01. What is the classification of hazardous area?

Hazardous area classified as Zone - 0, Zone 1 and Zone 2.

Zone 0 an explosive gas-air mixture is present continuously or for long period.

Zone 1 an explosive gas-air mixture is present under normal operation.

Zone 2 an explosive gas-air mixture is not present under normal operation and
if it occurs it exist only for short time.

02. What type of protection is used in hazardous area?

Zone 0 Ex s (Specifically certified for used in Zone 0)

Zone 1 Any type of protection suitable for Zone 0 and Ex d, Ex I,

Ex p, Ex e.
Zone 2 Any type of protection suitable for Zone 0 and Zone 1 and
Ex N, Ex O, Ex q.

Ex d - Flame proof or Explosion proof

Ex e - Increased safety

Ex N or n - Non sparking

Ex I Intrinsic Safety

Ex p - Pressurization

Ex O - Oil immersion

Ex q - Sand or Powder filled

Ex s - Special protection.

03. What is the definition of EExd IIB T5?

Ex d II B T5

Explosion Gas Group Temperature

Proof II B 1000C
04. What are the different type of work permits? What precaution you take

while doing maintenance in equipments in Hazardous area?

Cold Work, Hot Work, Vehicle Entry & Vessel Entry permit. Interinsic Safe meters
only should be used such megger, vibration meter, temperature meter and other
ordinary meters shall not used unless the Hot Work Permit is obtained.

05. Explain IP 54, IP55 and IP65?

IP means degree of protection of the enclosures for electrical equipment in

accordance with the Electrical Standards. The first numeral: - protection against
solid bodies and the second numeral: - protection against liquids.

IP54: - 5 (indicate) Protected against dust (no harmful deposit) and

4 (indicate) Protected against projections of water from all directions

IP55: - The second 5 (indicate) Protected against jets of water from all directions
and IP65: - The first 6 (indicate) completely protected against dust.

06. Explain different Insulation classes and the corresponding temperature rise
allowed?

Y 0900C, A 1050C, E 1200C,

B 1300C, F 1550C, H 1800C,

C 1800C
07. What are IR, WR, KWH, OLR, MCC, MCB, MCCB, VCB, BOCB and

SF6?

IR Insulation Resistance

WR - Winding Resistance

KWH - Kilo Watt Hour

OLR - Over Load Relay

MCC - Motor Control Center

MCB - Miniature Circuit Breaker

MCCB - Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

VCB - Vacuum Circuit Breaker

BOCB - Bulk OIL Circuit Breaker

SF6 - Sulfer-Hexa Floride

08. What is the gas group classification?

Methane -I, Propane -IIA, Ethylene -IIB,

Hydrogen, Carbon disulphide and Acetylene -IIC

09. What is AVO meter?

A meter is used to measuring the electrical circuit and the value of current,
voltage and resistance is called AVO meter.
10. What is Bridge Megger? Where it is used?

Bridge Megger is used to measure the lowest value of resistances accurately and
it is used to measure the motor winding resistance and transformer winding
resistance during preventive maintenance. The winding resistance of the three
windings should be equal.

11. What is the unit of Voltage, Current, Speed, and Frequency?

Voltage - Volt

Current - Ampere

Speed - Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)

Frequency - Hertz

12. What are the different size of the cables?

0.75, 1.5, 2.5, 4, 6, 10, 16, 25, 35, 50, 70, 95, 120, 150, 185, 240, 300, 400,
600(Dimensions are in Square mm)

13. What are the Cables used in Oil Field?

PVC - Ploy Vinyl Chloride

XLPE - Cross Linked Poly Ethylene

LC - Lead covered

SWA - Steel wire armoured

PILC - Paper Insulated Lead Covered Cable

 MICC - Mineral Insulated Copper Conductor

14. What is MICC? Where it is used? What mineral used for this cable?

Mineral Insulated Copper Conductor and it is used for fire alarm systems
and

Lightings systems at Hazardous area without using conduits and

Magnesium oxide is used as mineral.

15. Why Lead Covered Cables are used in Oil Fields?

Lead Covered Cables are used in Oil Fields due to avoid damages of

PVC insulation by hydro-carbon gases and chemical corrosion.

16. What is the use of cable gland?

Cable glands are used to protect from mechanical damage, to give earth
continuity and for entering in junction box, MCC etc.

17. How to check the cable fault?

Isolate the cable

Megger the cable

Trace the cable fault through cable fault locator and cable route through cable
route locator

If the cable resistance is high use the burnout test kit

 Before cutting the cable use spiking gun for safety

18. What type of Cable gland used in Oil Field?

In explosion proof areas double compression glands are used to avoid the
gasses entering in the electrical apparatus.

19. What type of Cable joint kits used?

Cold Compound joint kits, Hot Compound joint kits and Heat
Shrinkable joint kits

20. Explain about Batteries, Voltage and Specific gravity of Cell?

Nickel Cadmium Batteries: - It is used in Refineries for its reliability, long life and
less maintenance. No need to deal with H2So4 dangerous.

Lead Acid Batteries: - It is also used but life is limited, maintenance costs are high
and handling H2So4 is too dangerous for its chemical concentration.

Nickel Cadmium Cell - 1.2 Volts, Sp. Gravity is 1200 in all conditions and Lead
Acid Cell - 2.1 Volts, Sp. Gravity is in Full charge 1280, Half charge 1240 and
Discharge - 1180

21. What will effect if you are connecting the batteries in Series and Parallel?

If the Batteries are connected in Series the voltage will be increase and the
Batteries are connected in Parallel the Current will be increase.
 22. What is the maintenance procedure of Batteries?

Obtain the work permit

Clean the battery terminals and apply petroleum jelly

Check the voltage per cell

Check the specific gravity of electrolyte with hydrometer

Check the electrolyte level

Check the electrolyte temperature

Check the total cell voltage

Close the work permit.

23. What is constant current charging?

Charging method in which current does not appreciably change against battery
demand. Suitable for applications where a battery needs to be fully recharged in
the short time

24. How do you decide the boost charge current rate for given 100Ampere

-hour rating of battery?

C/5 for 7 Hours

C is Ampere Hour of battery

i.e. 100AH / 5 = 20 Amps.

 So, Keep the battery for 7 hours charging at the charging current 20
Ampere

25. What is UPS? Draw its block diagram.

Uninterrupted Power Supply is very essential for petrochemical / processing

industries as all the controls are governed by the computer which determines the
operation under all condition.

UPS have Converter, Inverter, A V R, Battery Bank, Static switch and Bypass
Switch

The converter is feeding supply to the inverter

The battery bank connected in between converter and inverter

The static switch have supply on both end i.e. Converter supply and

A V R supply (Static switch is nothing - the two SCR is connected in opposite

direction)

The inverter is always taking the load, the converter fails to feed supply to the
inverter, it will work with the help of battery bank

If the inverter is fails to take the load, the A V R supply will take the load without
power interruption through the static switch

During the maintenance of UPS, changeover the load to standby supply by

using Bypass switch

26. What is constant potential charging?

Charging method where constant voltage is applied and charge current is

allowed to vary against battery demand. Usually the initial current is limited this
being classified as modified constant potential charging
 27. Why the battery room is normally considered for Hazardous area

classification?

Because of Hydrogen evolution and it will come under gas group II C

28. How do you check the battery condition?

By conducting Discharge Test

29. What are the parts of motor?

Parts of motor are Stator, Rotor, Winding, Shaft, End shields, Fan, Fan Cover,
Terminal Box, Bearings, Bearing housings, Lifting hook and Pulley key

30. What is the maintenance procedure of motor?

To carry out preventive maintenance of motor, the following procedures should

be adopted: -

Work Permit should be obtained

Tag Number of motor to be checked before power isolation

Starter feeder should be isolated and locked

Control circuit fuse and neutral link should be removed

Caution notice to be fixed on the feeder as well on the control station

 31. How can you find a motor is good with using of Multimeter & Megger?

For good motor, the following value should be satisfied: -

Insulation Resistance value should be acceptable by using the Megger between

winding to earth

Winding Resistance value should be equal on three windings by using the

Multimeter

33. What is the acceptable insulation value of motors?

Motor Voltage Testing Voltage Accepted IR Value

250 V 500 V

440 V 500V 1.5 Mega ohm

3.3 KV 1000V 4.5 Mega ohm

11 KV 1000 V 12 Mega ohm

34. What are the standard problems faced with motors?

Over load, Short circuit on motor winding, Single phasing, Loose connection of
power cables, Bearing problem and Vibration on a running motor

35. What are the protections provided for motors?

 440 Volts Motors:

Over Load Relay, Single phasing preventer, Stalling Relay, Thermal Over Load
Relay and Earth Fault (Short-circuit) Relay

3300Volts and 11000Volts Motors:

Over Current Relay (Instantaneous), Thermal Over Current Relay, Stalling Relay,
Earth Fault Relay, Negative Sequence Relay and Temperature Relay

36. What are the parts of Transformer?

Primary and secondary terminal boxes

Transformer main tank

Primary winding

Secondary winding

Cooling radiator tubes

Conservator tank

Explosion vent and temperature sensor

Buccholz relay

37. What are the protections of Transformer?

Buccholz relay

Over current relay

Earth fault relay

Differential relay
 Restricted earth fault relay

Temperature sensor

38. What is the maintenance procedure of Transformer?

Obtain the work permit

Transfer the load to other transformer (if provided) or isolate the load

Switch OFF the incoming supply of the transformer

Switch ON the Earth Switch on primary and secondary side

Physically clean the transformer

Check the insulation resistance of primary and secondary winding and check
the winding resistance

Check the Terminal tightness

Check the Earth connections of Transformer and measure the earth value

Collect the sample of Transformer Oil and carry out B.D.V. test

Controls to be cleaned with contact cleaner

Check the silica gel condition if it is pink color, it must be replaced

Check the HT and LT bushings for cracks

Switch OFF the Earth Switch on primary and secondary side

Switch ON the incoming supply of the transformer and give load

Close the work permit

39. What are the light fittings used in Gathering Centers & Booster Stations?
 Incandescent lamp, Mercury high discharge lamp, Fluorescent lamp and Halogen
lamp fittings are used in Gathering Centers & Booster Stations and it certified by
BASEEFA

40. What is stroboscopic effect? How can you eliminate it?

In twin tube light set while glowing the lamp, ring will move one by one inside the
florescent tube this is called stroboscopic effect due to two chokes are
connected nearby. To eliminate this effect connect one capacitor in series with
one light circuit

41. What is the use of AVR in Generator?

The automatic voltage regulators are usually provided to maintain the generator
voltage reasonably constant in spite of the fluctuating load i.e. to increase the
voltage when the load is high and reduce the voltage when the load comes down

42. What are reasons to produce low voltage in Generators?

The following possible reasons to produce low voltage in Generators: -

Loss of residual magnetism

Open circuit or loose connection in the exciter circuit also short circuited turns
in field windings

Reversed field windings

Open or short circuit in armature windings

Excessive contact resistance on commutator due to incorrect grade of brushes

or insufficient pressure of dirty commutator
 Incorrect position of brush

43. What is use of Clip-on-meter?

The Tong Tester is called in other words as clip on meter. In this we can measure
the current flowing in the circuit in each phase for any unbalance if is noticed.
Can be used without breaking the circuit.

44. What are the conditions of synchronous between two Generators?

The following conditions should be satisfied before synchronous

generators

The frequency of both should be identical

The voltage of both must be same

The phase rotation in both machine should be same

Identical phase wire R, Y, B should be connected together al the exact instant

when there is zero phase difference between them

For satisfactory parallel operation the characteristics of the two machines

should be similar

45. How can you parallel two Power Transformers?

The following conditions to be checked for parallel operation of 2 transformers

Primary and Secondary Voltage must be same as check tap changer position

Frequency must be same

Phase sequence must be same

 Impedance of both transformers must be same

Vector group of both transformers should be same

DIFFERENT KINDS OF RELAYS

1 OCR Over current relay 50 / 51
2 EF Earth fault 50 N / 51 N
3 DR Different relay 87
4 RPR Reverse power relay 67
5 REF Restricted earth fault relay 87TG
6 ELR Earth leakage relay 50G
7 UV Under voltage relay 27

All these relay will have instantaneous tripping as well as IDMT (Inverse Definite Minimum Time)
delay tripping or only IDMT or instantaneous.

OVERCURRENT RELAY:

This relay operates when a over current of short circuit noticed in the load.

Normally these relays will be having plug setting for current selection.

IDMT is normally used for over current. Instantaneous will be actuated only during short circuit
and for this normally the setting will be 10 times the normal current.

Whatever the current fall in the secondary of C. T. will flow through over current relays 50 / 51.

EARTH FAULT RELAY:

When any fault occurs between phases & earth, this relay will operate.

This relay connected to the zero balanced (residually connected) C. T. connection as shown in the
diagram. Normal over current will not pass through this relay, at point 0 the current will be zero.
When a fault occurs between phase and earth, there will be unbalance and that unbalance current
will pass through relay (50 N / 51 N).

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY:

This relay protects only the zone connected in between the neutral C. T. and residually
connected C. T. in the phase side i.e., it is protecting star winding of the transformer. When any
unbalance or earth fault occurs after the phase C. T. there will be unbalance currents neutral C. T.
as well as residually connected phase CT and both currents nullified at point O. So there wont
be any current flow in the relay and the relay wont operate.

When fault occurs in the winding there will be a current flow in the neutral CT only. The current
will operate the 87TG relay.

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

This relay protects the Zone connected between the CTs i.e. it is protecting only the transformer.
The CT connection is in winding side and in winding side, this is because to compensate vector
difference. The CT ration is also to be selected according to the transformation ratio.

When there is fault after the transformer secondary (i.e. after the secondary CT) there wont be
any difference of primary and secondary currents, are balanced in the Restraining coil.
When a fault occurs in the transformer, that current will be transformed to primary side only. So
that there will be different in the currents of primary and secondary. That unbalanced current will
pass through the operating coil and the relay will operate.

In generator the differential relay connections will be as shown.

COORDINATION OF RELAY
If any fault occurs in motor, the neares relay has to trip D breaker itself, so that it wont affect the
other system. Similarly if any fault occurs after A breaker, the nearest is A breakers relay. So A
should trip and other system not affected.

Normally the operating and tripping of breaker time will be around 350 msec.

If after A breaker fault occurs A will trip at 350msec if it fails B will trip at 700msec, I B also
fails C will trip 1 sec. This is called the co-ordination of Relays.
UNDER VLTAGE RELAY:
This relay operates when under voltage occurs in a connected system, normally this relay setting
be 80% of the applied voltage. This relay is used to trip the equipments connected, during under
voltage condition. These relay having two types, instantaneous and IDMT (Inverse Definite
Minimum Time)

IDMT relay are all dis type and the setting can be done through plug setting arrangement.

AC Alternating current where the voltage is alternating from peak voltage (on both +ve ve side)
to ZERO voltage periodically.

DC Direct current where the voltage in constant.

FREQUENCY
 In AC, the voltage which completes one cycle of Sin wave form is called frequency and the unit is
HERTZ (Hz)

Normal supply source will be 50Hz.

What is CT and PT? Where it is used?

A: The term C.T means current transformer, and the term
P.T means potential transformer. In circuit where
measurements of high voltage and high current is
involved they are used there. Particularly when a
measuring device like voltmeter or ammeter is not able to
measure such high value of quantity because of large
value of torque due to such high value it can damage the
measuring device. So CT and PT are introduced in the
circuits. They work on the same principle of transformer,
which is based on linkage of electromagnetic flux
produced by primary with secondary. They work on the
ratio to they are designed.E.g if CTs of ratio 5000\5A and
it has to measure secondary current of 8000A.then
ANS=8000*5\5000=8Aand this result will be given to
ammeter and after measuring 8A we can calculate the
primary current. Same system of the operation followed
in PT but it is for measuring voltage.
Q: When voltage increases then current also
increases then what is the need of over voltage
relay and over current relay? Can we measure over
voltage and over current by measuring current
only?

A: No, We can't sense the over voltage by just measuring

the current only because the current increases not only
for over voltages but also for under voltage (As most of
the loads are non-linear in nature).So, the over voltage
protection & over current protection are completely
different. Over voltage relay meant for sensing over
voltages & protect the system from insulation break down
and firing. Over current relay means for sensing any
internal short circuit, over load condition, earth fault there
by reducing the system failure & risk of fire. So for the
better protection of system. It should have both over
voltage & over current relay.
Q: In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap
connected, is it connected in the primary side or
secondary side?
A: Tapings are connected to high voltage winding side,
because of low current. If we connect tapings to low
voltage side, sparks will produce while tap changing
operation due to high current.
1. Transformers Transformation Ratio

V1/V2=N1/N2=I1/I2=K or NS/NP=VS/VP=IP/IS=K

2. Explain the function of Buchholzs Relay for Transformer protection?

It is the gas and oil operated relay. It has two circuits, on is trip and second is alarm. Any minor
fault develops that time the evaporated gas will actuate the alarm circuit; otherwise any major
fault rush of oil will actuate the Trip Circuit.

3. What are the protections for Transformers?

a) Buchholzs relay
b) Overheated relay
c) Earth fault relay
d) Temperature sensor

For higher transformer additionally

a) Restricted Earth fault relay

b) Differential relay

4. How to check Transformer oil? What should be value?

a) To collect oil from bottom drain in Test kit.

b) Adjust Test kit spears (2.5mm or 4mm)
c) Increase the voltage gradually up to tripping point

The oil should withstand 30KV for 1 minute gap with a gap of 2.5mm

5. What is the breather? Details about the Silica gel

It is a small container, contains silica gel and oil. It absorbs the moisture from the atmospheric air
and allow the fresh air to the conservator.

6. What is C.T. and P.T.

C.T. is Current Transformer which step down the current. It is used for current measurement and
protection.P.T. is Transformer Tap changing on HT side. Transformer is working at mutual
induction action.
1. YPM of Transformer

a) Obtain the work permit

b) Transfer the load to the other transformer
c) Switch ON the Earth Switch on primary and secondary side
d) Physically clean the Transformer
e) Check the insulation resistance of primary and secondary winding and check the winding
resistance
f) Check the terminal tightness
g) Check the Earth connections of Transformer
h) Carry out B.D.V. test of Transformer oil
i) Control box cleaned with contact cleaner
j) Check the Silica gel
k) Check the HT and LT bushings
l) Open the Earth switch
m) Energize the Transformer an d give load
n) Close the permit.

2. Which are the Paralleling conditions of Transformers?

a) Voltage must be same as check tap-changer position

b) Frequency must be same
c) Phase sequence must be same
d) Impedance of both the Transformers has to be same
e) Vector group of both must be same.

Protection for 11 KV HT panel relays

Check the schematic diagram attached

Commissioning of Transformers procedure

Check attached documents

Procedure to lay 11 KV cable ?How to make joints for 11 KV cable?procedure to test joints and
laid 11 KV cable?

Find procedure on internet

http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/commissioning-of-hv-panel-operational-and-functional-
checkup