DS.

NGUYN CNH TON

TRNG TRUNG CP Y T KON TUM

B MN C S

GIO TRNH

BO QUN THUC V DNG C

Y T
(Gio trnh lu hnh ni b)

DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Kon tum, ngy 02/01/2015

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

V BO QUN THUC
V DNG C Y T

MC TIU HC TP

1. Trnh by c ni dung, ngha v tm quan trng ca cng tc bo qun

thuc - dng c y t.

2. Nu c c im ca kh hu Vit Nam ti cng tc bo qun thuc - dng

c y t.

NI DUNG

I. I CNG V BO QUN

Thuc v dng c y t (DCYT) l phng tin khng th thiu c trong cng tc

phng, cha bnh. Cht lng ca thuc v DCYT (tt hay xu) c nh hng trc tip
n sc kho, tnh mng ca ngi dng thuc.

Thuc l loi hng ho c bit, c ngun gc rt a dng (t nhin: ng vt, thc vt,
khong vt, ... ; nhn to: tng hp ho hc, sinh hc..), do c bn cht khc nhau nn c
tnh cht l ho khc nhau, mc bn vng khc nhau vi cc yu t vt l, ho hc,
sinh hc (V d: Aspirin d b thu phn, d b hng bi m, nhit; Vitamin C d b oxy
ho, vng khi ngoi khng kh...). V vy, nu bo qun khng tt, khng ng rt
d b h hng trong qu trnh tn tr, lu thng v s dng, iu ny khng ch gy thit
hi v mt kinh t m quan trng hn l c th gy nguy hi cho tnh mng, sc kho ca
ngi dng.

Cng tc bo qun khng ch c ngha v mt chuyn mn, m bo cht lng thuc,

m cn c ngha v mt kinh t x hi ca mt quc gia gip s dng ngun thuc c
hiu qu kinh t nhm gim chi ph khm cha bnh t ngn sch, cng nh ca ngi
bnh. V vy, cng tc bo qun thuc - DCYT c t ra nh l mt nhim v khng
th thiu c i vi ngnh Dc v nhng cn b lm cng tc bo qun.

Vi ngha, tm quan trng ca vic bo qun thuc v DCYT nh trn, ngi Dc s

l ngi trc tip tham gia cng tc dc cn phi c nhng kin thc v mn hc bo
qun.

1. Mc tiu ca cng tc bo qun thuc v DCYT l nhm m bo , kp thi

thuc c cht lng, gi c hp l cho cng tc phng v cha bnh cho cng ng m
chnh sch thuc Quc gia ra.

Bo qun l mn hc nghin cu nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng ca thuc -

dng c y t v cc bin php bo qun thuc - DCYT nhm m bo gi c cht
lng tt khi s dng.

Nh vy, i tng chnh ca mn hc bo qun l thuc v dng c y t.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Ngy nay, i tng ca mn bo qun c m rng hn, n khng ch quan tm n

cht lng thuc - DCYT, m cn nghin cu cc yu t nh hng v cc k thut bo
qun i vi tt c cc nguyn liu, vt t, bao b dng trong sn xut, mi bn thnh
phm trong qu trnh sn xut v cc thnh phm trong kho ...

Bo qun (hay tn tr) bao gm c qu trnh xut, nhp hng ho v vy n yu cu phi

c mt h thng s sch ph hp ghi chp, c bit l s sch ghi chp vic xut nhp
hng ho tng ngy.

Bo qun khng ch l vic ct gi hng ho trong kho m n cn l c mt qu trnh

xut, nhp kho hp l, qu trnh kim tra, kim k, d tr v cc bin php k thut bo
qun hng ho t khu nguyn liu n cc thnh phm hon chnh trong kho. Cng tc
tn tr l mt trong nhng mt xch quan trng ca vic m bo cung cp thuc cho
ngi tiu dng vi s lng nht v cht lng tt nht, gim n mc ti a t l h
hao trong qu trnh sn xut v phn phi thuc.

nc ta, kh hu nhit i m l iu kin khng thun li trong cng tc tn tr. iu

kin kho tng v cc trang thit b phc v cho cng tc bo qun thuc cha y .
Hn na, trnh chuyn mn v lnh vc ny ca cc cn b Dc cn hn ch. V vy,
mn bo qun s gip cho ngi Dc s nm c nhng nguyn tc chung nht trong
cng tc bo qun, xut nhp thuc, cc hng ho lin quan n thuc - dng c y t ...
nhm gp phn lm tt cng tc chm sc v bo v sc kho nhn dn.

Vit Nam ni chung v ngnh Dc ni ring c rt nhiu kh khn trong vic xy dng
c s vt cht, trang thit b tt phc v cho cng tc bo qun thuc men v DCYT. V
vy, cng tc bo qun li cng quan trng v cn c quan tm nhiu hn.

Trong iu kin Quc t ho v hi nhp ca nn kinh t ni chung v ngnh Dc ni

ring, thuc v DCYT khng ch c sn xut v s dng trong nc m cn c xut
- nhp khu v giao lu vi nhiu nc khc nhau. Do , vic nghin cu ng gi, bo
qun thuc v DCYT cho ph hp vi iu kin mi nc cng cn c quan tm
m bo thuc v DCYT c cht lng tt khi s dng.

2. Ni dung ca cng tc bo qun

- Nghin cu cc yu t nh hng n cht lng, s lng ca thuc, dng c y t nh

m, nhit , nh sng

- ra nhng phng php v k thut bo qun tt nht nhm bo v cht lng ca

thuc v dng c y t.

- Gp phn xy dng ni qui, quy ch chuyn mn st vi thc t chng nhm ln, h

hng, mt mt, tham , lng ph ti sn ca Nh nc v x hi.

II. C IM KH HU VIT NAM VI CNG TC BO QUN:

1. Nhit v m thich hp cho bo qun thuc, ha cht v DCYT

Theo nguyn tc thc hnh tt bo qun thuc (GSP) ca B Y T iu kin bo qun

bnh thng: Nhit t 150C n 250C v m tng i khng vt qu 70%.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2. c im kh hu Vit Nam

- Kh hu Vit Nam l kh hu nhit i, gi ma, nng m, ma nhiu, bc x mt tri

ln.

- Min Bc chu nh hng gi ma ng bc nn lnh v m, ma nng kh.

- Min Nam hai ma ma - kh, ma ma m cao gn bng 90%, ma kh nhit

cao (>350C). Nhit tung bnh ti TP HCM l 26,90C m >80%.

Theo tiu chun quc t iu kin bo qun tt l ch c 2 thng/nm, c 12h/ngy to >

200C v >800C l khng m bo cho bo qun. Thc t Vit Nam >199 ngy/nm v
20h/ngy c t0>200C v > 80% 55% thi gian trong nm iu kin tt cho vi nm, vi
khun pht trin gy kh khn cho cng tc bo qun.

Bi 2. NHNG YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG THUC -

DNG C Y T

MC TIU HC TP

1. K c cc yu t nh hng n cht lng thuc v dng c y t

2. Nu c bin php khc phc cc yu t nh hng n cht lng thuc v dng c

y t.

NI DUNG

I. CC YU T VT L

1. m

Lng hi nc lun thay i theo thi tit, theo a phng v theo tng vng. Tri
nng th kh ro, tri ma th m t, ban m m hn ban ngy. Ma h min Bc c
m cao (80-90%) do c gi nm thi t bin vo mang theo khng kh m, tri li ma
ng khng kh li rt kh (20-30%), m thp, do gi ma ng Bc thi t lc a
kh khan (tr khi c ma). min nam c 2 ma, ma ma c m cao hn ma kh,
tuy nhin do c kh hu cn xch o, ma ro xong tnh ngay, nng chi chang c ngy,
khng kh b t nng to m cao v ko di; Cn ma kh c t ma, lun c nng,
khng kh hu nh kh.

1.1. Mt s khi nim v m

- m tuyt i: l lng hi nc thc c trong 1m3 khng kh, c k hiu l a

(g/m3).

- m cc i : l lng hi nc ti a c th cha trong 1 m3 khng kh nhit v

p sut nht nh, k hiu l A (g/m3). mt nhit v p sut xc nh, m cc i
c gi tr xc nh. Nh vy, m cc i lun ph thuc vo nhit v p sut khng
kh.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

m cc i cho bit kh nng cha hi nc ca khng kh. Thng thng p sut

nht nh, nhit cng cao th m cc i cng ln v ngc li.

- m tng i : l t l phn trm gia m tuyt i v m cc i, k hiu l r

= a. 100/A (%). m tng i cng thp th khng kh cng kh hanh, ngc li
m tng i cng cao th khng kh cng m t.

Trn thc t, nu m tng i r < 30% s rt kh hanh v khi m tng i r

>70% khng kh rt m t.

- Nhit im sng: l nhit m m tuyt i vt qu m cc i, khi

khng kh s bo ho hi nc v ng li to thnh nhng git nc nh li ti nh ht
sng. Hin tng ny rt nguy him trong cng tc bo qun v nc d ng li trong
cc bao b ng gi, dng c y t... gy tc ng khng tt, h hng i vi thuc, dng
c y t, c bit l cc thuc k m.

- S bo ho hi nc: l hin tng xy ra khi m tng i bng m cc i (a =

A), khi m tng i t mc cc i (r = 100%). Trong trng hp khng kh
bo ho hi nc, chng ta khng th lm kh bt k mt vt no v kh nng cha nc
ca khng kh t mc ti a.

1.2. Cch tnh m: mun tnh m, ngi ta thng dng 2 phng php sau:

- Tra bng tnh sn

- Dng cng thc tnh:

Cch tnh m tuyt i khi bit m tng i v nhit , theo cng thc biu th
a
m tng i ta c: r = x 100 (%) (cng thc 1)
A

r.A
Suy ra: a = (%) (cng thc 2)
100

Trong : r: l m tng i c xc nh bng m k.

A: l m cc i c xc nh bng cc tra bng.

a: l m tuyt i cn tnh.

V d: Dng m k ta o c m khng tng i trong kho l 40%, nhit trong

kho ti thi im o l 250C. Ta tnh m tuyt i nh sau: Xc nh m cc i A
250C bng cch tra bng tnh sn, ta c A = 23 g/m3. p dng cng thc 2: a = 40 x
23/100 = 9,2 g/m3.

1.3. Cc dng c o m: thng dng m k Asman, m k kh t, m k Oguyt,

m k tc.

1.3.1. m k kh t: cu to gm 2 nhit k gn trn bng g, mt bu thy ngn ca

nhit k c nhng trong nc ( l nhit k t), khong gia nhit k kh v nhit
k t l bng ghi m tng i.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Nguyn tc hot ng: (da trn nguyn tc nc bay hi) tu theo mi trng kh quyn
kh hay m m tc bay hi nc trn bu nhit k nhanh hay chm, km theo nhit
bn nhit k t. Cn c vo s chnh lch nhit gia hai nhit k m ta bit c
m tng i ca mi trng.

Cch dng m k kh t: nc ct hay nc ma vo bu thu tinh treo ti v tr

thch hp (trnh treo ni u gi hay trc qut). nhit n nh, c cc gi tr
nhit trn hai nhit k, tm chnh lch ri xoay tr ng vi chnh lch. i
chiu vi nhit bn nhit k t ngang vi gi tr ghi trn tr xoay, ta tm c m
tng i.

1.3.2. m k tc

Nguyn tc hot ng: Da vo kh nng co gin rt nhy cm ca si tc vi nhit ,

m bn ngoi, khi nng nng kh th si tc s b bc hi kh nn co ngn li, khi tri
m th ht hi nc vo v t gin ra, chnh s co gin ca si tc lm quay kim ng h
ch m trn m k.

1.4. Tc hi ca m

m khng kh l yu t c nh hng rt nhiu n cht lng thuc v dng c y t

trong qu trnh bo qun. m khng kh qu cao hay qu thp u c nh hng
khng tt.

1.4.1. nh hng ca m cao

- m cao gy h hng cc loi thuc v ho cht d ht m nh:

Cc mui kim loi kim, kim th (KI, NaCl, CaCl2) s b chy lng, cc vin bc
ng, vin nang s b chy dnh.

- Lm vn cc, m mc thuc bt.

- Lm long hay gim nng mt s thuc, ho cht nh siro, glycerin, cn cao , acid
sulfuric

- Cc thuc tng liu nh cao gan, men b ph hu.

- m cao l iu kin cho phn ng thu phn mt s thuc, ho cht nh alkaloid c

cu to ester, acetylsalicylic

- m cao to iu kin cho mt s phn ng ho hc xy ra v to nhit rt mnh nh

anhydrid phosphoric (P2O5), Natri dioxyd (Na2O2), Natri, kali kim loi..

- Lm mt nhanh tc dng ca cc khng sinh, ni tit t, vaccin

- Lm han g dng c kim loi hoc to iu kin cho nm mc pht trin trn dng c
thy tinh, cao su, cht do.

- Lm h hng bao gi thuc nh gy nm mc, lm bong rch bao gi v nhn,

lm h hng dc liu tho mc v bng bng gc..

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.4.2. nh hng ca m thp

- Nu mi trng bo qun qu kh hanh s lm hng mt s thuc v dng c y t nh

lm cho dng c cao su, cht do b h hng nhanh do hin tng lo ho.

- Lm cho mui kt tinh b mt nc (Na2SO3.10H2O, MgSO4.7 H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O..).

1.5. Cc bin php chng m

Nguyn tc chung l mun chng m phi p dng mi cch nhm h thp lng hi
nc c trong khng kh. bo qun thuc v dng c y t, ngi ta thng p dng
cc bin php sau:

1.5.1. Thng gi t nhin

y l cch lm tit kim nht, d thc hin nht v c th p dng rng trong cng tc
bo qun. Tu vo tng hon cnh, iu kin c th p dng cho ph hp. thng
gi c hiu qu, phi c 4 iu kin sau (iu kin thng gi):

- Thi tit phi tt: phi chn ngy c thi tit tt: nng ro, tri quang my, gi nh
(di cp 4).

- m tuyt i trong kho ln hn m tuyt i ngoi kho.

rN (Ngoi kho) < rT (Trong kho)

t 0N > t 0T

aN > aT

Khng nn thng gi

Mun m ca thong gi t nhin cn ch v kim tra 3 thng s t0, r, a ch khi no

rT, aT > rN, aN th mi m bo thng thong tt. Ring i vi my mc thit b bng kim
loi mun thng gi chng m phi ra vo l chnh.

- Sau khi thng gi, nhit trong kho khng c chnh lch qu nhit yu cu cho
hng cn bo qun.

- Phi ngn nga hin tng ng sng sau khi thng gi bng cch l ch thng gi khi
nhit im sng ca mi trng c nhit cao bng hay nh hn nhit ca mi
trng c nhit thp.

V d: Nhit trong kho l 230C, r = 95%. Nhit ngoi kho l 240C, r = 75%.

Ngoi kho l mi trng c nhit cao, tnh nhit im sng ca mi trng ngoi
kho l 19,30C. Vy trng hp ny khng b ng sng khi thng gi v nhit im
sng ca mi trng c nhit cao nh hn nhit ca mi trng c nhit thp
(19,30C < 230C).

Sau khi xc nh v c y 4 iu kin nu trn, s tin hnh thng gi cho kho

theo trnh t sau:

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

M ca cho kho theo hng gi thi ti.

M ca i din.

Ln lt m cc ca bn.

Trnh m tt c cc ca cng mt lc v s gy s thay i nhit t ngt. Thi gian

m ca thng gi t 10 - 15 pht, sau phi ng tt c cc ca trnh s trao i
nhit v m vi mi trng bn ngoi.

1.5.2. Thng gi nhn to

Hin nay, do trnh pht trin ca khoa hc cng ngh, ngi ta ch to c nhiu
thit b chng m hin i. Vic s dng cc thit b ny c nhiu u im, nhng i hi
phi u t kinh ph mua sm thit b (h thng iu ha khng kh, my sy, my
lnh) v cc iu kin khc nn kh p dng rng ri.

1.5.3. Dng cht ht m

- Ngoi cc phng php thng gi chng m, ngi ta cn dng cc cht ht m

chng m. Phng php ny ch c p dng khi bo qun thuc trong phm vi khng
gian bo qun hp nh hm, t, hp, khng p dng c vi kho c khng gian rng.

- Khi s dng cht ht m, phi tm hiu v kh nng ht m v phi bit cch s dng
hp l. Tu theo i tng bo qun m la chn cht ht m thch hp. chng m
thng ngi ta t thuc, ho cht hay dng c vo trong hm, thng kn cng vi cht
ht m. Lng cht ht m cn dng tu thuc vo dung tch hm, hp v m cn t.
Thng dng 0,28g CaO hay 0,5g Silicagel cho mt lt th tch khng kh.

- Thuc vin, thuc bt, dng c quang hc c th dng cht ht m nh silicagel. Lng
cht ht m phi c tnh trc to mi trng bo qun thch hp.

- Cc cht ht m thng dng:

+ Calci oxyd (CaO) hay vi sng: l mt trong nhng cht ht m hay c dng
chng m v CaO c mt s u im l r tin, d kim, kh nng ht m mnh. Kh
nng ht m ca CaO l 30% so vi khi lng ca n. Nhc im ca CaO l sau khi
ht m s tng th tch 3 ln, d bay bi, to nhit v c th phn ng vi mt s thuc,
gy n mn kim loi.

+ Silicagen (keo thu tinh): c hnh th v mu sc khc nhau, kh nng ht m ph

thuc vo cch sn xut v tinh khit ca nguyn liu. Thng kh nng ht m ca
silicagel t 10- 30% so vi khi lng ca n. phn bit khi no silicagel ht no
nc phi dng ch th mu nhum vo silicagel. Nh s chuyn mu ca ch th nn
d dng xc nh c kh nng ht m ca silicagel.

V d: Khi silicagel c mu xanh, m ca mi trng l 50%.

Khi silicagel c mu tm, m ca mi trng l 60%.

Khi silicagel c mu hng, m ca mi trng l 70%.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

C th phc hi kh nng ht m ca silicagel sau khi no hi m.

y l cht ht m l tng v tin li nht v c nhiu u im nh sch, c th phc

hi sau khi s dng nn rt kinh t.

+ Calci clorid khan: l cht ht nc rt mnh v c to nhit khi ht m, kh nng ht

m t 100 - 250%. Sau khi ht m, calci clorid chuyn thnh th lng. Nhc im ca
n l d n mn kim loi, d phn ng vi thuc.

1.5.4. Tng nhit khng kh

Khi nhit tng th kh nng cha m ca khng kh cng tng lm cho hi m t thuc
chuyn vo khng kh. Thc t vic phi sy chng m l da trn kh nng ny ca
khng kh. Thc nghim cho thy mun lm gim m tng i xung 65% th phi
tng nhit nh sau:

Nu m ban u l 100% th phi tng nhit ln 70C.

Nu m ban u l 90% th phi tng nhit ln 60C.

Nu m ban u l 80% th phi tng nhit ln 40C.

Nu m ban u l 70% th phi tng nhit ln 20C.

Bin php h thp m ny c th p dng vo ma rt cho cc kho ln v cc hm, t.

tng nhit cho kho c th dng cc thit b to nhit nh l si, bp in, bng
in

2. Nhit

i vi thuc v dng c y t, bo qun trong iu kin nhit qu cao hay qu thp u

c nh hng khng tt. Tuy nhin, nhit cao thng c tc hi nhiu hn.

2.1. Tc hi ca nhit cao

V phng din vt l: Nhit cao lm mt nc, kt tinh mt s ho cht v lm bc

hi mt s thuc th lng d bay hi hay ho cht b thng hoa nh cn, ether, tinh du,
long no Nhit cao lm h hng mt s loi thnh phm nh cn thuc, cao thuc,
thuc tng liu, thuc vin, vaccin, khng sinh

V phng din ho hc: Nhit cao lm cho tc ca mt s phn ng ho hc xy

ra nhanh hn. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi nhit tng ln 100C th tc phn
ng phn hu thuc tng ln t 2- 4 ln.

V phng din sinh vt: Khi nhit trn 200C v m cao l iu kin vi khun,
nm mc pht trin lm h hng thuc v dng c y t. V d: Siro v cc thuc c
ng b chua do ln men, dc liu tho mc b mc meo v vn nt; cc bao gi
bng vi, giy d b mn nt, h hng; cc dng c bng kim loi d b hoen g v h
hng nhanh.

2.2. Tc hi ca nhit thp

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Trong qu trnh bo qun, nhit mi trng bo qun qu thp cng l yu t lm h

hng mt s thuc nh: cc loi thuc dng nh tng d b tch lp, mt s thuc
tim d b kt ta (Cafein, calci gluconat), dng c cao su, cht do b cng gin.

2.3. Cc bin php chng nng cho thuc

2.3.1. Thng gi chng nng

- Nguyn tc: Cn c vo nhit trong kho v ngoi kho, nu nhit trong kho ln
hn nhit ngoi kho th c th tin hnh thng gi lm gim nhit trong kho,
nhng cn ch n yu t m.

2.3.2. Ngi ta c th p dng bin php chng nng bng cch ngn khng nng
chiu trc tip vo thuc v dng c y t bng cc vt liu cch nhit nh chiu ci, rm r, c
kh, phn, rm che chn trn, ca kho chng nng, bo v thuc v dng c.

2.3.3. Chng nng bng my: y l bin php c nhiu u im v ch ng hn c.

Nu c iu kin trang b my iu ho nhit bo qun mt s thuc d hng nhit
cao hoc s dng t lnh, kho lnh bo qun mt s thuc d hng nhit thng.

2.3.4. Cc bin php khc: C th nc trong kho khi qu nng, bin php ny c
nhc im l lm tng m trong kho nn khng p dng vi cc kho cha cc thuc
d b hng bi m.

3. nh sng

3.1. Tc hi ca nh sng

nh sng l mt trong nhng yu t gy h hi cho thuc v dng c y t. Di tc dng

ca nh sng, thuc, ho cht v dng c y t thng b h hng, biu hin l:

- Lm bin mu sc ca thuc v ho cht.

V d: di tc dng ca nh sng, promethazin, aminazin chuyn thnh mu hng; natri

salicylat thnh mu nu; adrenalin, vitamin C, vitamin B1, clorocid, novocain..chuyn
thnh mu vng

- Lm phn hu nhanh chng nhiu thuc, ho cht nh: gii phng halogen trong cc
mui halogenid khng bn (KI, KBr, NaI, NaBr); gii phng thu ngn nguyn cht
trong hp cht HgCl2; Oxy ho mt s cht nh ether, cloroform .., to cc sn phm c;
Lm cho du m nhanh b i kht

- Lm cho dng c cao su cht do b phai mu, cng gin.

3.2. Bin php khc phc tc hi ca nh sng

V nguyn tc trnh tc hi ca nh sng i vi thuc v dng c y t, ngi ta tm

cch ngn khng thuc, ho cht v dng c y t k nh sng tip xc vi nh sng.
Vic phng trnh tc hi ca nh sng cn c quan tm ngay t khu u tin nh sn
xut, pha ch, ng gi. Sau y l mt s bin php c th:

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- i vi kho tng: kho phi kn, ca s, ca ra vo phi che nh sng, xp thuc phi
quy vi en hoc bc giy en.

- Trong sn xut: chn nguyn liu t tiu chun, cho thm cc cht n nh bo
qun, dng nh sng mu pha ch.

V d: Dng nh sng n pha ch thuc tim adrenalin.

- Trong ng gi, vn chuyn: chn bao b c mu hoc bc giy en, khu vc ng gi

phi tin hnh ni thch hp, trn bao b phi ghi k hiu chng nh sng v nh nng.
Khi c hin tng thuc b bin mu phi gi mu i kim nghim kim tra cht
lng.

II. YU T HA HC

1. Kh hi trong khng kh

1.1. Tc hi ca kh hi trong khng kh

- Khng kh l mt hn hp gm nhiu loi kh, hi khc nhau nh oxygen, ozon,

carbonic, oxyd carbon, lu hunh dioxyd, hi nc v cc kh khc. a s cc loi kh
hi c trong khng kh u c nh hng khng tt n cht lng thuc, ho cht v
dng c y t (tr kh nit).

- Kh oxy v ozon (O2v O3): hai kh ny c coi l yu t chnh gy ra cc phn ng

oxy ho gy h hng thuc, nguyn liu v cc dng c y t lm bng kim loi, cao su,
cht do.

V d: Oxy ho tinh du lm mt mi v dn bin thnh nha, oxy lm i kht du m,

lm cho dng c cao su, cht do nhanh lo ho v tr nn cng, gin, d gy v gip;
lm han g cc dng c kim loi.

- Kh carbonic (CO2): gy hin tng carbonat ho nh l ta nc vi v dung dch

kim; lm gim Clo ca mt s thuc st trng nh cloramin, clorua vi

- Mt s kh hi khc nh kh Clo, SO2, NO2.. khi gp khng kh m c th to thnh cc

acid tng ng lm hng thuc, dng c kim loi v bao gi.

1.2. Cc bin php khc phc

khc phc cc nh hng khng tt ca cc loi kh, hi trong khng kh i vi

thuc, dng c y t chng ta cn thc hin tt cc nguyn tc chung sau:

- Trnh thuc, ho cht, dng c y t tip xc vi mi trng c nhiu loi kh, hi ni

trn bng cch gi kn hay cch ly.

- Vi cc dng c y t bng kim loi, c th to mng ngn cch vi khng kh nh bi

du parafin, bc trong ti cht do...

11
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Trong pha ch, ng gi cc thuc d b oxy ho phi hn ch ti a thi gian thuc tip
xc vi khng kh v kh hi c hi bng cch ph hp nh pha ng gi trong bu kh
tr, thm cht bo qun, ng y, nt kn

2. Yu t sinh hc

2.1. Nm mc, vi khun

2.1.1. Tc hi

- i vi thuc, nm mc v vi khun lm gim cht lng rt nhanh, do trong qu trnh

sinh trng v pht trin chng tit ra cc cht gy hng thuc nh cc cht c, cht
in gii v acid v c, hu c .. c bit l cc dng thuc nh cao lng, siro, potio
Nm mc v vi khun cn lm h hng dc liu tho mc, ng vt v bao b ng gi
lm bng ba, giy, cht do

- iu kin pht sinh pht trin ca nm mc, vi khun: nm mc sinh si ny n t cc

mm mng l cc bo t ln trong bi v khng kh.

- Nm mc v vi khun khng t to c thc n m n phi s dng cc cht hu c

c sn sinh trng v pht trin.

- iu kin thch hp cho s pht trin ca nm mc v vi khun l m t 70% tr ln,

nhit 20 - 250C v thc n giu dinh dng. Vi kh hu nng m nh nc ta l
iu kin rt thun li cho nm mc, vi khun pht trin.

2.1.2. Cch phng chng nm mc, vi khun

- trnh tc hi ca nm mc, vi khun, bin php tch cc nht l phng nhim vi

khun, nm mc mi khu trong qu trnh sn xut dc phm. Phi tun th nghim
ngt ch v sinh v khun trong sn xut, ng gi thuc. Cc nguyn ph liu pha
ch phi t tiu chun qui nh.

- Trong bo qun phi c k hoch kim tra, gim st thng xuyn nhm pht hin
thuc nhim nm mc, vi khun x l kp thi.

2.2. Su mt, b

- Nhng loi su mt thng gp nh mt thc ln, mt go, mt nh c di, mt rng

ca, mt thc , mt caf, su thuc l, mt mt nh...

- Su mt l loi lng tnh, n tp, ph hoi nhanh chng, r rt. Thc n chnh ca
chng l cht bt, ng, sng cn nc v khng kh. Thi k u trng l thi k ph
hoi gh gm v chng cn n nhiu v lt xc nhiu ln trng thnh.

- Cc cht chng thi ra t h hp, bi tit lm sinh nhit v nhim bn. Thi tit m,
nng v m thp lm cho chng cng pht trin nhanh v vng i rt ngn hn. Su mt
t thch nh sng, sng ch ti tm, kn o v rt cn khng kh h hp.

2.2.1. Tc hi

12
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Su mt rt a n cc loi thuc, dc liu, ng vt lm thuc nh hoi sn, d, sm,

ng qui, tc k..

- Su b thng gp trong kho bo qun dc liu tho mc, nht l dc liu c tinh
bt, thm ch c loi su b pht trin c trn c dc liu c nh ht m tin, l c
c dc

- Nguyn nhn pht sinh, pht trin: su b c th sinh ra v pht trin trong kho dc liu do
cc nguyn nhn sau y:

+ Khi thu hi su b cn st li.

+ Ch bin dc liu khng ng qui nh.

+ Do dc liu khng m bo thu phn an ton.

+ Kho tng m thp v v sinh cha tt.

+ Do bao gi cha sch v mang mm mng su b vo thuc.

2.2.2. Cch khc phc

- Phng chm ch yu l phng nhim su b cho thuc, dc liu. V vy, khi thu hi
v ch bin phi m bo ng qui trnh k thut.

- Ch a vo kho bo qun dc liu bo m ng qui cch, ng tiu chun. - Tin

hnh phn loi tt xu bo qun ring.

- Kho dc liu phi kh ro, nh sng.

- Thc hin lch kim tra thng xuyn v nu cn th phi sy, xng dim sinh kp thi.

2.3. Mi

- Mi l cn trng sinh n v pht trin cc nc c kh hu nhit i m, sng thnh

t, mi t c t hng trm n hng triu con. Chng sinh sng trong lng t.

- Mi sinh sn rt nhanh, mt con mi cha trong 24 gi c th ti 36000 trng, do

t mi rt ng v chng phn n. Trong t mi chia lm hai loi: mi sinh sn v tnh
v mi sinh sn hu tnh. Mi hu tnh li chia lm hai loi l mi cha v mi cnh. Mi
v tnh gm mi bo v v mi th. Mi th l phn quan trng nht ca t mi v n l
lc lng kim thc n, xy t, v sinh t v nui dng mi con

2.3.1. Tc hi

- Cc cng trnh xy dng, kho tng, hng ho nu khng c cc bin php phng tr mi u
dn n tc hi nghim trng.

- Mi c kh nng xuyn qua nn nh, chn tng ri xm nhp vo cc bao b hng ho

ph hoi. Mi thng ph hoi mt cch m thm, lng l (Ch cn mt m ti,
chng c th ph hoi hng tn hng ho). Do hot ng ca mi rt kn o nn rt kh
pht hin.

13
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

trnh h hng thuc men hng ho do mi, phi p dng cc bin php phng v tr
mi.

2.3.2. Phng mi

- Cc cng trnh xy dng phi c xy bng gch hoc xi mng, chn gi k c th

tm, ph ho cht, dit mi.

- Cc gi k xp hng phi t xa tng 50 cm, cch mt t 20 - 30 cm, xa trn 80 cm.

- Xung quanh nh kho phi lm rnh thot nc, pht quang bi rm, lp h ng nc,
chng m t.

- Hng ngy phi kim tra pht hin mi hai ln vo bui sng v chiu.

- Tng nh, thn gi k cn qut vi trng d pht hin mi.

2.3.3. Dit mi

- Nu trong kho c mi cn phi tm t chnh o v dit mi cha, phun hoc rc ho

cht dit mi theo ng mi i li.

- Hin nay, cc kho thng p dng cng ngh dit mi rt hiu qu bng phng php
sinh hc.

2.4. Chut

- Chut l loi ng vt gm nhm gy tc hi rt ln vi nhiu ngnh nh Nng nghip,

Cng nghip.. trong c dc phm.

- Chut cn l vt trung gian truyn bnh rt nguy him nh bnh dch hch, giun sn, st
vng da v nhiu bnh khc.

2.4.1. Tc hi

- cc kho tng trong ngnh Y t, chut cn ph, n hi ng k nh:

+ kho dc liu th chng n cc dc liu cha tinh bt, ng, mt ong nh long
nhn, hoi sn, thc a, d, o to, sm, lin nhc, sn th, ct cn

+ kho dc phm th chng cn ph v n cc loi vin bao ng, cm, tinh bt m,

lactose, glucose, thm tr l cc loi ng siro ung nh ng cao gan, philatp, vitamin
B12, bng, bng gc, bao b, nhn thuc...

+ kho my mc, chut cn t u ng cao su, nha, cn t dy dn in, sn cch

in, cc linh kin in t

2.4.2. Phng chut

Mun phng chut c hiu qu phi thc hin tt nguyn tc l kp thi- lin tc- trit -
ton din. C th l:

14
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Loi b ch , ch n lp ca chut trong v ngoi kho.

- Pht quang bi rm xung quanh kho.

- Bt kn cc khe h chn tng, cng li thp cng v cc ng nc.

- Thuc d b chut ph hi cn phi ng gi kn v phi c kh nng bo v tt.

- Thng xuyn kim tra, pht hin chut.

2.4.3. Dit chut: Cn t chc dit chut ng lot c khu vc trong v ngoi kho, khu
vc xung quanh lng xm, x phngthnh tng t, thng 6 thng 1 ln.

+ Nui mo.

+ nh by chut: mun nh by phi km theo thc n d chut. nh by c hiu

qu v mt phn do s chut b sa by b tiu dit, s khc s phi b i ni khc hoc
ngng hot ng mt thi gian.

+ nh b chut: Dng ho cht c tm vo thc n dit chut. Cc ho cht thng

dng nh Km phosphua (Zn3P2), BaCO3..

2.5. Cc tnh cht thuc, hn dng, bao b v quy cch ng gi

2.5.1. Bo qun thuc da trn tnh cht l ha ca thuc

2.5.1.1. c im

Thuc, ho cht dng lm thuc rt a dng v c nhng tnh cht l ho khc nhau. Do
, chng cng c nhng yu cu v iu kin bo qun khc nhau chng lun gi
c cht lng v tui th.

cng tc bo qun ng vi yu cu ca thuc, cn ch nhng tnh cht c bn sau:

- T trng ca thuc: i vi thuc dng lng hay thuc bt c t trng khc nhau, cn
chn chai l, bao gi thch hp vi tng loi thuc, dng thuc. V d: i vi thuc
th lng c t trng ln, cn ng trong chai l chc chn, nu nu chai l thu tinh th
phi c y dy. Vi thuc hn dch, nh dch th khng c ng y.

- Tnh cht d bay hi ca thuc: c im ca thuc d bay hi l d b hao ht v th

tch, b gim nng , d gim tc dng v nh hng khng tt i vi cc thuc khc
cng nh ngi lm cng tc bo qun. Do , cn bo qun ring v bao gi phi
tht kn v khng c ng y.

- Tnh cht d chy n:

+ Bn cht ca hin tng chy n

Chy l hin tng xy ra do phn ng ho hc gia mt cht v oxy trong khng kh

gy to nhit v pht sng. Mi loi ho cht c nhit bt la v nhit t bc chy
khc nhau.

15
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Nhit bt la l nhit thp nht m mt cht bng chy khi gp la. V d: nhit
bt la ca Ether ethylic l - 200C, ca benzen l - 150C.

Nhit t bc chy l nhit lm cho ho cht c th chy trong khng kh khng cn

c mi la. V d: Nhit t bc chy ca Ether ethylic l 4000C, ca benzen l 6590C.

N l hin tng do mt phn ng ho hc xy ra trong mt thi gian rt ngn (1/1000

1/10000 giy) vi tc chy ln v to ra nhiu kh hi b t nng ti nhit cao,
ng thi gy ra mt sc p ln ni n.

+ Mt s cht d chy n:

Ho cht: Ether ethylic (Hn hp hi ether, khng kh v oxy theo mt t l nht

nh s gy n), nitroglycerin khi nhit cao v b va chm mnh s gy n.

Cc cht oxy ho mnh nh: KCl, KMnO4, acid picric phi hp vi cht hu c s
gy n.

Cc kh hi v bi trong khng kh cng c th gy n, nu t ti mt nng

nht nh. Cc loi bi nh bi dim sinh, bi than.. cng c th to ra vi khng kh hn
hp n. V vy, chng bi cho kho cng l mt trong nhng bin php chng chy n.

2.5.1.2. Bo qun cc thuc d bay hi v d chy n

Kho phi c xy theo qui cch ring, tng v mi nh phi lm bng nguyn
liu khng chy, phi xa nh dn, xa c s sn xut.

- K thut bo qun:

+ Nu c s lng thuc d bay hi v d chy n nhiu phi bo qun kho

ring, kho chng chy n ng qui cch. Nu s lng t c th trong kho thuc khc,
nhng phi ngn tng phng ho ng qui nh hoc trong hm ring bit, c xy
su di t v c np y kn.

+ Cm la tuyt i khi n gn kho d chy n. Trong v ngoi kho phi treo cc

bng k hiu Cm la.

+ Cc thuc, ho cht d chy n phi xp xa tng t 0,5- 0,7 m v xp thnh

tng hng ring bit kim tra.

+ Cm chung thuc, ho cht d chy n vi acid v c v d to hn hp n.

Phng chy n l mt nhim v rt quan trng v cn c quan

tm thng xuyn

2.5.2. Hn dng v bo qun thuc theo hn dng

Khong thi gian m thuc c tc dng phng v cha bnh cho ngi gi l hn
dng hay tui th ca thuc.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.5.2.1. Nhng yu t nh hng n hn dng ca thuc

Tui th ca thuc c lin quan n nhiu yu t v cc yu t u c tc dng

quyt nh. Sau y l mt s yu t quan trng c tc dng quyt nh n tui th ca
thuc.

- Bn cht ca thuc: Do bn vng ca hot cht cha trong thuc quyt nh.
Thng thng, thuc c hot cht cng tinh khit th tui th cng cao v ngc li.

- K thut sn xut thuc: Thc t vi cng mt dng thuc, cng cng thc pha
ch nhng vi k thut sn xut khc nhau th tui th ca thuc cng khc nhau. V vy,
tui th ca thuc b nh hng rt ln ca k thut sn xut, trnh cng ngh.

- Bao b, ng gi: l mt khu quan trng c nh hng n tui th ca thuc.

V vy, cn chn bao gi t tiu chun v k thut ng gi thch hp vi tng dng
thuc, tng dc cht.

2.5.2.2. K thut bo qun

m bo cht lng thuc, cn bo qun thuc theo ng yu cu t ra.

- i vi thuc c hn dng:

+ Phi theo di cht ch hn dng ca thuc: Khi nhp hng phi xc nh

c ngy sn xut v ngy ht hn ca tng l m. Lp bng theo di hn dng ca
thuc, ln k hoch phn phi kp thi.

+ Phi phn loi thuc bo qun da vo tnh cht phn loi v thc hin bo
qun ng ch vi tng loi. V d: thuc d hng nhit cao phi bo qun ni
mt.

+ Sp xp thuc c hn dng: da vo hn dng ca thuc, nhng l thuc c hn

dng ngn phi cp pht trc, thuc c hn dng di cp pht sau.

- X l thuc sp ht hn dng: Phi bo co ln cp trn trc 6 thng, ng thi gi

mu i kim nghim. Tu theo kt qu kim nghim xin gia hn i vi thuc vn
m bo tc dng tt, hoc xin hu i vi thuc mt tc dng. Tuyt i khng c
mua, bn, cp pht, s dng thuc qu hn dng.

2.5.3. Bao b ng gi dc phm

- Bao b l phng tin bo qun v gii thiu thuc. Bao b i km dc phm t ni

sn xut n ni s dng.

- Yu cu ca bao b: phi m bo c s nguyn vn v s lng v cht lng ca

dc phm, cc yu cu khc phi theo ng qui nh ca ngnh v bao b ng gi dc
phm (DVN), gi r, tin dng.

- Cc vt liu thng dng lm bao b, bao gi dc phm (gio trnh bo ch)

2.5.3.1. K thut bao gi dc phm

17
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Thuc cn trnh nh sng: chn cc chai, l, hp c mu (mu nu, , vng m), c th

tch ph hp, phi ng y, nt kn, trn bao b phi c k hiu trnh nh sng.

- Thuc cn trnh nhit cao: Nn s dng cc bao b c kh nng cch nhit

nh Styrofo, cht do xp, cao su.

- Thuc cn trnh m, kh v chng bc hi: phi chn vt liu lm bao b khng

thm m, x l tt cc b phn lp ghp ca bao b nh ni dn, ni hn v phi nt kn;
ng gi km theo cc cht chng m.

- Thuc dng lng: khi ng gi cc thuc dng lng phi ch n cc c tnh

l ho ca chng:

+ Vi cht lng c th tch thay i theo nhit , ch ng khong 97% th

tch trnh hin tng thuc gin n lm bt nt.

+ Vi cc loi tinh du v dung mi hu c nh benzen, aceton, ether,

cloroform c kh nng ho tan nt cao su hoc lm mm xi sp gn nt chai l, nn khi
ng gi phi chn chai nt thch hp cho tng loi.

+ Trn bao b ng gi thuc lng phi c k hiu chng v v chng

lt ngc theo quy nh.

18
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

19
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

BI 3: K THUT BO QUN CHUNG

MC TIU HC TP

1. Trnh by c k thut bo qun chung thuc, ha cht, dc liu.

2. Nu c nguyn tc xy dng v qun l kho thuc.

3. Nm c nguyn tc thc hnh tt bo qun thuc GSP.

NI DUNG

I. NGUYN TC CHUNG V XY DNG V QUN L KHO THUC

1. Chc nng, nhim v v phn loi kho

1.1. Chc nng

Kho hng ho c v tr quan trng i vi sn xut v lu thng, mt mt kho gn cht

vi sn xut v lu thng, l mt b phn ca doanh nghip sn xut hoc lu thng. Mt
khc, n li c v tr c lp nht nh i vi sn xut v lu thng.

- Kho Dc c chc nng bo qun.

Bo qun l chc nng chnh ca kho: Hng ho trong kho c bo qun tt c v s

lng v cht lng, hn ch hao ht, h hng, qu hn dng, mt mt... V vy, c th
ni kho dc gp phn m bo cht lng thuc, tng nng sut lao ng x hi v thc
y ngnh cng nghip dc pht trin. ng thi gp phn cho mng li phn phi lu
thng thuc t hiu qu kinh t cao.

- Kho l ni d tr nhng nguyn liu, ph liu, vt t, bao b v hng ho cn thit

... m bo cho qu trnh sn xut c ng b v lin tc v gp phn m rng lu
thng hng ho trong nn kinh t quc dn.

- Gp phn vo cng tc kim tra, kim sot v kim nghim thuc khi xut, nhp
v trong lu thng.

Cng vi chc nng bo qun, kho Dc gp phn to ra nhng sn phm thuc

c tiu chun cht lng, ngn nga hng gi, xu, qu hn.. lt vo lu thng; Bo v
quyn li cho ngi s dng cng nh cc doanh nghip sn xut - kinh doanh thuc.

- Kho Dc l ni iu ho vt t, hng ho.

Kho l ni d tr, tp chung mt s lng ln vt t hng ho; Do , n m bo cho

vic iu ho vt t hng ho t ni tha sang ni thiu m bo p ng kp thi nhu
cu phng, cha bnh, gp phn thc hin cn i cung cu hng ho trn th trng.
thc hin c iu ny, cng tc qun l lng hng trong kho c vai tr rt quan trng.

20
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.2. Nhim v ca mt kho Dc

Tt c cc kho dc, nh cc kho vt t hng ho ni chung, u c chung nhim v l

T chc thc hin vic d tr; bo qun v bo v tt vt t, hng ho trong kho; Pht
trin cc hot ng dch v vn minh phc v sn xut v lu thng hng ho vi chi ph
lao ng thp nht.

- Kho dc c nhim v t chc thc hin vic d tr, bo qun v bo v tt vt t hng

ho.

Hng ho d tr trong kho dc l nguyn vt liu, bao b lm thuc, dc liu, ho cht

v thnh phm thuc cc loi. y l ti sn ca cc Doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh
v l iu kin vt cht p ng nhu cu phng v cha bnh ca x hi. Nhim v
ca cc cn b nhn vin lm cng tc trong kho l phi c cc bin php k thut bo
qun thch hp i vi tng loi hng ho, khng ngng p dng cc bin php khoa hc
k thut tin tin, cc my mc trang thit b hin i tng cng cng tc bo qun,
gim sc lao ng nng nhc ca cng nhn kho.

- Kho Dc c nhim v xut, nhp hng ho chnh xc, kp thi v qun l tt s lng
hng ho lun chuyn trong kho.

Mt trong nhng nhim v chnh ca kho l nhp hng vo kho, d tr v bo qun

chng trong mt thi gian, sau li giao cho khch hng. l cu ni gia cc nh sn
xut v cc nh kinh doanh hoc gia cc nh kinh doanh vi nhau. V vy, vic xut
nhp kho phi c thc hin theo ng lch trnh ca hp ng qui nh. ng thi,
trong qu trnh xut nhp hng ho, kho phi thc hin y , nghim tc cc qui nh
v kim nhn (kim tra, kim sot, kim nghim), xc nh ng, chnh xc s lng,
cht lng v chi tit ca cc loi hng ho theo ng cc th tc giao nhn qui nh,
trong thi gian ngn nht khng nh hng n cc ln xut, nhp tip sau.

Vic giao nhn hng ho chnh xc, kp thi khng nhng gp phn thc y qu trnh
sn xut, phn phi lu thng c bnh thng v lin tc; m cn gy c cm tnh,
tn nhim ca khch hng, gim c chi ph giao nhn, lu kho; gii phng nhanh cc
phng tin vn ti bc d v nng cao c tinh thn trch nhim v trnh k thut
nghip v ca cn b cng nhn vin trong kho.

Vic giao nhn hng ho chnh xc cn gip cho cc nh qun l kho nm c s lng
hng ho trong kho, hng lun chuyn, hng d tr c k hoch ph hp, nng cao
hiu qu cng tc kinh doanh trong kho.

- Kho Dc c nhim v pht trin cc hot ng dch v vn minh phc v khch hng.

+ D l kho phc v cho sn xut hay cho qu trnh phn phi lu thng,
kho u phi pht trin cc hnh thc dch v phc v khch hng mt cch nhanh
chng, y v thun tin.

+ Cc dch v phc v khch hng kho bao gm cc dch v mang tnh

cht sn xut nh gia cng, ch bin nhng nguyn vt liu cho ph hp vi yu cu ca
sn xut, ng thi bao gm c cc dch v c tnh cht thng mi, nh ng gi sn
hng ho, vn chuyn n tn ni cho khch hng, bc xp ln phng tin cho khch

21
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

hng, bo qun thu hng ho, lp rp, tu chnh, hiu chnh my mc, hng dn, bo
hnh cho ngi s dng.

+ Nhng dch v v kinh doanh kho nh cho thu kho, cho thu cc
phng tin vn chuyn, bc r, bo qun.. k c qung co thu cho khch hng.

- Tit kim chi ph kho, gp phn h chi ph lu thng v chi ph kinh doanh ca n v
m kho ph thuc cng l mt nhim v quan trng.

Qu trnh thc hin nghip v kho cn c cc khon: Chi ph xut - nhp hng ho, ch
ph bc vc, chuyn ch, ho n giy t... Chi ph bo qun hng ho nh chi ph xy
dng kho, mua trang thit b bo qun... Tin lng, ph cp, tin thng cho cc cn b
cng nhn vin... Ngoi ra, cn cc khon chi ph do s h hao hng ho trong qu trnh
bo qun (Hao ht t nhin, hao ht do nm mc, cn trng cn ph dc liu, hao ht
do nhm ln, do thuc gim cht lng, thuc ht hn, hao ht do mt cp hng ho... H
thp c chi ph kho s gp phn gim chi ph lu thng hng ho, gim chi ph kinh
doanh.

Nh vy, kho l mt b phn cu thnh ca doanh nghip sn xut hoc kinh doanh.

2. a im v thit k ca mt kho dc

2.1. a im

- Tu theo nhim v ca kho la chn a im xy dng kho cho ph hp:

+ Kho thu mua th nht thit phi c t ni c nhiu ngun nguyn liu
mua.

+ Kho tiu th sn phm hoc cung cp nguyn liu cho cc x nghip th phi
c t gn cc x nghip .

+ Kho cung ng, phn phi th phi c t cc trung tm tiu th hng ho...

- Kho phi c din tch rng c th phn chia thnh cc phng, khu vc ring bit.
Kho khng phi ch c ni trc tip bo qun, cht xp hng ho m cn phi c cc khu
vc khc na (nh: khu xut nhp, kim tra hng ho; khu vc ng i vn chuyn, bc
xp hng ho; ... Ngoi ra, khi chn a im xy dng kho cn phi ngh ti vic m
rng qui m kho trong tng lai, v vy din tch khu t xy dng kho l mt trong
nhng yu t hng u cn c xem xt.

- La chn a im xy dng kho cng cn phi xem xt qui hoch tng th ca vng
hoc a phng ni xy dng kho (nh: xem a im kho c nm trong vng lm
ng hoc vng xy dng cc cng trnh khc trong tng lai...). C nh vy, c s
kinh doanh mi c th pht trin n nh lu di v p ng c nhu cu pht trin khi
m rng kinh doanh.

a im xy dng kho phi m bo cho chi ph xy dng v vn hnh mt cch hp l.

22
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Ni xy dng kho phi c a cht cng trnh tt, chu c trng ti ln, t khng b
ln, st l... gim cc khon chi ph u t xy dng kho. Thun tin ng giao
thng cng l yu t quan trng i vi vic vn hnh kho sau ny.

- Vic la chn a im xy dng kho phi trnh xa c cc ngun gy nhim (nh:

khu ch, khu bi rc thi - nc thi ca thnh ph, ca cc bnh vin... m bo an
ton cho hng ho khng b nhim, v cho sc kho ca cn b cng nhn vin.

- Kho phi c xy dng ni cao ro, trnh lt li, bn ly, nc ng.

- i vi kho ho cht nh ho cht c, ho cht d chy n.. phi c xy dng xa

ni tp chung dn c.

2.2. Yu cu v thit k mt kho Dc

Nhng yu t quyt nh vic la chn thit k kho:

- S lng v cu thnh hng ha lu chuyn qua kho, v y l yu t quyt nh

qui m hot ng ca kho ln hay nh, kt cu kho n gin hay phc tp. V d: Kho
ca cc cng ty Dc phm trung ng phi c qui m ln hn kho ca cc hiu thuc.

- Loi hng ho bo qun trong kho l yu t quan trng quyt nh ti vic thit
k kho. Mi loi hng ho yu cu phi c mt kiu thit k kho bo qun cho thch
hp (nh vi cc dc liu, ho dc, thuc thnh phm, bn thnh phm, thuc c,
thuc thng, thuc tim, vin ... ).

- Qui trnh nghip v kho: l trnh t cc bc cn phi thc hin t khi nhp hng n
khi xut hng c tnh n qui m, v tr, c cu, thi gian v phng tin thc hin tng
khu, tng giai on. Cc kho c nhim v khc nhau s c cc qui trnh nghip v khc
nhau, v d nh qui trnh nghip v ca kho thu mua dc liu s khc vi kho kho phn
phi dc phm, khc vi kho trung chuyn...

- Vic xy dng kho cn phi cn c vo vn xy dng u t kho, chi ph bnh qun xy

dng 1 m2 din tch hoc 1 m3 dung tch nh kho.

+ Nhng yu cu i vi phng n thit k kho Dc.

m bo gi gn ton vn v s lng v cht lng ca thuc, nguyn liu dng lm

thuc, k c bao gi trong kho, vic thit k kho phi m bo 5 chng:

Chng nng, m.

Chng cn trng, mi mt, chut.

Phng chng chy n.

Chng bo, lt.

Chng mt trm.

- Vic thit k kho phi m bo nhng iu kin thun tin nht cho vic hp l ho dy
chuyn ca qui trnh nghip v kho. Phi thun li, lin tc cho vic vn chuyn, x dch

23
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

hng ho vi on ng v thi gian ngn nht, m bo s dng din tch v dung tch
kho mt cch ti a.

- p ng y cc yu cu ca cc phng tin vn chuyn hng ho ra vo kho, vic

thit k kho phi tnh c ng ra, vo kho, ng i li trong kho, cu trc ca ca
kho... m bo cc phng tin vn chuyn, nng, ch hng vn hnh mt cch thun
tin. Thng thng cc kho cha hng c nn dc thoai thoi v c xy mt tng, cc
ca u rng, trong kho c ng i li rng ch cho 2 xe ch hng trnh nhau...

- pht huy hiu qu ca kho mt cch cao nht, vic thit k ca mi loi kho phi
ph hp vi tng i tng bo qun. V d: Kho cha dc liu phi rng v dc liu
rt cng knh, trn kho c th thit k thnh sn phi; Kho bo qun ho cht d n phi
c thit k c hai bc tng, cch ct, c tng chc chn bao quanh...

- Vic thit k kho cng phi tnh n qui m hot ng, pht trin ca kho sau ny. m
bo tng bc c gii ho cc cng vic trong kho, trc ht l cc cng vic nng nhc.
C gii ho trong kho s lm tng nng sut lao ng lm gim cc chi ph vn chuyn,
bc vc hng ho...

- Mt yu cu na cng phi tnh n l hnh thc, kiu nh, kt cu v b tr trong kho

phi p, khoa hc, ph hp vi thm m dn tc, ng thi ph hp vi c im kh
hu, thi tit ca Vit Nam; ph hp vi qui hoch pht trin ca a phng ni c kho,
cng nh ph hp vi qui hoch pht trin ca ngnh Dc.

- Thit k kho cng phi ch ti bo v mi trng sinh thi v cnh quan ca khu vc
ni c kho, nht l cc kho c ho cht c, ho cht bay hi, d chy n.

3. Din tch v cch b tr kho Dc

3.1. Din tch kho

Kho dc phi c din tch rng c th phn chia thnh cc khu vc hoc phng
ring bit. Vi nhng kho ln, din tch ton b ca khu vc kho phi bao gm din tch
ca cc b phn sau:

- Din tch nghip v: gm 1 phn din tch xp hng v bo qun hng ho, din tch
ny c gi l din tch hu ch chim khong t 1/3 - 2/3 din tch ca ton khu vc
kho v 1 phn din tch c s dng cho cng tc xut nhp hng ho.

- Din tch ph: l din tch dng lm ng i li, din tch dng thc hin cc cng
vic ph cho cc nghip v kho nh: phng th nghim kim nghim hng ho, kho
cha bao b, din tch ng gi l hoc sa cha hng.

- Din tch hnh chnh, sinh hot: vn phng, cu lc b, nh n, nh tm, nh v sinh...

3.2. Cch b tr mt kho Dc

C th c nhiu cch b tr cc phng ban, cc b phn trong khu vc khoa Dc, tu

thuc vo a im v kh nng hot ng ca tng kho. Sau y l mt vi kiu b tr
tng i thun tin cho cng tc qun l v xut nhp hng theo hng dn ca t chc
y t th gii.

24
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Ghi ch: 1: khu vc bo qun hng ho.

2: khu vc nhp hng, kim tra, kim sot hng.

3: ni chun b hng theo yu cu trc khi xut hng.

4: khu vc xut hng.

5: khu vc qun l (phng gim c, vn phng...)

Kiu 2: Kho c dng ch T

Kiu 1: Kho theo chiu dc

5
2 1 1
1
1 3
3
1 1 1 1

5 2 4
5

Kiu 3: Kho theo kiu ng vng

1 1

2 3

1 1

25
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

4. Cc trang thit b trong kho Dc

Cc trang thit b trong kho Dc l nhng phng tin k thut cn thit thc hin
cc nghip v kho, l iu kin vt cht nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh trong kho hng
ho theo pht trin ca cc tin b Khoa hc - Cng ngh, lun ch ti vic s dng
cc trang thit b k thut mi nhm c gii ho v hin i ho cc cng vic qun l
kho.

Ni chung, cc kho Dc cn c cc trang thit b sau:

- Trang thit b vn phng nhm phc v cho cng tc qun l kho nh: xut nhp hng
ho, tnh ton lng hng lun chuyn trong kho... Cc trang thit b vn phng cn phi
c trong kho nh: my tnh c nhn, Computer, my in, my photocopy, h thng in
thoi, my fax, h thng giy t, s sch, t lu tr cng vn giy t, bn lm vic...

- Trang thit b dng vn chuyn hng ho (nh: n by, con ln, xe y hng, cu
trt, bng ti, xe ti, xe nng d hng..) v trang thit b dng cht xp hng ho
(gm cc loi t st hoc g, gi, k, bc)

- Cc trang thit b phc v cho cng tc bo qun hng ho trong kho gm c: cc

phng tin my mc chng m (m k, cc loi bnh ht m, my ht m), my iu ho
nhit khng kh, cc phng tin chng nm mc, cn trng (nh cc ho cht dit
cn trng, cc loi my xay, xt, ry loi b nm mc, cn trng, t sy..)

- Cc phng tin phng chng chy (thang, x mc nc, b cha nc hoc ct, bnh
cha chy, bm nc, ngun nc v h thng dn nc, h thng tn hiu bo chy

- Cc phng tin lm v sinh (chi, xng, cc loi bt c ra, x phng, nc thm, ho

cht, my ht bi, ..) v bo h lao ng (qun o bo h, gng tay, mt n phng c,
khu trang..

5. Cng tc qun l, sp xp v bo qun hng ho trong kho Dc

Trong bo qun, hng ho c th b gim c v s lng v cht lng, iu ny khng

ch gy thit hi v kinh t m cn nh hng ti hiu qun iu tr v gy nhiu tc hi
khc. V vy, mc ch ca vic t chc, sp xp v bo qun thuc trong kho l nhm
gim n mc ti a s h hao, tn tht ny.

5.1. Hn dng ca thuc (Expiry date): y l mt trong nhng tiu ch quan trng m
vic t chc sp xp kho thuc phi quan tm n.

- Hn dng ca thuc l mc thi gian c n nh cho mt loi thuc m trc thi

gian ny thuc c bo qun trong iu kin qui nh phi m bo cht lng theo tiu
chun ng k.

- Hn dng ca thuc thng c tnh n thng, thng thng hn dng ca thuc

thng c biu din bng cc ch s ca thng v nm ht hn.

+ Thng ht hn c biu din bng 2 ch s.

26
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

+ Nm ht hn: biu din bng hai ch s cui cng ca nm.

V d: Exp: 07.97 (dng n ht thng 7 nm 1997)

Aut.av (Autiliser avant): 05.01 (dng n ht thng 5 nm 2001)

HD: 01.01 (Hn dng: dng n ht thng 1 nm 2001)

+ Thng ht hn cn c biu din bng ch ting Anh hoc ting Php, v d:

EXP: MAY. 99 (Dng n ht thng 5 nm 1999).

Aut.av: DEC.02 (Dng n ht thng 12 nm 2002).

Hn dng ca thuc l ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca thuc m li rt d nhn thy.

- Khi xut nhp kho phi ch ti hn dng:

+ Kim tra hn dng ca thuc trc khi nhp vo kho. Vi nhng kho ln, vng
quay ca thuc di, tc l thuc nm trong kho lu (hoc kho d tr) th ch c nhp
thuc c hn di.

+ Tt c cc thuc trc khi nhp vo kho phi c hn dng trn nhn ti tng n
v bao gi nh nht.

+ Phi dn nhn c ghi hn dng ca l thuc trn tng kin hng, conteiner ln.

- Phi c s theo di hn dng.

+ Nguyn tc First in, First out (FIFO): Vi cng mt loi thuc, nhng thuc
nhp kho trc th phi cp pht trc v ngc li.

nc ta, nhiu khi vic sn xut v phn phi lu thng khng ng b nn nhng
thuc nhp kho trc li c hn dng di hn nhng thuc nhp kho sau. m bo tt
v cht lng thuc, khng c thuc ht hn nguyn tc FIFO c p dng l: Vi cng
mt loi thuc, nhng thuc sn xut trc phi c cp pht trc, v ngc li nhng
thuc sn xut sau c cp pht sau.

5.2. Nghip v sp xp hng ho trong kho

- Hng ho khi nhp vo kho phi c phn loi thnh tng nhm khc nhau
thun li cho vic sp xp, bo qun, cp pht.

- Vi cc thnh phm thuc, c th c cc cch phn loi sau:

+ Phn loi theo c tnh: nh thuc c A, B; Thuc gy nghin...

+ Phn loi theo tc dng dc l: Thuc khng sinh, thuc h nhit gim
au, thuc tim mch,...

+ Phn loi theo dng thuc: Thuc tim, thuc vin, thuc ng dc...

27
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Vi nguyn liu lm thuc c phn loi theo yu cu bo qun b tr cc

khu vc bo qun ring bit.

+ Dc liu: Ngun gc ng vt, thc vt...

+ Ho cht d chy, d n, ho cht c, d n mn...

+ Cc loi bnh kh nn..

5.2.1. Sp xp

- Vi mi nhm thuc, vic sp xp da vo tn thuc theo trnh t A, B, C.. ca

danh php thng dng quc t.

- Vi mi loi thuc, vic sp xp phi da trn nguyn tc FIFO ni trn, tc

l nhng thuc c hn dng ngn, sp ht hn phi xp pha ngoi tin theo di, cp
pht.

cc kho bo qun phi c s kho, s theo di hn dng, theo di s lng, cht

lng ca hng ho t pha ngoi tin cho cng tc qun l.

5.2.2. Cht xp hng ho trong kho

- Vic cht xp hng ho trong kho phi m bo cc yu cu sau:

+ Tit kim din tch, dung tch nh kho v trang thit b bo qun.

+ m bo an ton cho hng ho (khng b v, bp..) v an ton lao ng

trong kho hng ho.

+ Thun tin cho cng tc kim tra, kim k v nm vng lng hng trong kho.

+ Thun tin cho cng tc xut nhp hng ho.

- trong kho Dc, hng c xp theo hai kiu:

+ Xp chng ng trn k, bc theo khi ng hnh lp phng theo hnh kim t

thp. Loi xp chng ng c p dng cho nhng hng nng, c cng kiu, cng kch
thc bao gi, t b v.

+ Xp trn gi: Xp trn gi c p dng i vi nhng loi hng tng

i nh, d v, nhiu loi, nhiu qui cch ng gi khc nhau. Cch xp c m t nh
sau:

28
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Hnh 4: Cch xp hng trn gi.

Hng nh, cng knh

Hng c khi lng bnh thng hay

xut nhp

Hng c kch thc nh

Hng nng, hay xut nhp

Hng nng, d v

* Ch :

- Tuyt i khng c trc tip trn nn kho (chng m, mi, chut quy nh
ti thiu khong cch 0,2-0,4m.

- Trong kho phi c ng i, khe h gia cc khi hng, m bo thng hi

thong gi v d xut nhp. m bo yu cu ny, ngi ta a ra h s sp xp hng
ha trong kho bao gm:

+ H s s dng din tch kho (a=0,55 - 0,6) : a=s:S

s: Din tch trc tip xp hng

29
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

S: Din tch kho

+ H s s dng th tch kho (k=0,45-0,50) K=a x (h : H)

h: chiu co sp xp khi hng

H: Chiu cao ca kho

II. K THUT BO QUN THUC, HO CHT, DC LIU

1. Bo qun dng thuc

1.1. Thuc bt

1.1.1. c im

- Dng thuc bt bao gm cc hp cht c ngun gc tng hp hoc l loi bt

dc liu, ng vt, thc vt,...c khi l bt n, bt kp, mt s l dng bn thnh phm
hay dng cho pha ch, sn xut.

- Thuc bt di dng tiu phn nh, c din tip xc ln nn d hp th nc

b mt, d b ht m.

- Nu bao gi c m cao th hm lng nc trong thuc bt lun thay i

theo s thay i ca m mi trng bn ngoi; nu bao gi t thm m th hin
tng ngng t nc trn b mt bao gi c th xy ra.

- S ngng t m trong bao gi l nguyn nhn gy bt dnh, vn cc v l iu

kin tt cho nm mc pht trin trong thuc bt.

1.1.2. Vic bo qun thuc bt trong kho cn ch trng cc im sau

- Vi thuc mi nhp: phi kim tra np, nt xem kn cha, bao b c m bo

c cht lng thuc vi iu kin kh hu nc ta khng. Nu loi thuc bt no ng
gi cha ph hp th phi ng gi li.

- ng gi l: khi phi ng gi l d cp pht, c th ng trong ti

polyethylen c b dy 0,05 - 0,08 mm. Nu gi bng ti giy th ch gi va dng
trong mt tun. Khi xut l phi chun b y phng tin cn ong, bao gi hn
ch thi gian tip xc vi khng kh mc ti thiu cho php. i vi cc thuc d b
chy nc v d b oxy ho, th phi ng gi trong iu kin kh, trnh nh sng.

- Thuc bt c ngun gc t ng vt nh bt cao gan, pancreatin, pepsin ht

m rt mnh, d b nm mc v vi khun gy h hng. Khi bo qun phi ch bo v
bao b lun nguyn vn. Nu bao b b thng, rch phi x l kp thi bng cc bin php
thch hp nh: lm kh bng cht ht m mnh, gn si sp vo np nt, cp pht ngay
trong tun

30
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Phn loi v sp xp hp l, bo qun ng theo yu cu i vi tng thuc. V

d: vi cc thuc d b hng bi nh sng v nhit th phi bo qun trnh nh sng v
ni kh mt.

1.2. Thuc vin

Thuc vin chim t l rt cao trong cc loi thnh phm. Thuc vin c nhiu
loi: vin nn, vin nang, vin trn..

1.2.1. Cc loi thuc vin thng c cc c im sau

- C thnh phn phc tp: gm cc hot cht v t dc mang nhiu tnh cht khc
nhau: d ht m, d b oxy ho

- Cht bao vin c tc dng bo v v lm thuc d ung nhng cc cht d

chy dnh, gy nm mc vin.

- Cc vin nang kh bo qun v d ht m, m cao (80-90%), nhit 25-

0
28 C d b bt dnh.

1.2.2. m bo cht lng ca thuc vin, cn tun theo nguyn tc sau

- Khi xut nhp phi kim tra bao b, np nt, bng xi m bo xem ng yu
cu cha.

- Khng cht vt cng, nhiu gc cnh ln bao b mm ng thuc vin, khng

nn cht khi ng gi

- Vin c hot cht d bay hi th khng ng gi trong ti PE.

- Nu ng gi l th nn ng liu trong mt t iu tr hoc trong vi ngy,

khng ng gi qu nhiu.

- Khi sp xp trong kho, phi ch ti sc chu ng ca gi k, sc chu nn ca

hm, hp

- Cn phn loi v sp xp hp l cho cc thuc trnh nh sng v nhit .

1.3. Thuc tim

Thuc tim thng c ng trong ng tim thu tinh hoc trong chai l thch
hp. Thuc tim thng l dng dung dch, hn dch, bt v khun pha tim, nh dch.

1.3.1. Thuc tim b bin cht, hng do cc nguyn nhn sau

- Do ng tim khng m bo cht lng.

- Do k thut pha ch khng tt.

- iu kin bo qun khng p ng yu cu.

1.3.2. gi gn phm cht ca thuc tim, cn phi thc hin mt s bin php sau

31
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Thng xuyn kim tra pht hin thuc km phm cht kp thi nh: c hin
tng i mu, vn c, kt ta

- Bo qun ng ch i vi cc thuc c bit v c hn dng ngn nh: huyt

thanh, vaccin

- i vi cc khng sinh nhp ni nh: penicilin, streptomycin, ... th nht thit

phi kim tra phm cht v tin hnh phn loi. Loi cha b nhim m th tin hnh bao
sp, loi chm nhim m th dng cht ht m lm cho kh ri mi bao sp.

1.4. Thuc dng lng

Thuc dng lng bao gm dung dch thuc, siro, potio.. Trong thc t cc loi
thuc ny hay b h hng do nm mc v v do va chm.

1.4.1 Mun bo qun tt dng thuc ny cn phi

- Trnh nm mc: khi pha ch phi m bo v t trng, pH.. v m bo ng k

thut v ch v khun. ng gi phi tht kn. i vi cc thuc ngt nh siro,
potio khng nn d tr lu trong kho. i vi cc thuc dng hn dch, nh dch phi
lc k trc khi cp pht.

- Trnh v do va chm: khi ng gi phi cho thm cc vt chn, lt thch hp.

Khi vn chuyn hm kin phi nh nhng, phi c k hiu trnh v v trnh lt
ngc.

1.5. Cc loi du m

1.5.1. c im

- Du m thc vt hay ng vt gm cc acid bo no hoc khng no, c bn cht

l ester ca acid bo vi glycerin nn d b phn hu thnh cc hp cht khc, d b i
kht, d b bin mu khi tip xc vi khng kh mt thi gian. S phn hu du m
thng l do oxy trong khng kh, hi m, vi khun, nm mc v cc tc nhn lm tng
qu trnh lm phn hu du m nh nh sng, nhit cao, m, v phng php iu ch

- S oxy ho du m do oxy khng kh gn vo lin kt i, lin kt ba ca acid

bo khng no hoc ph hu mch carbon ca phn t du m.

- Phng php iu ch c nh hng ln n cht lng ca du m: phng

php p nng du m d b kht do c nhiu yu t lm tng qu trnh oxy ho nh nhit
cao, m. Phng php p ngui l tt nht, nhng phi ch n quy trnh v m
bo v sinh v trng, sau khi p xong phi ng gi ngay vo bao b kh sch, dy, mu..
c th thm cht bo qun nu cn thit.

- Hai loi du m hay c dng l:

+ Du m lm nguyn liu pha ch, sn xut nh du lc, du thu du, m

ln thng c ng trong thng st.

+ Du m di dng bo ch nh du ty, du xoa bp, thuc m

32
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.5.2. bo qun tt du m cn phi thc hin cc nguyn tc sau

- ni mt, khng bo qun nhit qu lnh s gy hin tng ngng kt

acid stearic trong du m.

- ng gi kn, ng y hn ch du m tip xc vi oxy khng kh. Khi ng

gi xong phi lau k ming thng. Nu lng du m cn li t, phi chuyn sang thng
nh c dung tch thch hp. C th dng thng g, nha, kim loi ng du m.

Ch : Khi dng thng g phi la chn g chc, t thm du hoc lt thng bng
ti lm bng cht do c b dy 0,08 - 0,1 mm.

- Khng ln cht hoc xp cc vt nng ln ng tup, np ng tup phi vn cht

trnh r r.

- Chai l ng thuc m nn dng nt lie, c th dng nt g, nt dt v cn bc

nt 1 - 2 ln bng giy PE.

- Trong sn xut, thng cho thm cht bo qun nh acid benzoic, tocoferol
ngn nga s bin cht ca du m.

1.6. Tinh du

Tinh du l mt hn hp nhiu thnh phn, thng c mi thm, khng tan trong

nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c, bay hi c nhit thng v c th iu ch
t tho mc bng phng php ct ko hi nc.

1.6.1. Phn loi tinh du

- Theo th cht tinh du c chia thnh hai loi:

+ Loi tinh du th, thng ng trong thng.

+ Loi tinh du tinh khit, thng c ng trong chai, bnh thu tinh.

- Theo cu to ho hc, c th chia tinh du thnh 4 nhm chnh:

+ Cc dn cht ca monoterpen: limonen, alpha terpinen, methol, alpha

terpineol, citral, camphor, cineol..

+ Cc dn cht ca sesquiterpen: curcumen, zingibezen

+ Cc dn cht c nhn thm: thymol, eugenol, vanilin, safrol, aldehyd

cinamic, methyl salicylat

+ Cc dn cht cha N v S: methylantranilat, alicin

1.6.2. c im ca tinh du

- Tinh du a s th lng nhit thng, mt s th rn nh menthol, borneol,

camphor, vanilin,... thng khng c mu hoc c mu vng nht (c mu sm li do b

33
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

oxy ho), v cay v c mi c bit, a s c mi thm d chu, mt s c mi hc nh

tinh du giun.

- Thnh phn ca tinh du rt phc tp, c loi l dn cht ca phenol, ceton, aldehyd,
ester, alcol, nn tinh du rt d b oxy ho, s oxy ho thng xy ra cng vi s trng
hip ho, to thnh nha kt dnh, lm tinh du mt mi thm, bin mu. V d nh tinh
du chanh b oxy ho di tc ng ca nh sng b mt mu v c qunh li, terpen
trong tinh du thng khi gp nc b bin thnh terpin. Qu trnh oxy ho tinh du cng
nhanh khi nhit cao v di tc dng ca nh sng, lm cho tinh du cng chng
hng.

Nh vy, nguyn nhn lm hng tinh du ch yu l do oxy, nh sng v cc tp cht c

trong tinh du do khng th loi b trong qu trnh tinh ch. Ngoi ra cn do bao b ng
gi tinh du nh nhng tinh du c cha nhm alcol bc nht th s c phn ng ho hc
vi bao b bng kim loi nh nhm, hoc nhng tinh du l dn cht ca phenol (tinh du inh
hng, tiu hi, mi..) th s c phn ng mu vi bao b bng st.

Tinh du cn l cht d bay hi v d chy khi gp la.

1.6.3. Nguyn tc bo qun tinh du

- ng y loi ht oxy, nt kn, ni mt (nhit di 200C), trnh nh

sng, xa la v phi khu vc ring bit v tinh du c th nh hng n cc dc
liu khc.

- Khi ra l phi chn bao b thch hp, khng c dng ti PE ra l tinh du.
Cn ch l tinh du c th ho tan hay lm mm cao su, xi sp nn phi lu khi chn
np, nt. Mi ln sang rt, ra l xong phi lau sch tinh du dnh ngoi ming bao b
gim ti a nguy c b oxy ho.

- Chai l ng tinh du, dng c ong o phi sy kh nc (v nu tinh du c

ln nc s b c v b gim cht lng), phi lau sch ming chai trc khi y nt
(Ch : khng c dng cn lau cho chai l mau kh v s lm cho tinh du b nhim
thm tp cht t cn nh aldehyd). Bnh hoc chai l ng tinh du phi bng thu tinh
mu hoc dng giy mu bc bn ngoi, trong dng c chc chn v c vt chn lt
cn thn. Nu s lng ln th dng snh s hoc thng c trng thic hoc thp khng r.

1.7. Cc dng bo ch thuc ng dc

Cc dng bo ch thuc ng dc gm c: t, cm, hon, cao, ru, siro, bao

sp, thuc dn, cao xoa, du xoa

1.7.1. Cc dng bo ch ny thng c nhng c im sau

- Trong cng thc c nhiu cht khc nhau, a s c ngun gc t dc liu nn

d b nhim nm mc.

- K thut v iu kin sn xut, pha ch, v sinh thng khng m bo ch

v khun nh cc dng khc v bao b ng gi qu n gin khng bo qun c thuc
trnh khi s xm nhp v pht trin ca vi khun, su b, nm mc, rui nhngMc

34
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

d, c thm cht bo qun nh Nipazin, nipazol, natri benzoat nhng y vn l loi

thuc kh bo qun v thng khng c lu, tui th ngn.

- Vic kim tra, kim nghim i vi dng thuc ng dc rt kh khn, cha c

mt tiu chun thng nht ca ngnh nhm m bo kim sot cht lng thuc ng
dc. V vy, vic s dng thuc ng dc km cht lng (nh siro b ln men, hon
thuc b mc, cn thuc b cn ta, mu sc thay i), ngun gc khng r rng vn
gy nguy hi cho ngi s dng.

1.7.2. bo qun tt cc ch phm ng dc cn phi

- m bo nguyn liu dng bo ch thuc ng dc phi c phm cht tt,

khng b nm mc, su b, khng b h hng.

- Ni sn xut phi m bo v sinh v trng bng hoc t ra cng gn bng ni

sn xut thuc tn dc, c kim tra tng cng on sn xut theo ng qui trnh k thut.

- Phi la chn bao b ng gi ph hp v cc bin php bo qun tt vi tng

loi thuc ng dc.

- Cn x l ngay thuc km phm cht nh: kp thi x l bo qun ng gi li,

cch ly trnh ly lan nht l thuc b su b, nm mc mi xm nhp, hoc tr li x
nghip nhng ch phm khng quy cch, tiu chun.

- Kp thi thay chai l nt, v, ti b bc rch.

- Sp xp trong kho phi ch ti sc chu ng ca bao b. Khng c chng

vt nng hay qu cao lm bp, hng bao b, hay lm dp nt cc thuc bn trong nh
vin hon, t

- Cm thuc ng trong ti cht do cm phi bo qun trong hm kn trnh

gin chut ph hoi.

- Khi vn chuyn phi nh nhng, cho thm vt chn lt hm ng ch phm

dng lng trnh v.

- i vi cc ch phm ng dc bo qun tt i hi ngi qun l nh th

kho, cn b k thut phi c tinh thn trch nhim cao, sing nng, chm ch v c
nghip v vng vng.

2. Bo qun ho cht

2.1. Phn loi ho cht

Ho cht c s dng trong ngnh c rt nhiu loi v thng c chia thnh ba loi:

- Ho cht thng.

- Ho cht th nghim.

- Ho cht dng lm thuc (ho dc).

35
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.2. c im ca ho cht

Cc ho cht thng c mt c im chung cn phi ch trong qu trnh bo qun l:

- Thng l nhng hot cht c hot tnh mnh.

- D xy ra cc phn ng ho hc nguy him.

- C mt s ho cht d chy n khi va chm, cng nh khi gp la, gp m.

- C mt s ho cht d bay hi, hi rt c, c th n mn kim loi v lm hng

thuc v bao gi xung quanh. Mt s ho cht bay hi, khi hi t ti mt nng
no th c th gy chy n. V d: Ether, aceton, acid nitric

2.3. Cc bin php bo qun ho cht trong kho

- Kho cha ho cht phi m bo cch nhit, thng thong tt; phi c trn nh, mi
hin rng trnh nh sng chiu trc tip vo. Cn lm nhiu ca ra vo v ca s
thng thong v thun tin cho vic thng gi.

- Cc ho cht d chy n phi c xp trong kho ring v phi thc hin tt ch

bo qun.

- Phi chun b y cc phng tin phng chng c. Trong kho phi c t thuc
cp cu gm c: thuc chng c v phng tin cp cu x tr khi xy ra tai nn lao
ng.

Cc thuc v phng tin thng dng trong kho bo qun ho cht l:

+ Nc vi.

+ Natri hydrocarbonat 3%.

+ Acid acetic 5% hoc acid boric 2%.

+ Du cha bng.

+ Bng ht.

+ Bng cun, bng dnh.

+ Mt n phng c.

- Kho cha cc loi ho cht n mn phi c gi k, t, bc lm bng vt liu chu c

s n mn, nn kho phi ri mt lp ct dy t 20 - 40cm.

- Cc cht d tng k, cc cht oxy ho mnh, kim mnh, acid mnh phi c
trong tng khu vc ring. Kho phi c li i rng thun tin v d dng cho vic
sp xp, xut nhp.

- Trong khu vc ho cht phi lun lun gn gng, khng cht d chy xung
quanh ch xp ho cht. Khu vc ng gi phi tin hnh ni ring bit.

36
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Cn c cc trang thit b ti thiu cho vic bc d, sp xp m bo an ton lao ng.

- Vt liu bao b dng ng gi ho cht phi la chn thn trng trnh tng k,
trnh bc rch trong qu trnh vn chuyn, bo qun.

- Bao b ng gi phi sch, khng dng ln bao b ca ho cht ny cho ho cht khc
nu cha c x l sch.

- Ho cht nhp nc ngoi phi dn thm nhn ph bng ting Vit v c cc k hiu
ring nh: c, d chy n, d n mn, ho cht, ho nghim theo qui nh ca Qui ch
nhn.

- Cc bnh cha ho cht nht thit phi t trong dng c c vt chn, lt cn thn
trnh va p rung lc.

- Khi ra l phi dng ng ht c qu bp cao su. Phi c gi c bit xp v git ho

cht.

- Cc cht n mn mnh (I2, AgNO3) khng c ng gi trong bao b bng giy hoc
bng kim loi.

- Phi s dng cc nt y thch hp: Khng dng nt cao su y bnh ng dung mi

hu c; Cc chai l ng NaOH, KOH khng c y bng nt thu tinh, nt mi.

- Ra l cc hp cht bay hi v c vi sc kho nh Brom,.. th phi tin hnh trong t

ht.

- Cc hp cht d b hng bi nh sng, khi ng gi phi chn bao b c mu (,

vng, en, nu) hoc bc giy mu.

3. Bo qun dc liu, tho mc

3.1. c im ca dc liu

Dc liu tho mc c nhiu loi, c c im v tnh cht khc nhau. Nhng

dc liu c c im chung l cng knh, khi lng bo qun thng ln, kh ng
gi kn v thng dng cc bao b ng gi n gin, khng c kh nng chng cc yu
t gy h hng; kh sp xp, kh phi xng sy, vn chuyn v kh c lu.

Dc liu b gim phm cht trong qu trnh bo qun thng do cc nguyn nhn sau:

- Dc liu chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh nhit , m, nh sng.

Trong , m t l nguyn nhn chnh lm gim cht lng dc liu.

- Nm mc: dc liu b mc l hin tng ph bin trong iu kin kh hu nng

m nh nc ta. Mc pht trin lm cho dc liu bin mu, bin mi, v v b gim
cht lng nhanh chng. Nm mc thng gp thuc cc chi Aspergillus, penicillium,
mucor, rhizopus.

37
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Su mt: su mt rt d xm nhp v pht trin trong dc liu, lm cho dc

liu h hng, to ra mi l v gy nhim bn cho dc liu do cht thi ca su mt. Su
mt hay gp nh mt go, mt thc , mt cph, mt thuc.

- Dc liu thng hay b mi xng, chut cn v ph hoi.

3.2. Cc bin php bo qun dc liu

- Bo qun dc liu nhm gi hnh thc v phm cht ca dc liu khng b gim st,
gi dc liu trnh c cc yu t thi tit, su b, mi mt, nm mc gy tc ng
hoc cn ph lm gim cht lng, hao ht hoc h hng.

- Mun bo qun tt, dc liu phi c ng gi theo ng tiu chun v loi bao b,
kch thc, khi lng, hnh dng. Chn bao b thch hp vi c im v tnh cht ca
tng dc liu. Mc ch ca vic ng gi l bo v dc liu v mi mt trong thi
gian vn chuyn hay bo qun. Trn bao b phi c nhn ghi r: tn dc liu, khi lng
nguyn, khi lng c b, ni sn xut, s kim sot; Nu ng gi nh dng ngay th
phi ghi r cng dng, cch dng, liu dng, hn dng.

- Phi xy dng kho ng qui cch, kho thng c xy dng bng nguyn liu chng
chy. Kho phi thong mt, kh ro. Gia cc gi phi c li i li. Kho phi sch s,
sng sa m bo m v nhit thch hp cho tng loi dc liu trong qu trnh bo
qun. Cn p dng cc bin php chng m, chng nng cho kho.

- Dc liu phi c xp t theo tng khu vc d tm, d kim sot. Cc dc liu

nh c c dc, u, m tin.. v cc dc liu c tinh du nh hi inh hng, qu,
bc h.. phi ring.

- Phi c cc bin php phng chng s pht trin ca nm mc, su b, mi mt, chut
xm nhp v phi kim tra theo nh k. Khi dc liu b nm mc th phi x l nh
ra, lau nc hoc lau cn, ri phi sy li, nu nhim nng th loi b. Nu dc liu b
su mt, phng php n gin nht l sy 650C hoc c th s dng bc x tia gama
Co80 chiu t 0,25 - 1 KGy. Dc liu vi s lng t v rt d su mt thng c
ng trong hp thng st kn v nh xung y thng vi git cloroform.

- Khi nhp dc liu phi kim tra v c s phn loi i vi tng dc liu.

38
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

BI 4: BO QUN DNG C THU TINH

MC TIU HC TP

1. Nu c cc c tnh v nguyn nhn chnh gy h hng dng c thu tinh.

2. Trnh by c k thut bo qun dng c thu tinh.

3. Nu c cc k thut x l dng c thu tinh km phm cht.

NI DUNG

Dng c thu tinh c s dng rng ri trong cc ngnh kinh t. i vi ngnh Y t,

dng c thu tinh c dng nhiu lm dng c pha ch, dng c xt nghim v lm
bao b ng gi thuc men v ho cht.

Cc dng c lm bng thu tinh c rt nhiu u im: d ra sch, khng thm m Tuy
nhin, chng c nhiu nhc im bt li nh gin nn rt d v khi va chm; khng
chu c nng lnh t ngt; b m, do nm mc lm mt hoc gim gi tr s dng.

I. THNH PHN CA THY TINH

1. Thnh phn chnh

1.1. Oxyd acid: SiO2, P2O5, B2O3 , Al2O3.

- SiO2 l thnh phn ch yu. Thy tinh thng t l SiO2 60-80%, thy tinh thch anh
90%. Trong thin nhin SiO2 tn ti di dng v nh hnh l ct, dng kt tinh l thch
anh.

- B2O3 , Al2O3 gim h s gin n, tng tnh chu nhit v tng bn ha hc.

1.2. Oxyd kim: Na2O , K2O, Li2O.

- Vai tr ca oxyd kim gim nng chy, lm trong thy tinh v lm tng h s du
m do thy tinh s km chu nhit v chu ha cht v thy tinh nh kim.

1.3. Cc oxyd khc: CaO, MgO, BaO, PbO, ZnO. Tng tnh chu nhit, chu ha cht
gim h s gin n.

2. Thnh phn ph:

2.1. Cht kh mu: MnO2, NiO, Cr2O3.

2.2. Cht to mu: NiO Tm, tm

CuO Xanh da tri

39
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Cr2O3 Xanh l

2.3. Cht kh bt: NH4NO3, NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4.

II. TNH CHT VT L CA THY TINH

1. c tnh ca thu tinh

1.1. c tnh c hc

- Thu tinh cng nhng rt gin, tnh n hi km, va chm mnh d v. gin ca
thu tinh ph thuc vo thnh phn ho hc, hnh dng, b dy ca dng c thu tinh.
Thu tinh c cng cao v kh nng chu nn tt. cng ca thu tinh ngang vi
thp.

- Kh nng chu ko gin ca thu tinh rt km. ko gin ph thuc vo thnh phn
cu to ca thy tinh, dy, ng u v tnh trng b mt thy tinh.

1.2. Tnh chu nhit

- Thu tinh dn nhit km nn khi b thay i nhit t ngt hay b nt v.

- Kh nng chu c s thay i nhit ty thuc vo loi thu tinh: thy tinh lm chai
l 80 - 900C, thu tinh thch anh 10000C. Dng c thu tinh c ti k c th lm tng
sc chu nhit ln 1,5 n 2 ln. Sc chu nhit ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: thnh phn
cu to thu tinh, h s gin n, dy, kch thc v hnh dng dng c, ng u
cng nh tnh trng b mt ca thu tinh.

- ng lc ca thu tinh: Do thu tinh dn nhit km nn nhit gia lp trong v lp

ngoi khng ng u. Kt qu gia cc lp thu tinh xut hin lc co gin ni ti gi l
ng lc. ng lc lm gim bn c hc, thu tinh d nt v t nhin.

1.3. Sc chu ng vi cc ho cht

- Tc dng ca acid: Lp natri silicat trn b mt thu tinh tc dng vi dung dch acid
to ra mui ho tan v lp oxyd silic khng tan c tc dng bo v.

Phn ng tng tc: Na2SiO3 + 2HCl = 2NaCl + H2O

Tc phn ng lc u mnh, sau yu dn v b ngng hm v to ra mng bo v SiO2

ngn cch gia thu tinh v dung dch. Thu tinh thch anh chu acid tt nht, thu tinh
kim chu acid km nht. Thu tinh kh kim bng acid long c bn vng ho hc
cao v to lp SiO2 bo v b mt.

- Kim ph hy cu trc Si-O-Si trn b mt to ra cu trc Si-O-Na v Si-OH.

Kim ph hy cu trc c to ra cu trc mi ring bit ch khng to mng SiO2 bo v
v ngn nga kim loi nm su trong cu trc thy tinh v chuyn vo dung dch thuc.
tc n mn ca dung dch kim ph thuc vo nng dung dch, nhit , s khuy
trn v nhn b mt thy tinh. Thy tinh c b mt nhm nh chai l nt mi, bm
tim thng b kt cht v b thy phn v carbonat ha.

40
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Tng tc ca chng xy ra nh vi acid, hoc kim tng ng. Phn ng trao i &
thy phn xy ra gia dung dch mui v cc thnh phn trong thy tinh thy tinh b
n mn to ra ta vn c, lc thy tinh trong dung dch.

V d: CaCl + Na2SiO3 CaSiO3 + 2NaCl

CaSiO3 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + SiO2 + H2O

CaSiO3 + MgSO4 MgSiO3 + CaSO4

1.4. T trng

T trng ca thu tinh thay i t 2,2 n 7 tu theo thnh phn ca mi loi thu tinh.

2. Phn loi

2.1. Phn loi theo t l acid, kim c trong thnh phn: C 4 loi chnh

- Thy tinh c thnh phn kali v canxi: Kh nng chu tc ng ca nc ha cht km

nn dng trong k ngh thng thng, trang tr nh ca.

- Thy tinh c thnh phn Natri, Canxi lm vt liu xy dng.

- Thy tinh c thnh phn Kali, ch lm knh quang hc, o chng tia X, knh mt.

- Thy tinh Borosilicat v thy tinh nhm Borosilicat.

2.2. Phn loi theo s dng ngnh y dc: chia lm 3 loi

- Thy tinh trung tnh dng ng thuc chch, dch truyn, thuc nh mt.

- Thy tinh Brosilicat chu c nhit cao v ha cht nhng h s gin n thp, c
th ng cc loi thuc tit trng nhit cao (150-2000C), dng c phng th nghim.

- Thy tinh kim: dng ng thuc vin thuc bt, cm, siro, thuc nc (ch cc siro
c cha Alcaloid v d gy ta nh Morphin, Strychnin, cafein)

III. NGUYN NHN LM H HNG DNG C THY TINH

1. Nc v kh dioxyd carbon (CO2) c trong khng kh

Hai yu t ny lm cho b mt thu tinh b thu phn v carbonat ho. Qu trnh trn
c biu din bng phng trnh:

Na2SiO3 + H2O = 2NaOH + SiO2

2NaOH + CO2 = Na2CO3 + H2O

Thu tinh cng kim th hin tng ny xy ra cng mnh. Lp mng keo SiO2 c to
ra nu mng c tnh cht bo v nhng nu dy ln s b rn nt v bong ra to thnh lc
thu tinh. Natri carbonat gy m, kt cc dng c thu tinh.

2. Nm mc mi trng

41
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Trong qu trnh bo qun, s dng nu khng cn thn th cc dng c thu tinh d b

nm mc c trong khng kh lm hng.

Mt s yu t nh: m hi tay, du m, m, bi v cc cht cu bn bm trn thu

tinh l iu kin thun li cho nm mc pht trin. Trong qu trnh pht trin, nm mc
s thi ra acid hu c gy mn v m c dng c thu tinh. Hin tng ny c bit nguy
him i vi cc my mc, thit b quang hc c b phn lm bng thu tinh.

Cc dng c thu tinh acid nh thu tinh thch anh, thu tinh quang hc cng d b nm
mc hn thu tinh kim.

3. Nhit

Do tnh dn nhit km cho nn thu tinh rt hay b nt v khi thay i nhit t

ngt. Thu tinh kim v dng c c dy mng khc nhau u d b nt v khi thay i
nhit t ngt.

4. Va chm

Vi tnh cht c hc ca thu tinh l rt gin v tnh n hi, tnh do dai km cho nn
khi b va chm mnh, cc dng c thu tinh rt d nt v.

IV. K THUT BO QUN DNG C THY TINH

1. Trong kho

Trc khi tin hnh bo qun, cn phn loi dng c thu tinh theo s lng, cht lng,
chng loi, gi tr s dng. c bin php qun l thch hp.

C th l:

- Loi t tin d hng nh my mc dng c quang hc cn phi bo qun c bit: t

trong mi trng kn c cht ht m v cht dit nm.

- Loi dng c o lng chnh xc phi ni mt, c nhit n nh.

- Loi bao b c s lng nhiu v r tin th khng yu cu bo qun c bit. Ring i

vi ng tim, chai ng huyt thanh cn bo qun cn thn hn v loi ny d b mc rt
kh ra sch. i vi cc loi bao b ny ch cn xp t ni kh ro, trnh ma nng,
m t.

- Dng c c b phn mi nhm phi c tho ri hay lt bng lp giy mng khi bo
qun. Nu tho ri cc b phn tng ng nhau phi c nh s cn thn v xp vo
ngn ring hoc t ring trnh nhm ln.

- Cc bng n hunh quang phi ni c nhit n nh, phi th trc khi giao
nhn v nh k kim tra cht lng.

- Dng c quang hc nh: ng knh, bn m hng cu, in cc, lamen cn t trong

bnh kn c cht ht m.

Cn ch l khng c xp chng cc dng c thu tinh ln nhau nhiu trong kho.

42
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2. ng gi vn chuyn

Khi vn chuyn bao b thu tinh cn chn lt cn thn. Vt chn lt phi kh, sch,
thng dng: v bo, ba cactong.

Khi ng gi phi ch :

- Phi c lp m ngn cch gia cc dng c vi nhau. Dng c mng, nh phi c bc

giy ring tng ci mt.

- Khi ng gi thu tinh trong hm phi nht y cc vt m trnh cc khong trng

c th lm cho dng c b v khi vn chuyn.

- Khng xp vt nng ln trn cc dng c thu tinh.

- Ngoi hm phi ghi k hiu d v.

- Khi vn chuyn dng c thu tinh phi ht sc nh nhng, trnh va chm.

3. Khi s dng

Ngi s dng phi nm c tnh cht, c im ca tng loi thu tinh, mc ch v

yu cu cng vic la chn dng c, bao b thch hp.

- Thuc bt, thuc vin, thuc nc c th dng chai l thu tinh thng.

- Thuc tim, thuc nh mt phi dng bao b thu tinh trung tnh v chu nhit.

- Khng sy hoc un nng cc dng c ong o lm bng thu tinh v s lm gim

chnh xc ca dng c.

- Khi dng dng c thu tinh un nu, khng ngn la cao qu mc dung dch
trong dng c v thng un cch li amian iu ho nhit. Cc hoc bnh un nng
phi chn loi mng, y trn. Sau khi un xong khng c t ngay trn bn lnh.

- Chai l nt mi khng ng kim v d kt dnh. ng nh git, pipet, buret sau khi dng
phi ra ngay.

s dng dng c thu tinh c lu bn, cn tun th cc nguyn tc chnh sau:

+ Khi un nng cn tng nhit t t. Khng un nng cc dung dch bng dng c
thu tinh dy, cng khng c nc nng vo cc dng c .

+ Khng c ng dung dch kim v acid c vo bnh thu tinh mng.

+ Nhng b phn mi nhm phi c bi trn bng vaselin.

+ Khi xp dng c thu tinh, trnh va chm mnh m phi ht sc nh nhng.

V. X L DNG C THY TINH

43
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Trong qu trnh s dng, nu dng c thu tinh b h hng nh, chng ta c th x l

bng cc phng php sau:

1. X l dng c thu tinh b mc, m, b mt

- Ngm dng c thu tinh vo dung dch acid, kim hoc mui long, sau mt thi gian
em c ra sch.

- Dng bt calci carbonat tht mn xoa nh ln b mt ca thu tinh, sau em lau

sch bng giy mm hoc vi mm.

- Dng c thu tinh dnh du m cn lau bng giy bn, mn ca, sau dng x phng
v nc m ra sch.

- C th ngm dng c thu tinh trong dung dch sulfo cromic theo cng thc sau:

Kali bicromat 15g

Acid sulfuric 500ml

2. Dng c b kt dnh

Khi chai l c nt mi, bm tim, kho buret b kt dnh c th x l bng cch:

- Nh acid vo ch b kt dnh hoc ngm dng c trong acid hydrocloric

- Cho dng c vo nc em luc si.

- Sy nng dng c nhit t 1000C - 1200C sau 10 - 15pht.

- Ly thanh g hoc kim loi bc cao su g nh vo nt hay kho b kt.

44
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

BI 5: BO QUN DNG C KIM LOI

MC TIU HC TP

1. Nu c cc nguyn nhn chnh v cc yu t gy ra n mn kim loi.

2. Trnh by c cc bin php k thut chung chng n mn kim loi v bo

qun dng c kim loi.

NI DUNG

I. I CNG

1. Thnh phn

C nhiu my mc v dng c y t c lm bng kim loi. Kim loi dng lm dng

c y t thng l: St, Crom, Mangan, Nhm,

Cc kim loi thng dng di dng hp kim hay dng nguyn cht, cc dng c y t
thng c lm t:

45
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.1. Thp carbon

L hp cht gm c st v carbon. Thp cng nhiu carbon cng rn nhng gin, d gy

v st m. Loi thp c cha 0,1 - 0,5% carbon thng dng lm ba v cn ba phu
thut. Loi cha 0,6 - 1% carbon dng lm kp, ko, c

1.2. Thp hp kim

L thp carbon c thm cc kim loi khc nh: niken, crom, volfram Loi ny thng
c dng lm kim tim, c, km ct xng

1.3. Kim loi mu

Cc kim loi mu c u im t han g, mm v nh.

- Bc: lm ch buc xng, ng thng kh qun.

- Nhm: lm hp dng c, cn dao m

Cc dng c y t lm bng kim loi c u im bn, chc, nhng c nhc im l hay b

han g, h hng trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng.

2. Nguyn nhn gy h hng dng c gm

2.1. n mn kim loi

L mt qu trnh ha hc do mi trng v mi hot ng ca con ngi gy ra, s ph

hy dn dn th hin ra bn ngoi l s r st sn phm quy m ln nh khc nhau.

2.2. n mn ho hc

y l hin tng n mn kim loi do tng tc ho hc ca kim loi vi mi

trng bn ngoi m quan trng nht l phn ng oxi ho kim loi.

2.3. n mn in ho

y l hin tng n mn kim loi do kim loi tip xc vi mi trng in li

nh: nc, mui, kim to ra. Tc n mn in ho ph thuc vo in th tiu
chun ca kim loi, nng cht in li, nhit mi trng. Nguyn nhn gy n mn
in ho trong khng kh l do kim loi ln tp cht, hi nc ngng t trn b mt kim
loi kt hp vi cc ho cht nh: CO2, SO2, NO2, H2S, NH3 to thnh cc dung dch
in li lm cho kim loi b n mn.

2.4. n mn tinh th: s n mn dn v gy ra thit hi ch yu ni tip gip cc ht,

n n su vo bn trong cn mt ngoi kh thy n lm mt kh nng lin kt tinh th,
cho nn khi va chm rt d b v.

2.5. n mn kh th: ch xy ra khi kim loi b t nng trong mi trng kh n mn

nh CO2, SO2, NO2.

46
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.6. n mn trong mi trng khng dn in: l n mn ha hc xy ra trong khng

kh kh, dung dch cc cht khng phn cc in ly nh hi xng du, cc dung mi hu
c, cn ether, cloroform c ln iod hay lu hunh.

Qu trnh n mn kim loi c th do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, nhng in

hnh nht l hin n mn ho hc v n mn in ho.

3. Cc yu t gy ra s n mn kim loi

3.1. Oxy v m

Trong khng kh, oxy ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh n mn ho hc.
Oxy hp th trn b mt kim loi sau xy ra tng tc ho hc v chuyn kim loi t
dng nguyn t v dng hp cht l oxyd kim loi, m khng kh cng cao th kim
loi han g cng nhanh.

3.2. Cc kh hi trong khng kh

Trong iu kin khng kh c m cao, khi nhit mi trng h thp s gy nn hin

tng khng kh bo ho hi nc, trn b mt dng c xut hin mt lp nc. Nu
trong mi trng c mt ca mt trong cc kh CO2, SO2, th cc kh ny tan trong
nc to ra dung dch in li, y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy n mn kim loi.

3.3. Bi

Bi trong khng kh v nm mc bm trn b mt kim loi to thnh lp mng xp ht

m. Nu bi l ho cht s to thnh dung dch in li, gy ra hin tng n mn in
ho. Nu bi l cht hu c th to thun li cho nm mc pht trin v thi ra acid hu
c l yu t gy n mn kim loi.

3.4. Ho cht

Trong qu trnh bo qun v s dng kim loi, nu cc dng c y t bng kim loi tip
xc vi ho cht s gy ra hin tng n mn.

4. p dng bin php chng n mn

4.1. Ci thin mi trng

y l bin php ch ng to mi trng thun li trong cng tc bo qun cc dng c

y t kim loi bng cch:

- Chng m: p dng bin php thng gi cho kho tng hoc dng cc cht ht m.

- Xy dng kho tng ni xa cc khu Cng nghip.

- Khng my mc, dng c bng kim loi chung vi kho ho cht.

- Phi lau chi thng xuyn chng m v chng bi.

4.2. Cch li dng c y t bng kim loi vi mi trng bn ngoi

47
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Ph ln b mt kim loi mt trong nhng mng bo v cch li vi mi trng:

- To mng kim loi khng g (m): ng, niken, crom, km, thic

- To mng oxyd bn vng bo v.

- Sn chng g

- Bi hoc ngm dng c kim loi trong du, m khong vt.

4.3. Dng cht c ch n mn

Bin php ny lm qu trnh n mn b chm li hoc ngng hm hon ton.

4.4. Ch to dng c y t bng hp hp kim hay thp khng g.

Khi pha vo st mt kim loi mu nh Cu, Ni th ta c mt hp kim c cng tt

hn v kh nng chng n mn v chu c acid tt hn.

II. BO QUN DNG C KIM LOI

1. Trong kho

- Kho phi sch s thong kh, trong kho phi sp xp sao cho d kim tra, d cp pht v
d v sinh. Ca kho phi kn c b tr thng gi t nhin hoc bng my. Duy tr m,
nhit thch hp.

- Dng c phi trn gi, k, t, c th phn thnh nhm nh sau: Dng c l, dng c
xp thnh b trong ti hoc hp kim loi, dng c thu hi cn tt, dng c thu hi sa
cha, dng c hng thu hi x l. Mi n v ng gi dng c phi ghi nhn, mi
khoang bo qun phi c danh mc dng c chung.

- Khng dng c y t bng kim loi vi cc dng c bng cao su v cc cht n mn

nh: acid, kim, iod

- Ngn cch dng c vi mi trng bng cch bi trn du m, vaselin sau bao gi
bng giy parafin hoc cho vo ti poliethylen hn kn.

- C th p dng phng php bo qun kh i vi dng c khng s dng thng

xuyn m thnh thong mi s dng bng cch: ng dng c trong t kn, c 7 ngy lau
kh bng khn sch, mm mt ln hoc dng hp kn ng dng c, cho thm cht ht
m bo qun.

- Trnh st, m cc dng c c li sc. Dng c c l xo th phi nh l xo, dng c c

mc rng ca th phi ci vo nc th nht khi bo qun.

- nh k kim tra pht hin v ngn chn dng d b h hng kp thi. Khi kim tra,
khng cm dng c bng tay m phi dng gng bt, trnh dng gng cao su v c lu
hunh s to ra SO2 gy n mn dng c.

2. Bo qun trong s dng

48
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Nguyn nhn gy g dng c nhiu nht l khu dit khun. Sau khi m, dng c c
ngm vo dung dch phenol 5%, ra sch, lau kh. Dng xng hay du ho tinh khit lau
li ty vt du m ri dit khun. C nhiu phng php dit khun:

2.1. Phng php t

Tm cn vo bng v dng c ri t. Cch ny n gin nhng thp b t nng s b

non v d cn b phn nhn sc, lp m d bong, mt bng sng v b m .

2.2. Sy 1600C - 1800C trong 3 - 4gi

Cch ny dng nhiu cc bnh vin. Nu sy lu ngy thp b non, lp m d b bong.

Phng php ny c u im l dng c lun kh.

2.3. Hp hi nc

Cho dng c vo ni hp p sut cao, nhit 125 - 1300C.

2.4. Luc bng nc ct

Ngm chm dng c vo nc ct ri luc si. Nc ct phi cho thm 1% NaCO3

tng nhit si v to pH kim nh lm dng c b hng.

Sau khi hp hay luc cn phi dng ngay, nu lu m lm g dng c. Cch hp

v luc m bo dit khun tt v hi nc v nc thm su v truyn nhit c vo
cc khe k dng c, thp khng b non.

BI 6: BO QUN DNG C CAO SU - CHT DO

MC TIU HC TP

1. Nu c cc nguyn nhn chnh gy h hng dng c cao su.

2. Nu c c im chung v cc nguyn nhn chnh gy h hng dng c cht do.

3. Trnh by c cc bin php k thut chung bo qun dng c bng cao su v cht
do.

NI DUNG

I. BO QUN DNG C CAO SU

1. Ngun gc, c im chung ca cc dng c lm bng cao su

49
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.1. Cao su thin nhin

1.1.1. Ngun gc cao su thin nhin

+ Tn khoa hc: Hevea brasillensis. Euphorbiaceae.

+ Cy cao su mc hoang cc nc Nam M, c di thc v Vit Nam v

cc nc ng Nam .

+ M cao su cha 60% nc, 30-40% latex, t mui v c v mt t cht

nh ha.

+ M cao su khi mi chy ra lng v trng nh sa, sau khi tip xc vi

khng kh 1-3 gi s c li.

+ M cao su c n hi ln.

1.1.2. Cu to phn t cao su thin nhin: cht trng hp mt loi hydrocarbon cha no,
l Isopren (C5H8)n vi n> 300. trng lng phn t t 150.000 800.000 n v oxy.
Cc i phn t poly isopren cun xon vi nhau thnh Latex

(cu to phn t isopren)

(Mch i phn t ca cao su thin nhin c hnh thnh t cc mt xch isopren ng

phn cis lin kt vi nhau v tr 1,4.)

1.1.3. S lu ha cao su: cao su thin nhin khng bn vng (chy dnh nhit >
400C) mm nt v bc mi kh chu do gia cc phn t polyisopren lin kt vi nhau
qu lng lo. Qu trnh nghin cu ngi ta tm ra cht lm tng bn v tnh chu
nhit ca cao su l lu hunh (S). Qu trnh lu ha cao su l kt hp gia Latex v S.

- K thut tin hnh: trn bt cao su vi S theo t l nht nh, hp nhit 120-
1600C/3atm ta c cao su lu ha c cu to phn t khc hn cu to phn t cao su
ban u. Qu trnh lu ha xy ra 2 giai on:

+ S kt hp vi phn t Isopren dy ni i

+ S xen k gia cc mch phn t cao su v to ra s lin kt ha hc gia cc

phn t vi nhau theo mi pha trong khng gian to thnh mch di mi lin kt ny lm

50
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

cho s n hi ca cao su gim i nhng li lm cho cao su t c cng cn thit v

c tnh chu nng lnh.

+ Cao su thng t l S: 1-4% tng khi lng.

+ Cao su bn cng mm t l S: 10-20%.

+ Cao su cng hon ton t l S: 20-40% gi l nha ebonit.

+ S lu ha cao su phi ng mc nu khng d lm cao su chy dnh, d

ha tan (lu ha thp) hoc cng, gin, mau gi (lu ha cao).

1.2. Cao su tng hp

Do nhu cu x hi ngy cng ln, vi ngun cao su thin nhin khng p ng, v
c mt s nhc im v c tnh l ha. Mt s nc tng hp cao su da vo cu
to ca cao su thin nhin.

1.2.1. Nguyn tc: da vo cu to cao su thin nhin l Isopren c 2 ni i 2 u

ging nh Butadien 1,3. Ngi ta to nguyn liu ban u Butadien (cao su Butadien).

- Phng php Lebedev (i t cn etylic):

t,p,xt
G 2 CH3-CH2OH H2O, CH2=CH-CH=CH2

- Phng php Baedep: sau khi c butadien em trng hp ha di p lc cao v cht

xc tc l kim loi Na.

- Cc nguyn liu dng ch to cao su tng hp c th i t cao su thin nhin: kh than

du m, cc d phm ca cellulose trong cng nghip g v t nhn to.

1.2.2. Thnh phn ca cao su tng hp

- Thnh phn chnh: m cao su, ty loi chim 30-40%.

- Thnh phn ph

+ Cht lu ha: S lm cao su chu c nhit cao, khng chy dnh

mm nho, S cng nhiu cao su cng cng.

+ Cht lm tng lu ha: lm gin thi gian lu ha t 1 gi n 10-15

pht. Thng s dng CaO, ZnO, PbO3, MgO (cc cht v c). Cc cht hu c:
Diphenylguanidin, disulfur, Dibenzen thiazol (Altaks)

T l cc cht ny t 1-2% so vi lng cao su v thng phi hp nhiu cht

t c tc nhanh.

+ Cht n v lm khe cao su: lm cao su bn chc hn, chu c lc

ko ln, h gi thnh sn phm. V d: bnh thng cao su chu c lc ko 15-
20kg/m2. Khi thm cht n n s chu c F 200-300kg/m2. Thng dng bt b hng,
kaolin, ZnO, nghin mn.

51
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

+ cht lm do v mm: gip cao su d nho trn khi thm cc cht ph gia
& tng tnh chu lnh. Thng s dng Parafin, Vaselin, Dibutylphtalat, nha thng.

+ Cht chng Oxy ha: chng lo ha ko di tui th ca cao su.

Thng dng Naphtilamin, Phenyl naphtilamin.

+ Cht kh mi: thng cho vo cao su ch to cc dng c y t lm

gim mi kh chu khi cho vo cc xoang c th nh ng thng kh qun, d dy.
Thng dng Diphenyl oxyd, Diphenyl metan.

+ Cht to mu: to mu theo nhu cu s dng.

Mu trng: ZnO, Titan oxyd, BaSO4

Mu en: carbon (b hng).

Mu xanh: Ultramin

Mu nu: FeO

Mu : Ch oxyd, antimon.

* Mt tri ca cc cht ph gia i khi va c li nhng cng c hi. Lm cao su mm

chu lc tt nhng i khi lm cao su hp thu nhit (b hng) hoc d chy dnh (vaselin,
parafin)

1.3. So snh tnh cht cao su thin nhin v cao su tng hp

Cao su thin nhin Cao su tng hp

Tnh chu nhit - +

Ha cht dung mi - +

Mi mn ma st + -

Tnh n hi + -

Tnh chu nng lnh - +

2. Nguyn nhn gy h hng dng c bng cao su

2.1. Do tc ng ca oxy v ozon trong kh quyn

Kh O2 v O3 oxy ho cc dy ni i trong phn t cao su, bin phn t cao su thnh

hydrocarbon no lm cho cao su mt dn bn chc v tnh n hi. Khi dng c cao su
b oxy ho, mt ngoi cao su to thnh lp mng cng, khi b c xt hoc b cong th
mng b rn nt, oxy theo vt nt chui su vo trong tip tc oxy ho, lp mng cng
cng dy thm v cao su mau hng.

2.2. Do tc ng ca nh sng v tia cc tm

52
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Cc dng c cao su thng c mu cho nn hp th nh sng rt mnh. Nu nh nng

chiu vo, cao su b nng ln, to iu kin thun li cho phn ng oxy ho, lu ho, phn
ng gia cc cht t do trong cao su v cht ph gia. Tuy vy, nh sng khng xuyn c su
cho nn dng c cao su cng mng cng d b hng hn dng c dy.

Dng c cao su rt nhy cm vi tia cc tm, v n lm cho phn t cao su b ct on v

lm phai mu cao su.

2.3. Do tc ng ca nhit

Nhit lm cho cao su b lu ho qu mc, dn dn cao su b cng v mt tnh nng

n hi. Nhit cao thc y cc phn ng phn hu cao su v lm cho dng c mau
gin v d nt gy.

2.4. Do tc ng ca ho cht

Cc cht oxy ho v cc ho cht thuc nhm halogen c tc ng xu n cc dng c Y

t lm bng cao su. Nhiu dng c cao su b trng n hoc b ho tan trong cc dung
mi hu c nh: benzen, xng, du m.

2.5. Do nh hng ca kh hu

Nu dng c cao su trong iu kin khng kh qu kh th dng c d hng hn

trong khng kh m v dng c cao su chng b lo ho. Mt khc, nhit cao lm cho
cc phn t lu hunh c trong cao su b oxy ho thnh SO2, SO3, khi gp nc th chng
chuyn thnh cc acid H2SO3 v H2SO4 lm cho dng c cao su d b hng nhanh.

3. K thut chung trong bo qun cc dng c cao su

bo qun tt cc dng c lm bng cao su, chng ta cn c bin php thch hp nhm
ngn chn cc tc nhn gy h hng chng.

3.1. Khi bo qun trong kho

- Chng tc ng ca oxy

+ Kho cha phi kn, t ca s trnh gi la v trnh lu thng khng

kh trong kho, khng dng qut v h thng thng gi.

+ Khi nhp dng c cao su v phi gi nguyn bao gi v xp y trong t,

hm trnh dng c tip xc vi khng kh.

+ Trong t hoc trong kho dng c cao su nn cho mt t mui amoni

carbonat theo t l 5g/dm3 khng kh s c tc dng bo qun rt tt.

+ i vi cc dng c mng nh vi cao su, gng cao su th xoa bt talc

ngn chn oxy xm nhp.

+ i vi dng c nh ti chm, m chng lot phi bm mt t khng

kh vo chng dnh.

53
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

+ i vi dng c cao su l ng to, phi nt kn hai u, ng ngn th xp

theo chiu di, cn ng di th phi cun vng trn to khi bo qun.

+ Khi sp xp phi dng c cao su thoi mi, trnh xp qu cht hoc

cc vt nng lm cao su b nn hoc ko gin.

- Chng tc ng ca nh sng v tia cc tm

Nh kho dng c cao su nn ng kn ca, che mn en trnh nh sng chiu vo.

- Gi m v nhit thch hp

m trong kho bo qun dng c cao su phi duy tr 80% l tt nht. Nc ta c

m trung bnh 80% nn rt thch hp nhng cn phi phng, v nu m qu s lm mc
vi cao su. Nhit tt nht trong bo qun dng c cao su l 10 - 200C.

- phng tc ng ca ho cht

Khng ln dng c cao su trong kho hoc trong t c cha cc cht oxy ho v dung
mi hu c.

My mc, dng c kim loi c lp b phn cao su, nu khng dng thng xuyn, phi
tho b phn cao su bo qun ring.

3.2. Bo qun khi s dng

- Tit trng

cc dng c lm bng cao su bn v s dng c lu, c th p dng mt trong cc

cch tit trng sau:

+ Tit trng bng ho cht: ngm dng c vo dung dch phenol 3 - 5% sau
ngm vo nc mui ng trng.

+Tit trng bng cch luc si: lt y ni bng vi gc, cho nc ngp
dng c v em luc si. Cn ch l khng c luc dng c cao su chung vi dng c
kim loi.

- V sinh sau khi dng

Sau khi s dng cc dng c cao su, cn phi ra sch v lau kh ri em bo qun theo
qui nh.

- Dng c cao su thng b hng theo thi gian, v vy khng nn d tr dng c cao su
qu nhiu v qu lu.

4. Sa cha mt s dng c lm bng cao su

- Khi dng c cao su b kh cng th c th ngm vo vaselin trong 24gi, nu cha mm

th ung nng trong khong 10 - 20 pht.

54
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Nu dng c cao su mng manh m b cng th c th ngm vo dung dch amoni

hydroxyd trong 15pht, sau ngm tip vo dung dch glycerin un nng nhit 40
- 500C trong 15 pht.

- Dng c cao su b thng th c th v li.

II. CHT DO

1. Mt s c im chung ca cht do

Cht do l hp cht cao phn t, c ch to bng phng php tng hp ho hc c

thm cht ph gia. c im ni bt ca cht do l khi un nng chng chuyn sang
trng thi do.

Hin nay, cht do l mt nguyn liu rt ph bin, c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc
trong c ngnh Y t. C khong 3000 loi sn phm lm bng cht do c dng
trong ngnh Y t.

Cht do c dng trong nhiu lnh vc phng bnh v iu tr nh: lm cc b phn

nhn to trong nha khoa, tai mi hng, chn thng chnh hnh, lm ch khu, h dn.

Ngoi ra cht do cn c dng lm dng c h l, thm khm phu thut v lm bao b

dc phm.

1.1. u im

- L cht c t trng thp nn rt nh.

- Kh nng cch nhit, cch in tt, chu c nc, chu c nhiu ho cht.

- C th gia cng, ch to thnh nhiu loi vi nhiu hnh dng, mu sc khc nhau.

- Gi thnh r.

1.2. Nhc im

- a s cht do khng chu c nhit cao, nhit nng chy ca cht do trong
khong 60 - 2000C. Do dng c cht do d b phn hu, bin dng khi sy hoc tit khun
bng nhit.

- Mt s cht do km bn v mt c hc v ho hc. Kh nng chu nc v hi nc km.

- B ho gi trong kh quyn, biu hin l s bin mu, nt gy t nhin, hoc t mm

tr nn cng, gin.

- C kh nng hp ph mi, ho cht.

- Rt d chy.

- C th b ho tan bi mt s dung mi hu c.

1.3. Thnh phn cht do

55
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Cht lin kt (cht kt dnh): l cht ch yu trong thnh phn cht do, l hp
cht cao phn t tng hp, bn tng hp hoc thin nhin. Cht lin kt c kh nng to
hnh di tc ng ca nhit v p sut.

+ Trong nha Galalit cht lin kt l Casein.

+ Trong nha Bakelit cht lin kt l Phenolformaldehyd

+ Trong nha celluloid cht lin kt l Nitrocellulose

- Cht n: Nng cao bn c hc, cch in, cch nhit. Thng dng Kaolin,
bt g, giy vi.

- Cht lm do: Lm sn phm n hi, tng tnh chu lnh, gim tnh chu nhit.
Thng dng du hu c c si cao, ether ca acid phtalic v acid phosphoric nh
dibutylphtalat, phosphat etyl.

- Cht n nh & cht bo qun: ngn cn s bin i tnh cht ca nha do di

tc ng ca t0, nh sng, chng oxy ha, lm chm qu trnh lo ha, chng nm mc vi
khun. Thng dng cc dn cht amin, phenol.

- Cht mu: nhum mu cht do, i khi cn c tc dng n nh lm chm

qu trnh lo ha. Thng dng b hng, cc loi mu.

Trong 5 cht trn loi 1,2,3 l thnh phn chnh v n kt cu thnh mt cht do, cn hai
cht cn li ty theo nhu cu m ngi ta thm vo.

- So snh mt s c tnh ca cc cht do thng dng trong ngnh dc:

+ kh nng chu m (khng b bin i): PE > PP > PVC > PS

+ Kh nng ngn khng cho hi nc thm qua: PE > PP > PA > PS

+ Kh nng ngn kh thm qua: PA > PE > PS

+ Kh nng ngn nc thm qua: PVC > PE > PA

+ Kh nng ngn du m thm qua: PA > PE > PS > PVC

+ Kh nng chu lnh: PE > PVC > PS > PA

@ Kh nng chu ha hc: PE > PP > PA > PS > PVC. Tuy nhin c mt s ha cht hu
nh cc cht do khng chu c nh: ether, cloroform, tetraclorurcabon, phenol.

2. Mt s nguyn nhn thng lm h hng dng c cht do

Dng c cht do lun b tc ng ca mi trng xung quanh nh: nhit , nh sng,

oxy khng kh, hi m lm h hng. Biu hin l cc dng c mt dn tnh do dai v
tr nn cng, gin d nt, gy, bin mu. Qu trnh dng c cht do b h hng nh vy
c gi l qu trnh lo ho. Tc lo ho ca cht do ph thuc vo bn cht ca
cht do, iu kin bo qun v s dng cc cht do.

56
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.1. nh hng ca nhit

a s cc cht do chu nhit rt km. Khi gp nhit cao, chng b bin dng, mm ra
hoc chy lng. Nhit cao lm tng tc lo ho cht do, cho nn sau mt s ln
tit trng bng nhit th dng c bng cht do b phai mu, rn nt, gy v.

Khi cht do b phn hu do nhit s to ra sn phm c gc t do. Cc gc ny c kh

nng phn ng cao s tc ng vo cc phn t cha lo ho lm tng cng s phn
hu.

2.2. nh hng ca oxy khng kh:

Trong iu kin thng th tc ng ca oxy khng kh khng ln. Nhng khi nhit
cao th cht do b ph hu nhanh chng khi c mt oxy khng kh.

2.3. nh hng ca nm mc

Nm mc c th bm v pht trin trn b mt cht do, gy ngng t m trn vt liu,

lm gim tnh cch in, lm gy hoen , loang l v lm h hng cc dng c nhanh
chng.

2.4. nh hng ca nh sng

nh sng cng l mt tc nhn lm cht do nhanh b lo ho. Nguyn nhn do tia t

ngoi phn hu cc lin kt phn t cht do.

Trong thc t, cc dng c cht do thng b tc ng ng thi ca nhiu yu t kt

hp. S h hng ca cht do khng xy ra tc thi m rt t t. V vy ta ch c th
nhn bit c khi xut hin s bin mu, ho cng hay rn nt b mt v lc th
mun.

3. Nguyn tc bo qun v s dng dng c lm bng cht do

3.1. Trong kho

- Cn cc dng c ni kh mt, trnh qu nng hoc qu lnh.

- i vi dng c v trng (bm tim, ch khu) phi c bit ch n bao gi, tuyt
i khng c thng, rch. Nu bao b b thng, rch khng c dng hoc tit trng
li trc khi cp pht v s dng.

- Khng dng c cht do ni c m qu cao, ni c hi ho cht v dng c cht

do d hp ph mi v nhim nm mc.

- Khng t vt nng ln trn hoc t dng c cht do ln trn b mt g g, vt sc

nhn.

- Phi phng chy khi bo qun dng c bng cht do.

- Khng sy hoc hp nu cha bit r dng c c chu nhit hay khng.

- Phi trnh xa cc dung mi ho tan cht do nh aceton

57
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

3.2. Bo qun khi s dng

- Khng phi dng c ra nng sau khi ra, cn lau kh, hong ch mt hoc trng bng
cn.

- Nu dng c cn phi tit trng khi s dng th cho th p dng mt trong cc bin php
sau:

+ Tit trng bng nhit: ch p dng vi cc dng c chu c nhit bng

cch luc si hoc dng sc nng kh 100-1200C tit trng.

+ Tit trng bng ho cht dng kh: dng hn hp methyl bromid vi

ethylen oxyd t l 1: 6 tit trng. Phng php ny thng p dng vi cc dng c
nh bm tim, ng tim, ch khu phu thut, dy truyn.

+ Tit trng bng cc ho cht khc: ngm dng c vo trong dung dch st
khun nh cn 700, dng dch formolThi gian ngm tu theo ho cht mnh hay yu.
Vt ra trng bng nc ct v khun t vo hp hp. Sau sy kh nhit di
600C trong iu kin v khun.

Phng php tit trng ny n gin nhng tc dng st khun khng trit .

58
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

BI 7: BO QUN BNG, BNG, GC, CH KHU

PHU THUT
MC TIU HC TP

1. K c tn v nu c c im ca cc loi bng, bng, gc thng dng trong Y

t.

2. Trnh by c cc bin php k thut chung bo qun bng, bng, gc v ch

khu phu thut.

NI DUNG

I. BO QUN BNG BNG GC

1. Bng

Bng c dng trong Y t thng c hai loi: bng m v bng ht.

1.1. Bng m

- L loi bng t nhin c ly t cy bng vi c bt ti, loi sch nha sp bao

quanh si bng nhng cha ty sch cht bo. Loi ny c tnh cht khng thm nc
(khng ht nc), s nhn tay, mu trng ng v t b xp khi nn.

- Bng m thng c dng m np c nh xng gy, t ngoi lp bng ht ca

bng cp cu trnh mu m thm ra qun o, dng lm vt chn lt trong ng gi
dc phm.

59
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.2. Bng ht

- L loi bng t nhin c ly t cy bng vi, c loi tp, bt k, ty sch cht bo trong
si bng.

- Bng ht c mu rt trng v c tnh cht ht nc rt mnh.

- Bng ht c dng thm ht dung dch kh trng, ht mu m, dch tit ra ca vt

thng, lm vt liu lc trong pha ch thuc.

- Bng ht dng trong Y t phi t cc yu cu cht lng sau:

+ Trng, khng mi v v trung tnh.

+ ng u, khng ln tp cht.

+ Dai si, khng mn, s khng qu cng, kh.

1.3. Cc cht thay th bng

Ngoi hai loi bng nu, ngi ta cn dng mt s vt liu khc nhm thay th bng
t nhin ng thi cn c tc dng cha bnh. Bng ht cm mu khng cao lm v
khng tiu trong c th. phng chy mu sau khi khu vt thng, ngi ta dng
bng fibrin v bng gelatin.

- Bng fibrin:

+ Ngun gc v tnh cht: c ch to t mu ngi hay ng vt, xp nh

ming bt cao su, mu vng.

+ Tc dng: cm mu tt v trong c thromboplastin l yu t gy ng mu.

+ Ch nh: thng c dng trong trng hp chy mu mao mch v trong

phu thut thn kinh. Khi dng nguyn tng ming p ln vt thng hoc nghin
thnh bt rc. Khi tip xc vi mu bng mm ra v bin thnh mng fibrin, sau 7 - 10
ngy bng tiu ht.

- Bng gelatin:

+ Ngun gc v tnh cht: c ch to t gelatin tinh khit. Bng gelatin trng

mm nh bt cao su, c kh nng ht nc rt cao, bng 70 - 80 ln khi lng ca n.

+ Cng dng ca bng gelatin gn tng t nh bng fibrin nhng tc dng cm

mu km hn. Hai loi bng ny dng cm mu sau phu thut, chng c th tiu
c trong c th, nhng kh nng thm nc khng cao.

+ Bo qun: hai loi bng ny cn c ng gi trong hp st tit trng k.

2. Bng

Bng c tc dng bo v vt thng, chng nhim khun. Bng c nhiu loi khc nhau
v kch thc v vt liu dng lm bng.

60
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.1. Bng cun: cn c vo cht liu lm bng, ngi ta chia ra nhiu loi:

- Bng gc: lm bng gc tha nn bng vt thng c thong. Bng gc thng di t

5 - 10m, rng t 0,05 - 0,16m.

- Bng vi: lm bng vi mc, vi mn nn bn hn bng gc, bng vi c th c thu

hi v dng nhiu ln nhng kn hn v km co gin, bng vi thng c cc c: 5m
0,1m; 5m 0,07m; 2,5m 0,05m.

Bng cun c ng gi ring tng cun hoc ng gi 10 cun mt.

2.2. Bng c nhn: thng gi l bng cp cu dng pht cho tng c nhn s dng.
Bng c nhn gm:

- Mt cun bng c kch thc 5m 0,05m

- 2 ming bng gc hnh ch nht c kch thc 0,11m 0,13m.

Bng cp cu thng c tm thuc st trng trc hoc c km theo gi bt sulfamid

v mt s ghim bng.

Bng cp cu: l loi bng v khun, khi no s dng n mi m ra, v vy, phi lun
phi bo v bao gi cn thn, trnh lm rch bao gi.

2.3. Bng dnh

Bng dnh dng che vt thng nh khng cn thit phi dng bng cun hoc dng
bo v vt thng ch kh dng bng cun.

Bng dnh lm bng mt th vi mm c pht nha dnh.

3. Gc

Gc l loi vi dt rt tha, ngi ta phn bit gc bng s si ngang, si dc v se

ca si. se ca si c nh hng ti cht lng ca gc, si se th bn chc nhng
cng v thm nc km. Gc dng trong Y t l loi gc c se trung bnh.

- Gc ht: l loi gc th em ty sch h nn c tc dng ht nc. Gc ht dng

thm mu, m v bo v vt thng.

- Gc h: l loi gc mc c h bng h tinh bt cho cng. Gc h thng c dng

b bt thch cao.

C hai loi gc ht v gc h u c ng gi thnh tm di hay xn thnh cun c

kch thc khc nhau.

4. Bo qun bng bng gc

Bng bng gc c c im l cng knh, d ht m, d nhim khun, d chy, d b mi,

chut, gin gy hi.

61
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

V vy, trong qu trnh bo qun bng bng gc cn ch phng cc yu t bt li nu

trn. Nhm bo qun tt bng, bng, gc cn quan tm n:

4.1. Trong kho

- Kho bo qun bng, bng, gc phi kh ro, thong mt, trnh nng, trnh bi bn, phi
gi nhit trong kho n nh, khng nhit thay i t ngt s gy hin tng
ng sng lm m mc bng, bng, gc.

4.2. Sp xp v ng gi

- Bng, bng phi c ng gi trong bao b kn v xp trong t kn trnh bi v

trnh gin, chut.

- Cc hm, t ng bng, bng phi xp cch mt t, cch tng, cch trn nh 0,5m.

- Khng bng bng gn vi ho cht bay hi nh: iod, brom, cc mui gii phng
amoniac

- Dng giy dai, bn bao gi bng, bng, gc.

1.4.3. Phi c ch kim tra nh k v s lng cng nh cht lng cc loi bng
bng, gc trong qu trnh bo qun, nu bng bng nhim khun phi dit khun.

II. CH KHU PHU THUT

Ch khu phu thut c dng rt nhiu trong phu thut khu vt thng hay
khu ni cc b phn ca c th. Ch khu c nhiu loi v c lm bng nhiu nguyn
liu khc nhau. Mi trng hp phu thut cn mt loi ch khu ring. Ch khu phu
thut phi t yu cu cao v cht lng.

Th d: Chu c lc ko, ng knh v b mt ch ng u, se va phi.

Trong Y hc, ch khu phu thut gm 2 loi:

- Loi tiu c trong c th

- Loi khng tiu c trong c th

1. Ch khu tiu c trong c th

y l loi ch khu c ch to c bit, i hi v yu cu cht lng nghim ngt.

Chng c c im l tiu c trong c th m khng cn ct ch sau khi phu thut. C
hai loi ch t tiu quan trng l:

1.1. Catgut

- c ch t rut ca cc loi ng vt nh: mo, ch, d, cu, ln. Trong qu trnh sn

xut, ngi ta phi tin hnh trong iu kin v khun. Khi sn xut, sn phm phi c
kim tra cht ch theo tiu chun qui nh nh: v dai, v trng ca ch.

62
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Catgut phi c bo qun ni kh, trnh bi bn, chng gin, mi, chut. Khng c
nt, v bao gi ng catgut v lm m nhn.

1.2. Ch gn ui chut

- c ch to t gn ui chut trng. Ch gn ui chut c s dng khu trong

phu thut mt.

- Bo qun: ch thng c ng gi trong l kn, c cha ethanol pha thm 1% xanh

methylen. Ch phm cn c bo qun nhit lnh.

2. Ch khng tiu c trong c th

c ch to t nhiu ngun nguyn liu khc nhau:

- ng vt: ch t tm, ch cc.

- Thc vt: ch lanh

- Kim loi: ch bc, ch ng, ch thp khng g

2.1. Ch t

Ly t hch sinh t ca con tm, em ty trng v tit khun. Bo qun loi ch ny cn

phi trnh m mc. Ch t lu s lm gim bn c hc nn thng c hn dng l 3
- 4 nm.

2.2. Ch cht do tng hp

- Nguyn liu chnh sn xut loi ch ny l polyamid hoc polyeste. Tu theo mi

nc sn xut, ch tng hp c gi bng cc tn khc nhau nh: Nilon (Php), Beclon
(c), Capron (Nga)

- Ch c ch to bng phng php cng nghip nn rt u, sc chu lc ko cao, chu

c nhit tit trng, khng gin gy

- Bo qun loi ch ny cn trnh m mc, trnh nh sng, nhit bo qun phi n

nh. Cn ch l khng nn tch tr qu nhiu v nu qu lu ch s b bin cht nh:
gin, gim bn c hc, bin mu

2.3. Ch kim loi

Thng c ch to t cc kim loi nh: bc, ng thng c dng trong phu

thut xng.

3. Nguyn tc chung bo qun mt s loi ch

- Bo qun gi kn, trnh bi, ch kh, chng nh sng, chng gin, mi chut.

- lu s km chc, b cng v kh tht nt, khng d tr qu nhiu, thi gian

hn dng khng qu thi gian cho php.

63
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Ch khng nt v ng, chai l ng ch khu v lm m nhn ghi c s ch

khu.

- Thng xuyn kim tra bng cm quan v mu sc, hnh dng bn ngoi ca ch
.

Bi 8. K THUT BO QUN DNG C, MY MC, Y C

MC TIU HC TP

1. Trnh by c cc yu t nh hng ti my mc, y c.

2. Nu c bin php bo qun trung i vi my mc, y c.

NI DUNG

I. NHNG YU T NH HNG TI MY MC, Y C

1. Nhit cao

1.1. Nng lm bin i tnh nng vt liu, my lm vic khng tin cy hoc mau hng

64
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Cht do b mm v bin dng.

- Du m v nha tm b chy

- Vt liu b co gin, nt n, m d xm nhp vo su.

1.2. Nng lm tng qu trnh ha gi, tui th ca vt liu trong my b gim

- Khi nhit tng t th tui th vt liu gim 2 ln. Mi quan h ny nm trong

khong 900C-1350C.

- V d: giy cch in trong du t = 80C; vi, giy trong khng kh t = 80C

Yu t ny xy ra ch yu vi cc my khi lm vic pht ra nhit, m t b qu ti.

2. m

Hi nc trong kh quyn tip xc vi my mc thit b sinh ra hin tng hp

ph v hp th.

- Hp ph: nc ngng t trn b mt vt liu, ty nng lng lin kt phn t

gia nc vi vt liu mnh hay yu, ta c vt liu thm t v khng thm t. Hin
tng ny lm gim in tr mt c th gy phng in b mt lm hng my.

- Hp th khng hot ha: nc xm nhp vo phn t vt liu hu c gy ra phn

ng thy phn lm bin i tnh nng vt liu.

Hin tng hp th lm gim in tr trong vt liu.

2.1. Tc hi ca m

- Lm gim in tr cch in, gy phng in gia cc linh kin.

- Vt liu b trng n chn p cc chi tit bn cnh gy t dy in v mi hn.

- cc vt dy khi m bin i, cc lp trong v ngoi kh m khng u gy

rn nt b mt, to iu kin cho m thm su.

- Vt liu kim loi b n mn, vt liu hu c b thy phn.

2.2. Tc hi phi hp ca nng v m

- Nng v m cao lm tng tc ngm m vo vt liu.

- ha tan ca mui trong nc tng lm tng dn in v phn cc ha vt

liu.

- To iu kin cho nm mc pht trin sinh ra axit hu c gy thy phn vt liu

v n mn kim loi.

3. Bi v kh hi trong kh quyn

65
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Bi ri trn b mt vt liu to mng xp ht m, lm ngun dinh dng cho

nm mc, gy phng in b mt.

- Kh hi n mn ha tan tng mng m to dung dch in ly n mn kim loi.

4. Thi tit tng ma

- Ma m ko di 7 thng t thng 3 n thng 9.

Thi gian u ma v cui ma m cao (trn 90%) nn my b hng nhiu trong ma

ny.

- Ma kh ngn hn, ko di t thng 11 nm trc n thng 1 nm sau thi gian

ny kh v mt, my t hng.

II. BIN PHP BO QUN

1. Phn loi yu cu bo qun

- Loi 1: gm cc th d hng nh: ng h o in, linh kin in t, knh quang

hc; cun dy c ng knh di 0,1mm. Mi trng bo qun cn gi m t 45%
n 65%, nhit di 250C.

- Loi 2: gm cc my v thit b tng i ln c nhit i ho khi ch to.

Mi trng cn gi m di 80%, nhit di 400C.

2. Bin php bo qun chung

2.1. chng m

- Ni t My phi kh ro, sch s, my t cch mch t t nht 30cm, cch

tng 50cm.

- Nu c nhiu my o chnh xc nn t tp trung vo bung c my iu ho kh

hu.

- a my ra hoc vo phng iu ho kh hu phi t phng ch mt thi gian

chng ng sng.

- t my trong mi trng kn c cht ht m.

- cho my chy t sy hoc sy bng n. Khi sy cn ch m l thot m

pha trn. Trnh nhit sy qu cao lm hng cc b phn ca my

Thng gi t nhin hoc c kh bng qut my.

Thi c thng gi da vo m tng i trong ngy nng ro.

2.2. Chng nng

- Khng t my cn ngun pht nhit v ch nng.

66
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Dng qut tn nhit khi my chy lu.

- Ngh bo dng ng gi, trnh lm vic qu lu.

- Thng gi cho kh mt.

2.3. Chng bi

- My phi c t xa ni c nhiu ct bi. Dng my ht bi lm v sinh

phng lm vic v my.

- Lau chi thng xuyn bng khn lau ring.

- Dng o ph, chng bi bng vi, khng bc m ph bng cht do v bc d

ngng t m.

2.4. Chng g

- Bi du m trung tnh, sn hoc dng cht c ch n mn kim loi.

- u dy in d b g phi co sch, trnh thic.

- Thng xuyn kim tra vn cht cc c cc ni dy.

- Cch 3 thng phi lau m r-le bng giy nhp mn.

- Tho c quy v pin ra khi my nu khng dng.

- Ni t my khng c m bi, khng c ha cht v kh n mn.

2.5. Chng chy cun dy trong my

2.6. Chng mc: tao mi trng kh, m di 70% hoc mi trng kh tr.

- Dng bin php d phng: lau chi thng xuyn, dng cht dit nm nhng
khng c nh hng n tnh nng k thut ca my.

2.7. ng gi vn chuyn

- Khi vn chuyn phi ng gi trong hm chng chn ng. Vt m lt phi

kh. u inh phi ng qup vo hm.

- Cc b phn d v, bp, gy phi tho ra bc ring bng vt liu mm.

- Hai u m t t lnh phi vn c nn l so li.

- Vn chuyn bng t phi ch tc chy. ng tt (loi 1) chy 30km/h,

ng xu khong 15km/h.

My xp trn xe phi c chng buc chc chn. khng t nghing ng, chng
cht qu cao. Khng t chung vi ha cht chy n v n mn.

- Khng dng xe th s bnh st chuyn my.

67
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

2.8. Kho t my

- a im v thit k kho phi p ng yu cu bo qun i vi my v thit b.

- Nu kho khng c my iu ha kh hu phi c t hoc hm bo qun to

mi trng kh trong khng gian nh.

- Ch cc khong cch xp t my trong kho

Cch nn nh 30cm

Cch mi nh 50cm

Cch tng 50cm

Cch gia cc gi my 150cm

Cch gia cc my 20cm

- Thit b ton b phi i theo b. Ph tng phi ng gi km theo thit b, trnh

tht lc.

- Ti liu k thut v bao b ti liu ca my phi gi v cp pht theo my,

khng dng vo vic khc.

- Khi nhp kho phi m bao b kim tra tnh trang my. Kim tra xong phi bao
gi li nh c, khng c ly hoc rt bt bao gi, nu thy cc iu kin bo qun
trong hm khng m bo phi tin hnh x l, bo qun li.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Bi 9. CHT HT M

(Bi c thm)

I. MC CH

Dng cht ht m nhm mc ch sau:

- Ci to mi trng bo qun cho m gim hoc t ra l duy tr m cho

php nhng trnh lm cho nhit tng ln hoc gim xung (c th tng nhit
nhng khng ng k).

- Dng cht ht m hp th (absorbent) cc kh mnh c tnh n mn kim loi

(i vi dng c my mc) hoc hp ph cc cht c pht sinh ta xung quanh mi
trng.

- Dng cht ht m sa cha hng b m, b nm mc, r st.

II. PHN LOAI CHT HT M: C hai loi cht ht m

1. Cht ht m theo tnh cht vt l

69
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.1. Nguyn tc

- Cht ht m ny ch ht nc m khng gy ra phn ng ha hc.

- Chng ch ht nc vo v ngng t trong cc ng dn nh v trn b mt ca

chng.

- Chng c cu trc xp v c din tch tip xc ln nh Alumogel, than ci,

silicagel, go hoc cm rang.

1.2. Cc cht ht m theo tn cht vt l

1.2.1. Cc ha cht dng tinh th khan nc: C kh nng ht thm nc vo ngm

vi s lng tng ng ca thnh phn ha hc

Na2SO4 (khan) + 10 H2O => Na2SO4.10 H2O (no nc)

CuSO4 (khan) + 5H2O => CuSO4 . 5H2O (no nc)

CaCl2 (khan) + 6H2O => CaCl2.6H2O (no nc)

- Cc cht ny ph thuc vo t0, m trong khng kh hp thu H2O hoc mt

nc cn bng p sut hi nc tng ng vi nhit mi trng. cho nn mi p
sut hi ca hydrat tinh th khc nhau th c p sut hi nc khc nhau.

+ V d: BaCl2.2H2O 300C c P hi nc 4mmHg.

+ Nu cht hydrat tinh th ca cht A c p sut (P) nh hn P hi nc th

lp tc s ht nc vo tinh th ngay t0 bnh thng n cn bng P hi nc mi
trng.

1.2.2. Cc cht c cu trc xp cha nhiu ng dn nc bn trong bn thn ht ca

mnh

Cc cht ny c kh nng ht nc v ngng t bn trong cc ng v thm ch c

trn din tch (S) tip xc b mt.

a. in hinh l Silicagel (H2SiO2.nH2O)x. Hp cht cao phn t ca acid metasilisic.

- Cu to: Ngi ta dng nhit cao ngng t n lm H2O b bc hi i to ra

nhng th xp trong phn t chnh l cc ng dn nh c ng knh trung bnh 50-
100A0

- Kh nng ht m

+Yu cu ht m trong bo qun c gii hn ch khng ht kit hi m ca

mi trng v nh vy s lm hng thuc, ha cht, my mc, Silicagel c u im l khi
mi trng kh th n khng tip tc ht m ca mi trng m c qu trnh nh m
duy tr m ca mi trng. Do n c tc dng duy tr m mi trng.

+ Dng phng php nhum mu bit Silicagel no nc hoc khan.

70
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

+ Silicagel nhum mu CoCl2. Khan mu xanh, no nc mu hng.

+ Silicagel nhum ch th mu MgCoCl4. khi 50% mu xanh-mu tm = 60-

70% mu hng > 70%.

- Phc hi Silicagel:

+ Dng nhit sy 1200-1320C sy 3-4 gi, n kh c mu hng (no nc)

chuyn mu xanh lam thm (kh nc) em trong bnh kn c CaO ht ht lng
nc nu cn.

+ Dng CaO ht trc tip, thi gian phc hi khong 7 ngy.

b. Ngoi ra cn Alumogen (Al2O3), than ci, go rang

1.2.3. Cc cht ht m th lng

- Cc cht lng ho nc mnh yu khc nhau, khi ht nc th long ra, v c khi

ta nhit rt mnh nh H2SO4, H3PO4, Glycerin cng ht nc mnh.

- Do tnh cht ta nhit mnh nn ch c khi gy hng thuc v t tin, bt tin

nn ch dng bo qun trong phng th nghim.

1.3. Ch

- C th phc hi li cht ht m bng nhit (sy, rang) i vi cht rn.

- Cht ht m theo c ch vt l khng tham gia phn ng ha hc no trong qu

trnh bo qun.

- Nu mi trng thay i th c kh nng nh m nu cht bo qun kh hn cht

ht m.

2. Cht ht m theo tnh cht ha hc

2.1. Nguyn tc

- L nhng cht khi ht m vo s to ra mt cht hon ton mi, s ta nhit c

khi lm nng mi trng bo qun.

- Sau khi s dng khng th phc hi li c.

- Khi s dng c th gy phn ng lm h thuc, ha cht. Thm ch n mn hoc

lm hng bao b ng gi.

2.2. Cc cht ht m theo c ch ha hc: mt s cht in hnh hay s dng

2.2.1. CaO (Calci oxyd)

CaO + H2O => Ca(OH)2 + Q Kcal

- u im:

71
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

+ R tin, d mua, ht m mnh.

+ CaO c kh nng ht m ti 30% khi lng nc.

+ Sau khi r to thnh dng bt vn c th tip tc ht nc trn b mt tip

xc.

+ Xc nh kh nng ht m ca CaO. Cn chnh xc 102g CaO, sau thi gian cho

ht m v cn kim tra n lc trng lng khng i th cn c trng lng 132g

132g-102g = 30g => (30:102) x 100 = 29%

- Nhc im

+ Khi ht m kt thc th tch tng ln gp 3 ln v b ra thnh dng bt c

th bay dnh vo thuc, ha cht lm bn v to ra mi trng kim, c th gy n mn
kim loi hoc gy phn ng ha hc vi thuc. V vy phi dng thng ng CaO c th
tch gp 4 ln trng lng CaO em ht m.

+ Do i lc ha hc v ht m mnh c th lm bao ng b kh, bc mu

nt hoc bong keo dn.

2.2.2. Caci Clorur (CaCl2)

- CaCl2 l cht ht m kh mnh nn bn thn n cng kh bo qun, khi ht m

th tng th tch nn khi sn xut CaCl2 nu ng trong trai thy tinh th b b gn 100%.

- CaCl2 + 6 H2O => CaCl2.6H2O

- CaCl2 c kh nng ht m n 2,5 ln trng lng bn thn n.

- Bn than CaCl2 n mn kim loi, v cng d phn ng vi cc cht khc cho nn

khi dng lm cht bo qun cn ch .

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Bi 10. K THUT PHNG CHY, CHA CHY

MC TIU HC TP
1. Nm c cc yu t cn cho s chy.
2. Nu c nguyn nhn gy ra chy n v nguyn l c bn dp tt chy
n.
3. Trnh by c cc phng tin dng dp tt la.
NI DUNG
I. CHY V N

1. Hin tng chy

Chy l phn ng ha hc xy ra gia mt cht vi oxy trong khng kh, c ta

nhit v nh sng.

- Phn loi chy

Ngi ta phn bit ra lm 3 loi chy:

+ Chy m khng bc la (kim loi).

+ Chy v bc la (a s cc cht hu c).

+ Bc la nhng khng chy (kh hi cht lng d chy).

Khng nht thit mt cht chy phi c la, m la ch thy nhng cht khi chy
ta ra kh, hi (cn ch iu ny trong vic phng chy trong kho).

nh gi tnh cht nguy him ca cht d chy qua cc hng s vt l ca n nh:

t trng, si, bay hi, tc bay hi, nhit bt la (nhit tht nht m mt
cht bng chy khi gp la) v nhit t bc chy ( nhit nht nh cc cht c th
bc chy trong khng kh khng cn c la).

Nhit t bc la ca mt s cht:

Aceton - 1,80C

Benzen - 150C

73
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Alcol metylic -10C

Toluen + 6 0C

Alcol etylic + 9 0C

Ete etylic - 200C

Xng t - 500 - +280C

Nhit t bc chy mt s cht:

Aceton 7240C

Benzen 6590C

Ete etilic 4000C

Toluen 6330C

Alcol etylic 5570C

Glycerin 5230C

Clorofoc 15000C

Acid acetic 5990C

Cc cht trn c th t bc chy bn cnh my mc hot ng nhit cao (l

nung trong phng th nghim).

2. Hin tng n (ha hc)

Hin tng n (ha hc) l phn ng ha hc mnh lit xy ra trong thi gian rt
ngn (mt phn nghn hay mt phn vn ca mt giy) vi tc chy ln (hng trm
hay hng nghn mt trn mt giy) ta ra rt nhiu kh hi b t nng ti nhit cao v
gy ra mt sc p ln ni n.

Cc kh hi d chy nu t ti nng nht nh trong khng kh v gp la s

gy ra hn hp n. V d: kh hi xng c t 1%-6% trong khng kh th to thnh hn
hp n.

Nng thp nht c th to thnh hn hp n vi khng kh gi l gii hn n

thp.

Nng cao nht c th to thnh hn hp n vi khng kh gi l gii hn n

cao.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Gii hn n ca cht thay i ty theo nhit , p lc khng kh v s kch thch

(tia la, va chm, c st mnh).

Nng gii hn gy n ca mt s hn hp kh hi 200C v p lc bnh thng

Ha cht Gii hn n thp % th tch Gii hn n cao % th tch

Amoniac 15,5 27

Benzen 1.41 6,75

Toluen 1,27 7,5

Ete 1,85 36,5

Aceton 2,55 12,8

Cn Etylic 3,28 18,95

Ngoi kh hi d chy, ngay c cc loi bi dim sinh , nhm, tinh bt, ng, than, ...
cng c th to ra nhng hn hp n vi khng kh.

Mi loi bi khc nhau cng c gii hn n thp v gii hn n cao khc nhau.

II. CC YU T CN CHO S CHY

Chy phi c y ba yu t di y:

1. Vt chy c

Ngi ta phn loi:

- Vt khng chy c nh gch, gi, xi mng...

- Vt d chy nh g, tre, na, bng, vi, si...

- Vt d chy nh xng, du...

2. Nhit chy

Cc cht khc nhau c nhit bc chy khc nhau ch khi no t ti nhit

bc chy th vt mi chy c. V d: du ha 45-570C.

3. Oxy

Oxy trong khng kh rt cn cho s chy, mt v d n gin trong i sng hng

ngy: khi xp ci un bp nu khng bit xp th bp khng chy c.

Tm li phi c y ba yu t k trn th mi chy c, nu thiu mt trong

ba yu t trn th khng c s chy.

75
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

III. NGUYN NHN PHT SINH CHY, N

1. Dng la

Phn ln cc v chy xy ra l do khng tun th ni qui phng chy. V d: ht

thuc trong kho, dng bp un nu khng ng ni qui nh, t rc gn nh kho, soi n
du vo kho cn, ete, xng.

2. V in

- in tri: thiu ct thu li ng qui cch. Kho xng, kho oxy, kho cn, ete nht
thit phi c ct thu li ng qui nh.

- in nhn to: chp mch dy dn in, ng m cu dao in te la, dng dy

dn in c ng knh khng ph hp vi cng sut ca vt tiu th in u l nguyn
nhn gy chy in.

- Tnh in: trt ng trn sn nh nh si bng nhong, ko l giy dp gt cao

su, vn chuyn bng cch ko lt trn sn nh u c th gy tnh in. Vn chuyn ng
gi, ra l xng, cn, ete, khng khng ch tc xe chy, tc dng chy cng sinh ra
tnh in.

V d: ete m si 34-350C, bay hi nhit thng, 1ml ete ta ra 230ml hi

ete, hn hp t 1,85-36,5% th tch hi ete trong khng kh rt d n nu c mi la.

3. Phn ng ha hc

kho cha ha cht d chy n khi pha ch, ng gi vn chuyn nu khng cn

thn cng d gy ra tai nn chy n.

V d: Acid sunfurid, acid nitric m c nt khng kn, khi vn chuyn snh ra

v bao chn lt c th gy bc chy.

Nghin mnh kali clorat, kali permanganat vi cht hu c cng gy n. Acid

picric, kali clorat, kali nitrat, khi vn chuyn m ko lt hoc ln vn mnh b kch ng
cng gy n. Kali, natri, ng gi vo bao b c ln nc l nguyn nhn gy chy.

4. C hc

Va chm, c xt gia cc vt rn c th te tia la: i giy inh trn nn kho bng

xi mng, ng v tho inh, m phuy xng, cn, bnh oxy bng km ba st, ma st gia
dy ai chuyn (cua-roa) vi ng c kh du m.

IV. NGUYN L C BN DP TT LA

Mun dp tt cc m chy ngi ta phi tm cch loi b cc yu t gy chy ni

trn.

1. Phng php cch ly: nhm loi b yu t th nht.

- Di chuyn vt ang chy ra xa.

76
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- Di chuyn vt cha chy ra ngoi khu vc c chy.

- To khong trng xung quanh m chy (d nh cha chy bn cnh nh ang

chy) trng hp chy ng dn du, ch cn ng van li.

2. Phng php lm lnh: nhm xa b yu t th hai.

Gim nhit m chy bng cch ti nc ln m chy (tr trng hp k

nc).

C nhng nh kho cha hng bn trong lp t sn h thng thit b cha chy c

van bng hp kim d chy, khi c chy, cc van bng hp kim chy ra, nc trong h
thng phun xung lm tt m chy.

C khi ngi ta ti nc ra xung quanh khu vc c chy hoc ng cht ca

nhng nh xung quanh khng cho khng kh nng la vo nh lm chy lan.

3. Phng php lm ngt: nhm loi b yu t th ba.

Dng vt kh chy hay khng chy chp ln m chy ang chy hn ch

khng kh tip xc vi m chy. Dng cht chim ch ca khng kh m chy nh kh
CO2, hi nc.

i vi m chy vng m du kh t, ngi ta dng cht n (ming, thuc n)

to khong chn khng xung quanh m chy.

V. PHNG V CHNG CHY

1. Phng chm

Phng chy l chnh, ng thi chun b snh sng cha chy kp thi v c hiu
qu. Cng tc phng chy gm:

- Gio dc thc phng cha chy.

- Hun luyn v t chc i cha chy.

- Xy dng ni quy phng chy.

- Chun b phng tin cha chy.

- Nh s in thoi i cha chy.

2. Phng chy in

- in tri: c ct thu li ng quy nh ca kin trc cho nh kho cha cht d

chy n.

- Tnh in: l mi lo ngi nht vi nh kho cha cht d chy n, khu vc ete,
cn, aceton phi thc hin phng tnh in rt cht ch. Trnh va chm vi cc vt rn,
trnh c st mnh, rt cc dung dch trn phi nh nhng, cc thng cha phi c dy
ni t.

77
 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

- in nhn to: khng mc dy in trn vo nh kho, khong cch gia dy

nng v dy lnh phi cch xa trn 30cm trnh chp mch v tia la in. t ng
dy chnh bn ngoi bt nhnh r vo nh kho phi c cu ch ng tiu chun bo v.
Cc ch ni dy r nhnh phi son vng vng chc v bc vi nha cch in.

Khng bng n st mi nh l, vch na v cc vt d chy, khng c lm

chp n bng giy hay phim nh. ng dy in vo mt khu vc phi t cu dao
chung, khi c chy c th ct in c nhanh chng.

Hng nm trc ma ma bo v nh k 6 thng mt ln phi kim tra ct in,

dy in trong khu vc kho.

VI. CC PHNG TIN DP TT LA

1. Cht cha chy

1.1. Nc

Nc k la v 1kg nc mun nng ln 10C cn cung cp 1000 calo, 1kg nc

bc hi cn 539.000 calo, do nc thu nhit m chy. un ti 1000C th nc si, 1
lt nc bc hi hon ton cho 1720 lt hi nc, hi nc khng duy tr s chy, do
lm ngt m chy.

- Quy nh dung nc cha chy cc trng hp sau

+ Cha cc m chy thng thng.

+ Chy cn: khng phun xi vo lm bn te cn gy chy lan, m phun

thnh thng ng pha long cn.

+ Chy carbon sulfua: carbon sulfua c t trng ln hn 1, nc ph ln

mt S2C.

- Cm dung nc cha chy cc trng hp sau

+ Cha chy in nu cha ct c ngun in.

+ Chy kho acid, v nc gp acid ta nhit, bc hi c, n bn lung tung.

+ Chy tinh du, dung mi ha c.

+ Chy t n, kali, natri kim loi.

1.2. Ct

Ct c nhit nng chy l 1713-17250C v nhit si l 25100C. Ct ht nh

c din tch tip xc ln nn c tc dng lm tn nhit m chy. ct vo m chy,
ct ngn ct m chy vi mi trng xung quanh nn c tc dng cch ly m chy.

Dng ct cha cc m nh mi bt u hoc m chy k nc. Tuyt i

khng dng ct cha chy cc thit b my mc v lm h hi my mc.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

1.3. Kh carbonic

Kh carbonic l th kh khng mu, khng mi, khng chy, khng dn in, t

trng th lng l 1,529. nhit 200C, nn p sut 60atm kh carbonic bin sang
th lng.

Ngi ta nn kh carbonic trong nhng bnh bng thp. T th lng chuyn sang
th kh, kh carbonic tng th tch ln 450 ln qua hai giai on:

- Tuyt carbonic c nhit (-780C - -800C) nn thu nhit mi trng xung quanh.

- Kh carbonic bc hi c t trng ln hn khng kh, c kh nng y khng kh

m chy ra ngoi chim ch nn c tc dng gy ngt m chy. Kh carbonic khng
gy h hi cho vt phm c cu cha nhng c vi ngi, khng c tc dng cha
chy ngoi tri m ch c tc dng cha chy trong phng.

Ngi dng kh carbonic cha chy nhng ti liu quan trng nh th vin, nh
bo tng, h s lu tr, hoc cha chy in, chy du c din tch m chy nh.

1.4. Thuc bt ha hc

Li dng tnh sinh bt kh CO2 ca hn hp dung dch cc ha cht sau y

cha chy:

Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaHCO3 3Na2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2

cho bt kh CO2 c bn vng ngi ta thng cho thm cam tho, keo
xng v natri hydrocarbonat. Cc ha cht trn pha thnh dung dch ring ri vo
tng ngn ring ca bnh cha chy. Khi c chy ngi ta dc ngc bnh, to iu kin
cho hai dung dch trn tip xc vi nhau ri phn ng gy ra p sut y bt CO2 trong
bnh ra ch cn dp tt la.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Ph lc: phn loi thuc ha cht theo yu cu bo qun

1. Thuc rt d ht m

Amoxi bromid Natri bromid

Apomorphin clohydrid Natri cacodylat

Cao gan kh Natri Iodid

Canci clorid Penicillin

Cocain clohydrid Pepsin

Kali bromid Pancreatin

Kali iodid Pilocarpin (mui)

Mercurocrom Streptomycin

Vitamin Aspirin

2. Thuc cn bo qun lnh

Tn thuc Nhit bo qun (0C)

ACTH 1-10

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

ATP 45

Chimotripsin 5 10

Ceporan 10

Vitamin A/Du 10

Fibrinogen 2 10

Gama globulin 4 10

Huyt thanh cc loi 28

Insulin 5 10

Pepsin 2 15

Tuberculin 4 10

Vaccin cc loi 28

3. Thuc trnh nh sng

Adrenalin Niketamid

Amphetamin sulfat Nc oxy gi

Apomorphin clohydrid Euquinin

Acid salicylic Pilocarpin

Chiniofon Papaverin

Aminazin Cloramphenicol

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

Cocain clohydrid Cloroform

Codein Clorothiazid

Dicumarin Cc Tetracyclin

Ergotamin Cloroquin photphat

Ephedrin Cortison

Emetix Piperazin

Ete Procain

Gardenal Progesteron

Iodoform Promethazin

Iod Quinin

Isoniazid Resecpin

Kali bromid Vitamin B2

Kali iodid Scopolamin

Lidocain Spactein

Lobelin Sulfamid

Mercurocrom Testosteron

Morphin Tinh du

Natri bromid Uabain

Natri salicylat Vitamin B1, B6, B12, C, D, K, PP

Neriolin

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

4. Cc ha cht nguy him

Tn ha cht Tnh cht nguy him

Acetaldehyt Chy n, mi gy ngt

Amoni perclorat N

Anilin c

Acid acetic c, n mn

Acid hydroclorid c, n mn

Acid nitric c, n mn

Acid sulfurid c, n mn

Brom c, n mn

Bromoform c

Carbon sulfua c, chy

Calci Chy khi gp m, nc

Calci Clorat N

Ch Nitrat c, n

Clorobenzen c, chy

Crom nitrat N

Dioxan c, chy

ng Nitrat c, n

Etylamin c, chy

Thy ngn etyl cloriddehyt c, chy

Furfuron c, chy

Cc thuc cn bo qun nhit mt (15-200C)

Ni chung cc thuc khng sinh cn phi bo qun nhit mt cng vi m thp s

m bo c cht lng trnh phn hy thuc.

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

MC LC

stt Tn bi trang

1 i cng v bo qun thuc v dng c y t 4

2 Cc yu t nh hng thuc v dng c y t 6

K thut bo qun thuc, ha cht, dc liu 19

3

K thut bo qun dng c thy tinh 35

4

K thut bo qun dng c kim loi 40

5

K thut bo qun cao su, cht do 44

6

7 K thut bo qun bng bng, gc, ch khu phu thut 52

8 K thut bo qun mt s my mc y c 56

9 Cht ht m 60

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 DS. NGUYN CNH TON

10 K thut phng chy, cha chy 67

85