003 Kuala
Lumpur floods. Needs an entry here?]

2 March 2006 - Shah Alam hit by flash floods.

19 December 2006 - Several parts of Johor state including Muar, Johor Bahru, Skudai
and Segamat were hit by flash floods.

10 January 2007 - Several parts of Johor were hit by flash floods again.

10 June 2007 - Kuala Lumpur hit by flash floods, worst since 10 June 2003.

December 2007 Several parts of East Coast of Peninsula including Kelantan,

Terengganu, Pahang and Johor were hit by flash floods.

November 2010 - Kedah and Perlis flooded due to heavy rainfall after a tropical
depression.

December 2014 - Northern and Eastern states of Kelantan, Terengganu, Pahang, Perak
and Perlis in Malay Peninsula were hit by flash floods including some areas in Sabah.

Causes
Given Malaysia's geographical location, most floods that occur are a natural result of
cyclical monsoons during the local tropical wet season that are characterised by heavy
and regular rainfall from roughly October to March.

Inadequate drainage in many urban areas also enhance the effects of heavy rain, though
efforts are underway to resolve this (see below).

Floods in Southern Johor was believed to be caused by the Gore Effect. This is because
Johor is not within the usual monsoon affected zone.

DID flood stations

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2010)
The floods are caused by heavy rain.

List of flash floods areas in Malaysia

Klang Valley and Selangor

Along Klang River in Klang Valley

o Kuala Lumpur city centre near Masjid Jamek

o Dang Wangi, Kuala Lumpur

Along Gombak River in Klang Valley

Along Kerayong River in Kuala Lumpur

o Sungai Besi near Razak Mansion

Along Damansara River in Shah Alam

o From Taman TTDI Jaya, Giant Hypermarket, Shah Alam Stadium until Batu Tiga.

Perak

Along Kuala Kangsar highway

Penang

Seberang Jaya Interchange underpass on Butterworth-Kulim Expressway near Carrefour

Seberang Jaya

Kedah

Along Muda River

 Kepala Batas near Sultan Abdul Halim Airport, Alor Star

Perlis

Kelantan

Along Kelantan River in Kelantan

o Tambatan Diraja, Kuala Krai

o Tangga Krai, Kuala Krai

Golok River, Tumpat

Terengganu

Dungun River

Terengganu River near Kuala Berang

Besut River

Pahang

Pahang River from Temerloh to Pekan town

Kuantan River in Kuantan

Negeri Sembilan

Gemas

Malacca

Kesang River

Johor
 Along Sungai Air Molek in Johor Bahru

o From Johor Bahru Prison, Federal Building (Wisma Persekutuan), Tabung Haji
Building, JOTIC, Dewan Jubli Intan, until Court Building near Istana Besar.

Skudai River in Johor Bahru

Along Tebrau River in Johor Bahru

o Kampung Kangkar Tebrau

Johor River near Kota Tinggi

Along Sungai Benut from Simpang Renggam to Benut

Sungai Simpang Kiri and Sungai Simpang Kanan in Batu Pahat

Along Semberong River in Batu Pahat

Segamat River near Segamat

Along Muar River from Segamat to Muar district