Engineering Drawing

(EDRG101)
Lecture 3:
Geometrical Construction
&
Conic Sections
Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Exercise 3-1
Construct the following polygons,
a. Regular pentagon of 40mm side inscribing in a circle
b. Regular hexagon of 30mm side.

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CONE
It is a surface generated by moving a Straight line keeping one of its end fixed &
other end makes a closed curve.
The fixed point is known as vertex or apex
The closed curve is known as base.
If the base/closed curve is a circle, we get a cone.
90
If the base/closed curve is a polygon, we get a pyramid.

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CONE
The line joins apex to the center of base is
called axis. Vertex/Apex

If axes is perpendicular to base, it is called as Cone Axis

right circular cone. Generator
If axis of cone is not perpendicular to base, it
is called as oblique cone
The line joins vertex/ apex to the
circumference of a cone is known as generator.
Base
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CONIC SECTION ?
Definition :- The section obtained by the
intersection of a right circular cone by a
cutting plane in different position relative Sec Plane
to the axis of the cone are called CONIC
SECTION.

When the cutting plane is perpendicular

to the axis or parallel to the base in a right
cone we get circle.
Circle

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ELLIPSE
When the cutting plane is inclined to the
axis but not parallel to generator or the
inclination of the cutting plane() is >

greater than the semi cone angle(), we
get an ellipse as the section.

Ellipse
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PARABOLA
When the cutting plane is inclined to
the axis and parallel to one of the

=
generators of the cone or the

inclination of the plane() is equal to
semi cone angle(), we get a parabola
as the section.

Parabola
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 HYPERBOLA
When the cutting plane is parallel to the
axis or the inclination of the plane with =0
cone axis() is less than semi cone
angle(), we get a hyperbola as the
section. <

Hyperbola
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BASIC TERMS
The locus of point moves in a plane such a
way that the ratio of its distance from fixed
point (focus) to a fixed Straight line Conic
(Directrix) is always constant M P Axis Curve
Directrix
Fixed straight line is called as directrix
F
Fixed point is called as focus. C
V
The line passing through focus & Focus
perpendicular to directrix is called as axis.
The intersection of conic curve with axis is
called as vertex

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 M P Axis
Directrix
F
C
V
Vertex Focus

N
Q
Distance of a point from focus
Eccentricity =
Distance of a point from directrix
= PF/PM = QF/QN = VF/VC = e

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Ellipse
Ellipse is the locus of a point, which moves in a plane so that the sum of
its distance from two fixed points, called focal points or foci, is a
constant. The sum of distances is equal to the major axis of the ellipse.
C
P
PF1 + PF2 = QF1 + QF2
= CF1 +CF2 = AB
O B
A F2
F1 CF1 +CF2 = AB
but CF1 = CF2

hence, CF1=1/2AB
Q D
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 Exercise 3-2
Trace the different conic sections when the distance of the focus from the
directrix is 30mm and eccentricity is equal to, i) 7/9 ii) 1 and iii) 9/7. Name the
curves.
STEPS
1. Draw line CB and another line perpendicular to it as
shown.
2. Locate focus which is at a distance of 30 mm from
directrix.
7
3. e= = , Here MN= 7 units, and CM= 9 units.
9
4. For easy take 1 unit = 5 mm i.e. MN= 35mm,
CM=45mm.
5. Join CN and produce it. This line is called Governor
6. Draw two straight line at angle 45 degree to
horizontal at focus as shown.

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Exercise 3-2 cont

STEPS (Eccentricity Method)

7. These two line cut the governor line at two points
( only for ellipse.)
8. Draw vertical lines from these point to meet the axis
at A and B.
9. These points A and B are vertices of ellipse.
10. Draw vertical lines between A and B. These line may
not be equidistant.
11. Cut line 11 with F1 as center and 11 as radius. And
do same for all other lines.
12. Now join the points with the help of French curve.

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Exercise 3-3
A line AB represents the major axis of an ellipse and measures 120mm. A point P is at a distance of 90mm from
A and 50mm from B. Draw the elliptical curve passing through the points P, A and B. Find the eccentricity of the
curve. Draw tangent to the ellipse at any point on the curve.

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..

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Exercise 3-3 Cont..
Finding Eccentricity
1. Draw governor line using skills learnt in previous exercise
2. Draw directrix
3. Take necessary measurements
4. Calculate e using formula

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Exercise 3-4
How to draw tangent from a point outside the curve.

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 Exercise 3-4
A particle moves such that the sum of its distance from the two fixed points A and B, 90mm apart
remains constant. When P is at equal distance from A and B, its distance from each one of them is
75mm. draw the path traced out by the particle P. Also draw tangent to the curve from any point
outside the curve.

Hint:
Length of major axis = PA + PB = 150mm

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Exercise 3-5
The distance of the focus from the directrix is 60mm. trace the path of the point, which moves such that
its distance from the focus is equal to its distance from the directrix.

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Exercise 3-6
A toy rocket thrown up in the air reaches a maximum height of 45meter and travels a horizontal distance
of 75 meter. Trace the path of the rocket. Choose appropriate scale.

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Exercise 3-6 Conti.

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Exercise 3-6 Conti.

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Exercise 3-6 Conti.

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