PERANG SALIB (PPPJ 1263)

TITLE:
SUMMARY OF THE CRUSADES ARTICLES

PREPARED FOR:
PROF. DR. WAN KAMAL BIN MUJANI

PREPARED BY:
NUR HAFIZAH BINTI FAZRI SUHAILAN
MATRIC NO:
(A148042)
NURUL AIN BINTI MOHD NOR
MATRIC NO:
(A151646)

FACULTY OF ISLAMIC STUDIES

ARABIC STUDIES AND ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

SESSION:
SESI 2016 / 2017
Title: Effects of the Crusades
In this article, we can summarize that the Crusades kept all Europe in a tumult for
2 centuries and cost Christendom several millions of lives. The effects of
Crusades influenced these categories as follows:
1. Effects of the Crusades on the Catholic Church
The Crusades contributed to increase the wealth of the Church and the power of
the Papacy. Thus the prominent part which the Popes took in the enterprises
naturally fostered their authority and influence, by placing in their hands, the
armies and resources of Christendom, and accustoming the people to look to
them as guides and leaders.
As to the wealth of the churches and monasteries, this was augmented
enormously by the sale to them, often for a mere fraction of their actual value, of
the estates of those preparing for the expeditions, or by the out and out gift of
the lands of such in return for prayers and pious benedictions.
Thousands of the crusaders, returning broken in spirits and in health, sought an
asylum in cloistral retreats, and endowed the establishments that they entered
with all their worldly goods
Besides all this, the stream of the ordinary gifts of piety was swollen by the
extraordinary fervor of religious enthusiasm which characterized the period into
enormous proportions. In all these ways, the power of the Papacy and the wealth
of the Church were vastly augmented.
2. Effects of the Crusades on Commerce
One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. They
created a constant demand for the transportation of men and supplies,
encouraged ship-building, and extended the market for eastern wares in Europe.
The products of Damascus, Mosul, Alexandria, Cairo, and other great cities were
carried across the Mediterranean to the Italian seaports, whence they found their
way into all European lands. The elegance of the Orient, with its silks, tapestries,
precious stones, perfumes, spices, pearls, and ivory, was so enchanting that an
enthusiastic crusader called it "the vestibule of Paradise."
3. Effects of the Crusades on Feudalism
The crusades could not fail to affect in many ways the life of western Europe. For
instance, they helped to undermine feudalism. Thousands of barons and knights
mortgaged or sold their lands in order to raise money for a crusading expedition.
Thousands more perished in Syria and their estates, through failure of heirs,
reverted to the crown. Moreover, private warfare, which was rife during the
Middle Ages, also tended to die out with the departure for the Holy Land of so
many turbulent feudal lords. Their decline in both numbers and influence, and the
corresponding growth of the royal authority, may best be traced in the changes
that came about in France, the original home of the crusading movement.
4. Political Effects of the Crusades
As to the political effects of the Crusades, they helped to break down the
power of the feudal aristocracy, and to give prominence to the kings and the
people. Many of the nobles who set out on the expeditions never returned,
and their estates, through failure of heirs, escheated to the Crown; while
many more wasted their fortunes in meeting the expenses of their
undertaking.

At the same time, the cities also gained many political advantages at the
expense of the crusading barons and princes. Ready money in the twelfth and
thirteenth centuries was largely in the hands of the burgher class, and in
return for the contributions and loans they made to their overlords, or
suzerains, they received charters conferring special and valuable privileges.
The other political effects of the Crusades was that in checking the advance of
the Turks the fall of Constantinople was postponed for three centuries or more.
This gave the early Christian civilization of Germany time to acquire sufficient
strength to roll back the returning tide of Mohammedan invasion when it broke
upon Europe in the fifteenth century.
5. Social Effects of the Crusades
The Social effects of the Crusades upon the social life of the Western nations
were marked and important. The Crusades afforded an opportunity for
romantic adventure. The Crusades were therefore one of the principal
fostering influences of Chivalry. Contact with the culture of the East provided a
general refining influence.
6. Effects of the Crusades - Intellectual Development
The influence of the Crusades upon the intellectual development of Europe
can hardly be overestimated. Above all, they liberalized the minds of the
crusaders. The East at the time of the Middle Ages surpassed the West in
civilization. The crusaders enjoyed the advantages which come from travel in
strange lands and among unfamiliar peoples. They went out from their castles
or villages to see great cities, marble palaces, superb dresses, and elegant
manners; they returned with finer tastes, broader ideas, and wider
sympathies. The crusades opened up a new world. Furthermore, the
knowledge of the science and learning of the East gained by the crusaders
through their expeditions, greatly stimulated the Latin intellect, and helped to
awaken in Western Europe that mental activity which resulted finally in the
great intellectual outburst known as the Revival of Learning and the period of
the Renaissance.

7. Effects of the Crusades - Material Development

Among the effects of the Holy Wars upon the material development of Europe
must be mentioned the spur they gave to commercial enterprise, especially to
the trade and commerce of the Italian cities. During this period, Venice, Pisa,
and Genoa acquired great wealth and reputation through the fostering of their
trade by the needs of the crusaders, and the opening up of the East. The
Mediterranean was whitened with the sails of their transport ships, which were
constantly plying between the various ports of Europe and the towns of the
Syrian coast.
 8. Effects of the Crusades - Voyages of Discovery
Finally, the incentive given to geographical discovery led various travellers,
such as the celebrated Italian, Marco Polo, and the scarcely less noted
Englishman, Sir John Mandeville, to explore the most remote countries of Asia.
Even that spirit of maritime enterprise and adventure which rendered
illustrious the fifteenth century, inspiring the voyages of Columbus, Vasco de
Gama, and Magellan, may be traced back to that lively interest in
geographical matters awakened by the expeditions of the crusaders.

Title: Results and Impact of the Crusades

Instructor: Max Pfingsten

The Crusades had a profound impact on Western civilization. Western society had
to come to terms with its clear inferiority to the advanced cultures of the East,
even as it wrestled with the implications of religiously sanctioned violence.
Western Europe's economy exploded as the Venetians expanded their trade
networks and Europe's monarchs spent lavish sums on campaigns, castles and
luxuries. Medieval politics were transformed under the pressure of shifting
alliances and a politically active papacy.

1. Social Impact of the Crusades

It began with the very First Crusade. The most obvious of these repercussions
involved the role of violence in Christianity. It was Christians' willingness to suffer
horrible violence in the name of their God that inspired so many to convert to
Christianity. Once Christianity became the state religion of Rome, it adapted to
allow for the violence necessary to build and maintain an empire.
Pope Urban II may well have called the First Crusade in an attempt to reduce
violence among Christians, by redirecting that violence toward Muslims.
Unfortunately for the Pope, his plan backfired. Whatever his intentions, Urban had
not only justified violence, he'd commanded it.
Holy warfare became the will of God, the duty of every Christian. Did the Pope
actually make the kings of Europe violent? No. They were plenty violent to start
with. Pope Urban was clearly playing to the violent tendencies of his audience
when he called for the First Crusade. Rather than feeling guilty about murdering
people, Crusaders came to expect heavenly rewards for murdering people. The
indulgences, or get-out-of-hell-free cards, that the Pope granted to crusading
knights can be seen in much the same light as the 72 virgins promised to suicide
bombers with Jihad.
If Urban had hoped to bring about peace in Europe by promoting xenophobia, or
the fear and hatred of foreigners, he must have been sorely disappointed, for in
the years that followed, Europe became an ever more violent place, while at the
same time, it became much more cosmopolitan. Compared to the ancient and
advanced civilizations of Constantinople and the Middle East, Western Europeans
must have felt rather primitive. That's certainly how the Greeks and Arabs saw
them - illiterate, degenerate, unwashed, uncivilized barbarians.
Western Europe's literacy rate was dismal compared to the highly literate Greeks.
Western European culture was primitive and violent compared with the refined
civilizations of the East. Arabs and Greeks could relax in heated baths or shower
beneath running water, while Western Europeans rarely bathed at all.
The Westerners wanted what those Eastern cultures had. They wanted running
water, they wanted massive wealth, they wanted to command huge armies, they
wanted to wear silks, eat spiced foods and smell perfumes.Europeans returned
from the Crusade full of new desires and ambitions. Western aristocrats
developed a taste for Eastern luxuries, and Western scholars began to embrace a
philosophical tradition, which had begun with the Greeks and had flourished
under Islam. These impressions from the East would be instrumental in shaping
the civilization of the West.

2. Economic Impact of the Crusades

The trade of ideas and luxuries with the East had already been underway for a
century or two before the Crusades even began. With the Crusades, the West's
appetite for these luxuries grew exponentially. To meet this demand, the Italian
city-states had to overcome several obstacles. The first was the Arab dominance
of the Mediterranean. Yet, the Arabs were not a great naval power, and by the
end of the First Crusade, they had been essentially driven from the seas, and the
Italians had established trading outposts along the coast of the Eastern
Mediterranean.
With the Byzantines out of the way, the Italians, and especially the Venetians,
enjoyed unchallenged power over the Mediterranean Sea. As if the lucrative trade
in luxuries was not enough, the Italian city-states enjoyed another huge windfall
from the Crusades. European monarchs did not just want to bring Eastern
luxuries to the West; they wanted to bring Western armies to the East. They
wanted to establish colonies in the Holy Land.

Title: Crusades In The Middle East: The Impact of The Holy Land Crusades On
Europe

Author: ok ge
This article summarized more light on the impact of Crusades of the Holy land on
Europe itself. What has changed in Europe since 1099 and after the fall of the last
Crusade stronghold, Acre, in 1291 on the hand of the Mamluks?

1. Economic Impact on Europe:

a) Merchant goods and Trade:

The economic impact on Europe, which resulted from the Holy land Crusade, has
forever influenced the Europeans' economy and attitude towards mechanism.
Starting from the 12th century, oriental textiles started to arrive to Europe in
large quantities and pieces, which would be made into luxurious vestments for
the mass. Fine glass objects found their place in European cathedrals, churches,
or abbeys where they were considered to be gifts from the Crusades.
2. Impact on Architecture:
The Crusaders of the Holy land used their Muslim subjects in rebuilding the
captured cities, which allowed for architectural forms and techniques to diffuse
from the dominant Muslim sphere into the Crusade states. The use of bronze and
ivory for relics, the very Syrian-style Islamic mausoleum built for the Norman
prince, Bohemond, the random imitation of the Arabic script found all over
medieval art, and ,especially, textile are all examples of the influence that was
left on Crusaders and Europe.
3. Impact on Attitude toward the Muslims and Byzantine:
The Crusades have resulted in nothing but a widened gap between Christianity
and Islam, and a new chapter in the relationship between Catholics and
Orthodox Christians.
The knowledge and goods brought back to Europeans increased the interest of
Europeans in the Eastern cultures. For the images that had been implanted in the
minds of returning Crusaders, it influenced the minds of a great many, including
Emperor Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who enjoyed philosophy, logic, medicine,
and mathematics discussion with Muslims.

Title: Trade and Commerce

The Middle Ages was a time of great expansion of trade and commerce between
countries. This was really kicked off by the Crusades: they established relations
with Eastern countries, developing a taste for their unique products in the West.
The conquest of Palestine freed up all the towns and harbors of the Italian
Peninsula. Many people were attracted to this area because of the many
priviliges and the lack of taxes.
Some of the products that people imported were spices, groceries, linen,
paper, pearls, perfumes, and dozens of other rare articles. In exchange, they
gave precious metal (such as gold) in the form of bars, and iron, wines, oil, and
wax. Many new products were also introduced in the Middle Ages from Eastern
lands, especially spices.
Development in trade was made possible by improving roads and security
on the trade routes. Coasts were protected from pirates, lighthouses were
erected, and treaties of commerce were established, guaranteeing the liberty and
safety of travelers. Also, increased usage of the compass in the 14th century had
allowed traders to discover new routes, initializing overseas trade. Sailors dared
to pass the Strait of Gibraltar with the help of the compass, creating trade routes
between the northern and southern harbors in Europe , including the city of
Bristol. All these improvements in trade have helped us to create the network of
exchange we have today.
Title: The Impact of The Crusades
Written by: Dr. Susanna Throop

1. Military orders

First, the earliest military orders originated in Jerusalem in the wake of the First
Crusade. A military order is a religious order in which members take traditional
monastic vowscommunal poverty, chastity, and obediencebut also commit to
violence on behalf of the Christian faith. The military orders represented a major
theological and military development, and went on to play central roles in the
formation of key political units that still exist today as nation-states.
2. Territorial expansion
Second, crusading played a major role in European territorial expansion. The First
Crusade resulted in the formation of the crusader states in the Levant (the
eastern Mediterranean), which were initially governed, and in small part
populated, by settlers from Europe.
Crusading in northern and eastern Europe led to the expansion of kingdoms like
Denmark and Sweden, as well as the creation of brand-new political units. As
areas around the Baltic Sea were taken by the crusaders, traders and settlers
mostly Germanmoved in and profited economically.
In the Mediterranean Sea, crusading led to the conquest and colonization of
many islands, which arguably helped ensure Christian control of Mediterranean
trade routes (at least for as long as the islands were held). Crusading also played
a role in the conquest of the Iberian peninsula (now Spain and Portugal). This was
finally completed in 1492, when the Spanish monarchs Ferdinand II and Isabella I
conquered the last Muslim community on the peninsulathe city of Granada.

3. Impact world-wide
Third, the crusading movement has left an imprint on the world as a whole. For
example, many of the national flags of Europe incorporate a cross. In addition,
many images of crusaders in our popular culture are indebted to the nineteenth
century. Some in that century, like the novelist Sir Walter Scott, portrayed
crusaders as brave and glamorous yet backward and unenlightened;
simultaneously, they depicted Muslims as heroic, intelligent, and liberal. Others
more wholeheartedly romanticized crusading.
These trends in nineteenth-century European culture impacted the Islamic world.
Sometimes this influence was quite direct. In 1898 German Emperor Wilhelm II
visited the grave of Saladin and was appalled at its state of disrepair. He paid to
have it rebuilt, thus helping encourage modern Islamic appreciation of Saladin.
Sometimes the European influence was more diffuse. Modern crusading histories
in the Islamic world began to be written in the 1890s, when the Ottoman Empire
was in crisis. After the Ottomans, some Arab Nationalists interpreted 19th
-century imperialism as crusading, and thus linked their efforts to end imperial
rule with the efforts of Muslims to resist crusading in previous centuries.

Title: Impact (http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Crusades#Impact)

While the crusades achieved only temporary military success, they had a
powerful impact on western Europe. The crusaders returned with a vastly
widened knowledge of the world they lived in, and a willingness to explore that
became a permanent part of the west European mindset. In religion, culture, and
commerce, post-Crusades Europe was visibly affected by its prolonged encounter
with another continent and another way of life.
1- Commerce and economy
The merchants of Venice nd Italians used these privileges to introduce into the
Western world such oriental luxuries as silks, spices, and pearls, whose
transportation and sale made the cities rich. The demand for these products
encouraged explorers to seek out new and more direct routes to the East. The
crusades helped create a moneyed aristocracy and encouraged the growth of
capitalism in the Italian cities. Silks and spices not only raised the standard of
living of the rich, they stimulated the entire urban economy, although cities
remained small.
The returning crusaders came back to Europe with new tastes in dress and diet,
such as peaches and spinach. They gave up the custom of wearing a load of
heavy armor at nearly all times and appeared in the flowing robes of silk or
cotton which were the traditional habit of the Muslims.

2- Church
The crusades at first helped, then hurt the church and the papacy. In the early
stages, the popes took the leadership of Europe in a great holy cause against the
infidel world. Germany, France and England in particular responded to the popes.
However the popes lost that leadership to secular princes by the time of the Third
Crusade.
3- Culture
Impact on the West
The 19th century historians saw in the Crusades a major stimulus for the
renewed interest in learning, art, literature, and architecture that took place
across Western Europe, and some historians had even argued the Crusades were
mainly responsible for the Renaissance.It has been argued that the crusades
stimulated broader vision and better understanding of the wider world for the
countries who embarked on them.
Impact on the East
A significant long-term cultural impact on the Muslim world is the resultant
resentment, fear and distrust of Christian Europe, evidence of which as survived
into the 21st century. When The US president George W. Bush described in 2001
the newly-defined War on terror as a "Crusade", the Islamic world in particular
was alarmed at what was widely considered to be ill-judged language. In 2006,
Osama bin Laden, speaking from hiding, described Western policy towards the
Muslim world as a "Zionist-Crusader war against Islam"

4- The Byzantine Empire

The crusades postponed the Turkish conquest of the Byzantine Empire until 1453,
but the determination of Westerners to conquer and colonize the lands of
Byzantium led to its downfall. Rather than curing its ills, they made its death
inevitable. The plunder of Constantinople in 1204 and the Venetian monopoly of
its trade were a fatal blow to the political and economic life of the empire. Even
after its restoration in 1261, Constantinople never regained its former strength.

Title: What Effect Did the Crusades Have on the Middle East?
Written By: Kallie Szczepanski

Long-term Effects on the Middle East:

The Crusade forced the Islamic world into a secondary position, sparking envy
and reactionary conservatism in some sectors of the formerly more progressive
Middle East.
Today, the Crusades constitute a major grievance for some people in the Middle
East, when they consider relations with Europe and "the West." That attitude is
not unreasonable - after all, European Christians launched two hundred years-
worth of unprovoked attacks on the Middle East out of religious zealotry and
blood-lust.

In 2001, United States President George W. Bush reopened the almost thousand-
year-old wound in the days following the 9/11 Attacks. On Sunday, September 16,
2001, President Bush said, "this crusade, this war on terrorism, is going to take
awhile." The reaction in the Middle East and, interestingly, also in Europe was
sharp and immediate; commentators in both regions decried Bush's use of that
term, and vowed that the terrorist attacks and the US's reaction could not turn in
to a new clash of civilizations like the medieval Crusades.
In an odd way, however, the American reaction to 9/11 did echo the Crusades.
The Bush administration decided to launch the Iraq War, despite the fact that Iraq
had nothing to do with the 9/11 attacks. Just as the first several crusades had
done, this unprovoked attack killed thousands of innocents in the Middle East,
and perpetuated the cycle of mistrust that had developed between the Muslim
and Christian worlds since Pope Urban urged the European knights to "liberate
the Holy Land" from the Saracens.