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Problem 1
Problem Objective: To work with the m-bit terminology involved in A/D conver-
sion methods.
Statement: Consider the A/D board between stations D and E of the temperature
measurement system shown in Figure 6.1. Determine how many bits (M =
4, 8, 12 or 16) would be required to have less than 0.5% quantization error for
the input voltage of 9 V with EF SR = 10 V .
Solution:
Known:
Q
Absolute quantization error (in mV ) = 2 .
EESR
And, Q = 2M .
Schematic:
R=25W
Rs Computer
+5V
A B C D E
Analysis:
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AbsQE (in mV )
9000 mV = 0.005,
Comments:
For this particular problem, one could also use 12 or 16 bit, but the cost would probably be
more.
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Problem 2
Solution:
Known:
Analysis:
[b] One can expect the relative quantification error to vary from:
[d] One means to reduce the quantification error is through amplification of the analog signal
prior to quantization.
Comments:
This problem demonstrates the use of an amplifier to improve the signal-to-noise ratio to
within a specified amount.
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Problem 3
Statement: Consider the filter between stations C and D of the temperature mea-
surement system shown in Figure 6.2. Assume that the temperature varies in
time with frequencies as high as 15 Hz. For this condition, determine [a] the
filters cutoff frequency (in Hz), and [b] the filters time constant (in ms). Next,
find [c] the filters output voltage (peak-to-peak) when the amplifiers output
voltage (peak-to-peak) is 8 V and the temperature varies with a frequency of
10 Hz, and [d] the signals phase lag through the filter (in ms) for this condition.
Solution:
Known:
1
= 2fc
1
M () =
1+( )
tan1 ( )
=
Schematic:
R=25W
Rs
Computer
+5V
A B C D E
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Analysis:
[b] The time constant for a single-stage low-pass filter is given by:
1 1
= 2fc = (2)(15) = 0.0106 s = 10.6 ms.
1 1 1
M () = = = 1.2 = 0.83.
1+( )2 1+(62.80.0106)2
()
[d] =
33.66
= (57.3 /rad)(62.8 rad/s) = 9.35 103 s = 9.35 ms.
Comments:
This problem shows how a low-pass filter behaves as part of a typical measurement system.
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