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Torsion
2.1INTRODUCTION
Torsion: refers to the twisting of a straight bar when it is loaded by
moments (or torques) that tend to produce rotation about the
longitudinal axis of the bar.
2.1INTRODUCTION
Couple: is a pair of forces, equal in magnitude, oppositely directed
that tends to twist the bar about its longitudinal axis.
Moment of a couple: is equal to the product of one of the forces and
the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of the forces
thus (see Figure bellow), the first couple has a moment T1 = P1d1 and
the second has a moment T2 = P2d2. The SI unit for moment is the
newton meter (Nm).
2.1INTRODUCTION
Sign of the moment of a couple: may
be represented by a vector in the
form of a doubleheaded arrow. The
arrow is perpendicular to the plane
containing the couple, in this case
figure (b), arrows are parallel to the
axis of the bar.
An alternative representation of a
moment is a curved arrow acting in
the direction of rotation figure (c).
Both the curved arrow and vector
representations are in common use.
The choice depends upon
convenience and personal preference.
2.1INTRODUCTION
Direction (or sense): of the
moment is indicated by the right
hand rule for moment vectors
namely, using your right hand, let
your fingers curl in the direction of
the moment, and then your thumb
will point in the direction of the
vector see Figure at the right.
Torquesortwistingmoments:
momentsthatproducetwistingof
abar,suchasthemomentsT1 and
T2 inFigureabove.
2.1INTRODUCTION
Shafts : Cylindrical members that are subjected to torques and
transmit power through rotation are called shafts; for instance, the
drive shaft of an automobile or the propeller shaft of a ship. Mos
shafts have circular cross sections, either solid or tubular.
2.2TORSIONALDEFORMATIONSOFA
CIRCULARBAR
To aid in visualizing the deformation of the bar due
to torsion, imagine that the left hand end of the
bar (Fig. on the right) is fixed in position. Then,
under the action of the torque T, the righthand
end will rotate (with respect to the lefthand end)
through a small angle , known as the angle of
twist (or angle of rotation).
Because of this rotation, a straight longitudinal line
pq on the surface of the bar will become a helical
curve pq, where q is the position of point q after
the end cross section has rotated through the
angle .
The angle of twist changes along the axis of the
bar, and at intermediate cross sections it will have
a value (x) that is between zero at the left hand
end and at the righthand end. If every cross
section of the bar has the same radius and is
subjected to the same torque (pure torsion), the
angle (x) will vary linearly between the ends.
2.2TORSIONALDEFORMATIONSOFA
CIRCULARBAR
Shear Strains at the Outer Surface:
The magnitude of the shear strain at
the outer surface of the bar, denoted
max, is equal to the decrease in the
angle at point a, that is, the decrease
in angle bad. From Fig. (b) we see that
the decrease in this angle is: