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crude oil
C1 Revision (higher)
114 minutes
114 marks
Page 1 of 43
Q1. Barbecues are heated by burning charcoal or burning hydrocarbons.
(a) Use the Chemistry Data Sheet to help you to answer this question.
C + O2 CO2
(i) Complete the displayed structure of propane. Draw in the missing bonds.
(1)
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(iii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.
hydrogen.
water.
(1)
State at room
Hydrocarbon Boiling point in C
temperature (20C)
Statement Tick ( )
(a) Fuels, such as petrol (gasoline), can be produced from crude oil.
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(1)
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(ii) Fuels react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide.
The reaction of a fuel with oxygen can produce a different oxide of carbon.
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(2)
In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Describe and explain how petrol is separated from the mixture of hydrocarbons in crude
oil.
Page 4 of 43
Use the diagram and your knowledge to answer this question.
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(6)
(Total 9 marks)
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(3)
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(b) Diesel is a mixture of lots of different alkanes.
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(2)
(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Page 6 of 43
Canadas oil sands hold about 20% of the worlds known crude oil reserves.
The oil sands contain between 10 to 15% of crude oil. This crude oil is mainly bitumen.
In Canada the oil sands are found in the ground underneath a very large area of forest. The
trees are removed. Then large diggers and trucks remove 30 metres depth of soil and rock
to reach the oil sands. The oil sands are quarried. Boiling water is mixed with the quarried
oil sands to separate the bitumen from the sand. Methane (natural gas) is burned to heat
the water.
The mixture can be separated because bitumen floats on water and the sand sinks to the
bottom of the water. The bitumen is cracked and the products are separated by fractional
distillation.
Use the information given and your knowledge and understanding to suggest the
advantages and disadvantages of extracting petroleum products from oil sands.
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(6)
(Total 11 marks)
Page 7 of 43
(i) Describe and explain how the mixture of alkanes is separated by fractional
distillation.
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(3)
(ii) The table gives the name and formula for each of the first three alkanes.
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H6
Propane C3H8
Butane
(1)
H
HCH
H
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(c) The relative amounts of and the market demand for some hydrocarbons from the
fractional distillation of crude oil are shown in the graph.
(i) Why is the market demand for the C5 C8 fraction higher than the market demand for
the C21 C24 fraction?
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(1)
(ii) Cracking is used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
hydrocarbon molecules.
Complete the symbol equation by writing in the formula of the other hydrocarbon.
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(iii) The C5 C8 fraction has low supply and high market demand.
Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome this problem.
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(3)
(Total 10 marks)
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(1)
Suggest why burning wood instead of coal would help to reduce our carbon footprint.
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(3)
(Total 4 marks)
Page 10 of 43
Q6. Crude oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. Most of these hydrocarbons are alkanes.
Complete the structural formula for the alkane that has six carbon atoms in its molecules.
(1)
(b) The boiling points of alkanes are linked to the number of carbon atoms in their molecules.
(i) Describe the link between the number of carbon atoms in an alkane molecule and its
boiling point.
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(1)
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(ii) Suggest two reasons why all of the alkanes in the bar chart are better fuels than the
alkane with the formula C30H62
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(2)
(c) During the last 200 million years the carbon cycle has maintained the percentage of
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at about 0.03 %.
Over the last 100 years the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased
to about 0.04 %.
Most of this increase is caused by burning fossil fuels to heat buildings, to generate
electricity and to power our transport.
Fossil fuels contain carbon that has been locked up for millions of years.
(i) Burning fossil fuels, such as petrol, releases this locked up carbon. Balance the
chemical equation for the combustion of one of the alkanes in petrol.
(ii) Where did the carbon that is locked up in fossil fuels come from?
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(1)
(iii) The burning of fossil fuels has caused the percentage of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere to increase to above 0.03 %.
Explain why.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Page 12 of 43
Q7. Petroleum diesel is produced from crude oil.
Most vehicles that use petroleum diesel as fuel can also use biodiesel or a mixture of these two fuels. In
the UK (in 2010) there must be 5 % biodiesel in all petroleum diesel fuel.
Biodiesel is produced from plant oils such as soya. The crops used to produce biodiesel can also be
used to feed humans. The benefit that biodiesel is carbon neutral is outweighed by the increasing
demand for crops. This increasing demand is causing forests to be burnt to provide land for crops to
produce biodiesel. Only a huge fall in the price of petroleum diesel would halt the increasing use of
biodiesel.
The graph shows the average percentage change in exhaust emissions from vehicles using different
mixtures of petroleum diesel and biodiesel.
There is no difference in carbon dioxide emissions for all mixtures of petroleum diesel and biodiesel.
Use the information and your knowledge and understanding to evaluate the use of plant oils to produce
biodiesel.
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(5)
(Total 5 marks)
Q8. The table shows how much carbon dioxide is produced when you transfer the same amount
of energy by burning coal, gas and oil.
(a) Use the information from the table to complete the bar-chart.
(2)
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(b) The second bar-chart shows how much sulphur dioxide is produced by burning the same
three fuels.
Compare the amount of sulphur produced by burning gas with the amount produced by
burning coal.
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(1)
(c) Burning fuels also produces nitrogen oxides, even though the fuels contain no nitrogen.
Explain why this happens.
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(2)
(d) When you release the same amount of energy from coal, gas and oil, different amounts of
carbon dioxide are produced.
Use the information below to explain why.
(3)
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(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Page 15 of 43
Q9. Crude oil is used to produce poly(ethene).
(i) Write a number, 2, 3, 4 or 5, next to each stage so that the description of fractional
distillation is in the correct order. Numbers 1 and 6 have been done for you.
Number Stage
When a fraction in the vapours cools to its boiling point, the fraction
condenses.
Any liquids flow down to the bottom of the column and the hot
vapours rise up the column.
When the hot vapours rise up the column, the vapours cool.
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(2)
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(b) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly
and using specialist terms where appropriate.
Each year in the UK, billions of plastic bags are given free to shoppers. These bags are
made from poly(ethene) and are often used only once.
After being used many of these plastic bags are either thrown away as litter or buried in
landfill sites.
In 2006 over 10 billion of these plastic bags were given free to shoppers.
In 2009 the number of plastic bags given to shoppers had decreased to 6.1 billion.
One reason for the decrease was because some supermarkets made people pay for their
plastic bags.
From 2011 a new type of plastic shopping bag made mainly from poly(ethene) had a use-
by date of only one year printed on the bag.
Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to describe advantages
and disadvantages of using plastic shopping bags made from poly(ethene).
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(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Page 17 of 43
Q10. The diagram shows a reaction which takes place in an oil refinery.
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(1)
(b) What type of chemical reaction takes place when compound X is converted into
compounds Y and Z?
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(1)
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(1)
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(1)
(Total 4 marks)
Q11. Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many
useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the
production of bio-fuels.
(a) Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or
ethanolpetrol mixtures.
Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 100 C) and ethanol
(boiling point 78 C).
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(1)
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(ii) Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.
Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two
products.
(b) The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times
higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In
the production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.
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(1)
C C
(1)
(iii) Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C2H5OH.
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(1)
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(c) As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the
starting material.
Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to
produce ethanol.
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(4)
(Total 10 marks)
The flow diagram shows how ethanol can be produced from crude oil.
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(1)
(b) Hydrocarbons, such as decane, in the naphtha fraction are cracked to produce ethene.
The balanced chemical equation shows the cracking of decane.
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(2)
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(ii) Complete the structural formula of ethene by drawing lines to represent each
covalent bond.
H H
C C
H H
(1)
(c) The flow diagram below shows how ethanol, for use as a fuel, can also be produced from
food crops.
Use the information in the two flow diagrams and your own knowledge and understanding to
evaluate whether more of this ethanol should be produced from food crops or from crude oil.
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(5)
(Total 9 marks)
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Q13. This question is about the use hydrocarbons and the production of compounds from
hydrocarbons.
Choose the correct processes from the box to complete the sentences.
(iii) Describe a test to distinguish between hydrocarbons K and L and give the result of
the test.
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(2)
(b) Hydrocarbon J burns completely in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water vapour.
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Answer = ................................. g
(2)
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(ii) The mass of carbon dioxide produced is greater than the 114g of hydrocarbon J
that was burned.
Explain why.
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(2)
Process 1 Process 2
The reaction vessel has to be emptied, The reaction is only stopped if there is a
cleaned and refilled every few days. fault in the reactor.
The process produces a 15% ethanol The process produces 100% ethanol.
solution in water.
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(1)
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(2)
(Total 11 marks)
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Q14. The equation below shows the cracking of a hydrocarbon compound into two different
compounds, A and B.
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(2)
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(1)
(Total 3 marks)
Q15. Poly(ethene) is a long-chain saturated hydrocarbon. The formula for part of the polymer
chain is:
(a) Write the structural formula of the small molecule from which poly(ethene) is made.
(2)
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(b) Saturated hydrocarbons, such as propane, are fuels.
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M1. (a) oxygen
must be name
do not accept oxide or dioxide
1
(b) (i) 2 x CC
and
5 x CH
all single (line) bonds
1
(ii) C3 H8
must be formula
do not accept lower case h
1
(iii) water
1
(b) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also refer to the information in the Marking guidance.
0 marks
No relevant content.
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Level 2 (3-4 marks)
There is some description of heating / evaporating crude oil and either fractions
have different boiling points or there is an indication of a temperature difference in
the column.
Hydrocarbons (or petrol) that have (relatively) low boiling points and are
collected near the top of the fractionating column or hydrocarbons with
(relatively) high boiling points are collected near the bottom of the fractionating
column
Heat the crude oil / mixture of hydrocarbons or crude oil / mixture is heated to
about 350C
The condensed fraction (or petrol) separates from the vapours / gases and
flows out through a pipe
Some vapours / gases rise out of the top of the fractionating column
vapours condense
1
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at different temperatures
allow they have different boiling points
1
(b) (alkanes) are hydrocarbons or are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only
1
(c) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Page 28 of 43
Examples of the chemistry/environmental/economic/social points made in the
response
Advantages:
the oil sands are needed because crude oil is running out
Disadvantages:
M4. (a) (i) heat / evaporate the crude oil / change to gas or vapour
do not accept heat with catalyst
1
(ii) C4H10
1
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(b) H H H
H C C C H
H H H
1
(ii) C2H4
do not accept C4H8
1
cracking
M5. (a) (thought to cause) global warming / green house (effect) / climate change
ignore other consequences of global warming
do not accept acid rain / ozone layer / global dimming
1
Page 30 of 43
(b) any three from:
or
carbon (dioxide) goes back into the air
for the second and third bullet points: accept trees use carbon
dioxide which is released when (trees / wood are / is) burnt for 2
marks
or
no locked up carbon (dioxide) is released
or
the carbon (dioxide) was absorbed millions of years ago
3
[4]
M6. (a) complete diagram with 2 carbon atoms and 5 hydrogen atoms each CC
and each CH linked by a single line (bond)
1
(b) (i) the greater the number of (carbon) atoms (in an alkane molecule) the
greater its boiling point or vice versa
allow as the (carbon) chain gets longer the boiling point increases
ignore melting points
do not accept reference to greater number of molecules
1
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(ii) they = hydrocarbons from the graph
it = C30H62
low viscosity
high flammability
accept easier to burn / ignite
small molecules
accept short chains
ignore number of carbon atoms
burn completely
ignore speed of burning
2
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M7. any four from:
to gain 4 marks both pros and cons should be given
sustainable / renewable
can use waste vegetable oils / fats (from food industry) or can use waste plant material
can be used to conserve crude oil (instead of / mixed with petroleum diesel)
biodegrades (easily)
ignore engine effects
conclusion supported by the argument presented, which must give added value to the points for
and against given above
1
[5]
Page 33 of 43
M8. (a) both bars correct height (to better than half a square)
1 mark for both
(b) a lot less / much less / 18 times less (converse must specify coal)
gains 1 mark
1
coal produces most carbon dioxide / more CO2 than gas / oil
oil and gas also contain hydrogen / contain more hydrogen atoms than carbon
atoms / also produce water
any three for 1 mark each
3
(e) sulphur
for 1 mark
2
[9]
(6)
2
all numbers in the correct order gains both marks
any two numbers in the correct position gains 1 mark
2
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(ii) Water
ignore formula if correct name given
accept hydrogen oxide
allow H2O
1
carbon dioxide
allow CO2
accept carbon monoxide / CO or carbon / C
1
(b) Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written
Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response.
Examiners should also apply a best-fit approach to the marking.
0 marks
No relevant content.
Advantages:
Bags can be reused (for shopping) or another specified use eg bin liners
Disadvantages:
Bags are made from (crude) oil which is a non-renewable resource/running out
(ii) fuel
1
[4]
or
fractionation
1
(ii) CO2
note the order of these products must be correct
1
H2O
wrong way round = 1 mark
1
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(b) (i) (hexane) has been broken down (into smaller hydrocarbons / molecules)
1
accept (thermal) decomposition / cracked / split / broken up owtte
(ii) H H
C = C
H H
accept CH2 = CH2
1
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(c) candidates must include both sugar cane and crude oil in their evaluation
and both an advantage and a disadvantage to gain full marks.
if they do not then the maximum mark is three
or
enough land to grow sugar cane / land cannot be used to grow food / deforestation
or
continuous process
faster process
4
[10]
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(b) (i) heat / vaporise
mention of hydrogen = max 1
accept thermal (decomposition) for heat
allow boil
do not allow temperatures below 100C
ignore steam
1
catalyst
allow alumina / porous pot
ignore other catalysts
1
(ii) 4 C H and C = C
ignore brackets with or without an n before them
do not allow poly(ethene)
1
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(c) ignore ideas about carbon dioxide formation / photosynthesis or
cost / economics / environmentally friendly
must be at least one advantage and one disadvantage for all four marks
crops
advantages eg:
crude oil
disadvantages eg:
low / less energy / fuel needed for process or lower temperature [ignore heat or
quoted temperatures]
high / more energy needed for process or/ higher temperature
carbon neutral
not carbon neutral or releases locked up carbon
low technology
high technology
risk of major oil spillage
can be used to make other products
disadvantages eg:
advantages eg:
food shortages
conserves food
need very large areas of (arable) land to grow crops or can only grow
in certain areas / climates
labour intensive
can accept reverse arguments
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4
a conclusion
with a reasoned argument based on valid advantages and disadvantages
there must be at least one advantage and one disadvantage,
however, a matched pair, although only awarded one mark would
allow the conclusion mark to be awarded
1
[9]
(ii) hydration
1
or
process is continuous
1
[11]
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