ATMOSPHERIC

SCIENCES
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Erren Jahzeel Mendenilla

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Kobby Cabaltica

Bryant Louise Razon

Jedrick David
 ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCE

Atmospheric sciences is an umbrella term for the study of the Earth's atmosphere, its
processes, the effects other systems have on the atmosphere, and the effects of the atmosphere on
these other systems. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with
a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric changes (both
long and short-term) that define average climates and their change over time, due to both natural
and anthropogenic climate variability. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the
atmosphere, where dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been
extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets of the
solar system. Experimental instruments used in atmospheric sciences include satellites,
rocketsondes, radiosondes, weather balloons, and lasers. The term aerology (from Greek ,
ar, "air"; and -, -logia) is sometimes used as an alternative term for the study of Earth's
atmosphere. Early pioneers in the field include Lon Teisserenc de Bort and Richard Assmann.
Atmospheric science, interdisciplinary field of study that combines the components of physics
and chemistry that focuses on the structure and dynamics of Earths atmosphere. Mathematical
tools, such as differential equations and vector analysis, and computer systems are used to
evaluate the physical and chemical relations that describe the workings of the atmosphere. The
atmospheric sciences are traditionally divided into three topical areasmeteorology (the study
and forecasting of weather), climatology (the study of long-term atmospheric patterns and their
influences), and aeronomy (the study of the physics and chemistry of the upper atmosphere). In
meteorology, the focus of study concerns day-to-day and hour-to-hour changes in weather within
the lower stratosphere and troposphere. Climatology, on the other hand, concentrates more on
longer time periods ranging from a single month to millions of years and attempts to describe the
interaction of the atmosphere with the oceans, lakes, land, and glaciers. For example, of the three
topical areas, climatology would be the best equipped to provide a farmer with the most likely
date of the first frost in the autumn. The focus of aeronomy is on the atmosphere from the
stratosphere outward. This field also considers the role the atmosphere plays in the propagation
of electromagnetic communications, such as shortwave radio transmissions. Within these three
major topical areas, the broad nature of the atmospheric sciences has spawned practitioners who
specialize in several distinct subfields. Scientists who investigate the physics associated with
atmospheric flow are called dynamic meteorologists or simply dynamicists. When the
investigation procedure involves the application of large computer models of atmospheric
structure and dynamics, the scientists are called numerical modelers. Scientists and technicians
who specifically investigate procedures of weather forecasting are called synoptic
meteorologists, while those who investigate the physical mechanisms associated with the growth
of cloud droplets and ice crystals and related precipitation processes are called cloud physicists.
Researchers who studied atmospheric optical effects are referred to as physical meteorologists,
while individuals who investigate the dynamics and observations of climate are called
climatologists or climate scientists. Paleoclimatologists are researchers who concentrate on
ancient climate patterns. Scientists who investigate atmospheric structure and dynamics within
the boundary layer (the layer of the atmosphere closest to Earths surface) are referred to as
boundary layer meteorologists or micrometeorologists. Atmospheric science is the study of the
dynamics and chemistry of the layers of gas that surround the Earth, other planets and moons.
This encompasses the interactions between various parts of the atmosphere as well as
interactions with the oceans and freshwater systems, the biosphere and human activities.
Atmospheric science focuses on the whole domain of research related to the physics, dynamics,
and chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere, including both basic and applied research. We welcome
submissions covering the following fields, among others: quantitative and deductive aspects of
the physics, dynamics, and chemistry of the atmosphere, applied research related to satellite
meteorology, radar meteorology, boundary layer processes, air pollution and its relationship with
climate, agricultural and forest meteorology, and applied numerical meteorological models.
Atmospheric science is the study of the physics and chemistry of clouds, gases, and aerosols
(airborne particles) that surround the planetary bodies of the solar system. Research in
atmospheric science includes such varied areas of interest as:

Climatology the study of long-term weather and temperature trends.

Dynamic meteorology the study of the motions of the atmosphere.
Cloud physics the formation and evolution of clouds and precipitation.
Atmospheric chemistry the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
Atmospheric physics the study of processes such as heating and cooling of the atmosphere.
Aeronomy the study of the upper atmosphere.
Oceanography the study of the Earths oceans and how they affect the atmosphere.

Meteorology
 Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere. The study of
meteorology dates back millennia, though significant progress in meteorology did not occur until
the 18th century. The 19th century saw modest progress in the field after weather observation
networks were formed across broad regions. Prior attempts at prediction of weather depended on
historical data. It wasn't until after the elucidation of the laws of physics and, more particularly,
the development of the computer, allowing for the automated solution of a great many equations
that model the weather, in the latter half of the 20th century that significant breakthroughs in
weather forecasting were achieved. Meteorological phenomena are observable weather events
that are explained by the science of meteorology. Meteorological phenomena are described and
quantified by the variables of Earth's atmosphere: temperature, air pressure, water vapor, mass
flow, and the variations and interactions of those variables, and how they change over time.
Different spatial scales are used to describe and predict weather on local, regional, and global
levels. Meteorology, climatology, atmospheric physics, and atmospheric chemistry are sub-
disciplines of the atmospheric sciences. Meteorology and hydrology compose the
interdisciplinary field of hydrometeorology. The interactions between Earth's atmosphere and its
oceans are part of a coupled ocean-atmosphere system. Meteorology has application in many
diverse fields such as the military, energy production, transport, agriculture, and construction.
The word "meteorology" is from Greek metros "lofty; high (in the sky)" (from -
meta- "above" and aeiro "I lift up") and - -logia "-(o)logy", i.e. "the study of things in
the air".

Atmospheric Chemistry

Atmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the

Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. It is a multidisciplinary field of research
and draws on environmental chemistry, physics, meteorology, computer modeling,
oceanography, geology and volcanology and other disciplines. Research is increasingly
connected with other areas of study such as climatology. The composition and chemistry of the
atmosphere is of importance for several reasons, but primarily because of the interactions
between the atmosphere and living organisms. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere has
been changed by human activity and some of these changes are harmful to human health, crops
and ecosystems. Examples of problems which have been addressed by atmospheric chemistry
include acid rain, photochemical smog and global warming. Atmospheric chemistry seeks to
understand the causes of these problems, and by obtaining a theoretical understanding of them,
allow possible solutions to be tested and the effects of changes in government policy evaluated.

Atmospheric Physics

Atmospheric physics is the application of physics to the study of the atmosphere.

Atmospheric physicists attempt to model Earth's atmosphere and the atmospheres of the other
planets using fluid flow equations, chemical models, radiation balancing, and energy transfer
processes in the atmosphere and underlying oceans. In order to model weather systems,
atmospheric physicists employ elements of scattering theory, wave propagation models, cloud
physics, statistical mechanics and spatial statistics, each of which incorporate high levels of
mathematics and physics. Atmospheric physics has close links to meteorology and climatology
and also covers the design and construction of instruments for studying the atmosphere and the
interpretation of the data they provide, including remote sensing instruments. In the United
Kingdom, atmospheric studies are underpinned by the Meteorological Office. Divisions of the
U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) oversee research projects and
weather modeling involving atmospheric physics. The U.S. National Astronomy and Ionosphere
Center also carries out studies of the high atmosphere. The Earth's magnetic field and the solar
wind interact with the atmosphere, creating the ionosphere, Van Allen radiation belts, telluric
currents, and radiant energy.

Atmospheric Dynamics

Atmospheric dynamics involves the study of observations and theory dealing with all
motion systems of meteorological importance. Common topics studied include diverse
phenomena such as thunderstorms, tornadoes, gravity waves, tropical cyclones, extratropical
cyclones, jet streams, and global-scale circulations. The goal of dynamical studies is to explain
the observed circulations on the basis of fundamental principles from physics. The objectives of
such studies incorporate improving weather forecasting, developing methods for predicting
seasonal and inter annual climate fluctuations, and understanding the implications of human-
induced perturbations (e.g., increased carbon dioxide concentrations or depletion of the ozone
layer) on the global climate.

Aeronomy
 Aeronomy is the meteorological science of the upper region of the Earth's or other
planetary atmospheres, which relates to the atmospheric motions, its chemical composition and
properties, and the reaction to it from the environment from space. The term aeronomy was
introduced by Sydney Chapman in a Letter to the Editor of Nature entitled Some Thoughts on
Nomenclature in 1946. Studies within the subject also investigates the causes of dissociation or
ionization processes. Today the term also includes the science of the corresponding regions of the
atmospheres of other planets. Aeronomy is a branch of atmospheric physics. Research in
aeronomy requires access to balloons, satellites, and sounding rockets which provide valuable
data about this region of the atmosphere. Atmospheric tides dominate the dynamics of the
mesosphere and lower thermosphere, essential to understanding the atmosphere as a whole.
Other phenomena studied are upper-atmospheric lightning discharges, such as red sprites, sprite
halos or blue jets.

Climatology

In contrast to meteorology, which studies short term weather systems lasting up to a few
weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity
of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather
patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists, those who practice climatology,
study both the nature of climates local, regional or global and the natural or human-induced
factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future
climate change. Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer,
circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the
atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography),
and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere. Related disciplines include
astrophysics, atmospheric physics, chemistry, ecology, physical geography, geology, geophysics,
glaciology, hydrology, oceanography, and volcanology.
Lon Philippe Teisserenc de Bort (November 5, 1855 in Paris, France
January 2, 1913 in Cannes, France) was a French meteorologist and a
pioneer in the field of aerology. Together with Richard Assmann (1845-
1918), he is credited as co-discoverer of the stratosphere, as both men
announced their discovery during the same time period in 1902. Teisserenc
de Bort pioneered the use of unmanned instrumented balloons and was the
first to identify the region in the atmosphere around 8-17 kilometers of
height where the lapse rate reaches zero, known today as the tropopause.
After his resignation from the Bureau in 1896, he established a private meteorological
observatory in Trappes near Versailles. There he carried out investigations on clouds and the
problems of the upper air. He conducted experiments with high-flying instrumented hydrogen
balloons and was one of the first people to use such devices. In 1898, Teisserenc de Bort
published an important paper in Comptes Rendus detailing his researches by means of balloons
into the constitution of the atmosphere. He noticed that while the air temperature decreased
steadily up to approximately 11 kilometers of height, it remained constant above that altitude (up
to the highest points he could reach). In other words, he discovered an indication of a
temperature inversion or at least of a zero lapse rate above this altitude. For many years he was
uncertain whether he discovered a true physical phenomenon or whether his measurements
suffered from a systematic bias (indeed, the first measurements did have a positive temperature
bias as the instruments were liable to radiative heating by solar radiation). That is why Teisserenc
de Bort carried out 200+ more balloon experiments (with a substantial part of them being held
during the night to eliminate radiative heating) until 1902, when he suggested that the
atmosphere was divided into two layers. During the years that followed, he named the two layers
of the atmosphere known as the "troposphere" and the "stratosphere". This naming convention
has since been maintained, with (higher-altitude) layers that were subsequently discovered being
given names of this sort. After Teisserenc de Bort's death in 1913, the heirs donated the
observatory to the state so that the research tasks could be continued. He also carried out
investigations in Sweden and over the Zuider Zee, the Mediterranean and the tropical region of
the Atlantic, and fitted out a special vessel in order to study the currents above the trade winds.
He was elected a fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society in 1903, honorary member in 1909,
and was awarded the Symons Gold Medal of the Society in 1908. He collaborated with Hugo
Hildebrandsson in Les bases de la mtorologie dynamique (1907).
Richard Assmann (Anglicized spelling of the German name Richard
Amann); (13 April 1845 28 May 1918) was a German meteorologist and
physician who was a native of Magdeburg. He made numerous
contributions in high altitude research of the Earth's atmosphere. He was a
pioneer of scientific aeronautics and considered a co-founder of aerology.
In 1868 he received his medical doctorate in Berlin, and from 1870 to 1879
was a general practitioner in Bad Freienwalde. In 1879 he returned to
Magdeburg to practice medicine. In 1885 he earned a doctorate in
secondary studies at the Faculty of Philosophy at the University of Halle,
and subsequently became a scientific officer at the Royal Meteorological Institute at Berlin-
Grnau. From 1905 to 1914 Assmann was director of the Prussian Royal Aeronautical
Observatory at Lindenberg, and afterwards was an honorary professor at the University of
Giessen. From 1887 to 1892, with airship designer Rudolf Hans Bartsch von Sigsfeld (1861
1902), he developed a psychrometer for accurate measurement of atmospheric humidity and
temperature. This was the first instrument that was able to provide reliable temperature readings
with high altitude balloons, as it was capable of shielding its thermometric elements from solar
radiation. The technical implementation and production of this device took place in the factory of
Rudolf Fuess (18381917). From 1888 to 1899, he was a member of the Verein zur Frderung
der Luftschifffahrt, from which he organized scientific balloon ascents in order to study the
atmosphere. From these studies, valuable insights in regards to atmospheric stratification of the
troposphere were made. He is also credited for popularizing the field of meteorology, and played
a significant role in several scientific newspapers and magazines during his career. From 1884
until his death, Assmann published the popular monthly magazine Das Wetter (The Weather).
With Lon Teisserenc de Bort (18551913), he is credited as co-discoverer of the stratosphere, as
both men announced their discovery during the same time period in 1902. In 1903, with
meteorologist Arthur Berson (18591942), he was awarded the Buys Ballot Medal by the Royal
Netherlands Academy of Sciences.
Svante August Arrhenius (19 February 1859 2 October 1927) was a
Nobel-Prize winning Swedish scientist, originally a physicist, but often
referred to as a chemist, and one of the founders of the science of physical
chemistry. He received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1903, becoming
the first Swedish Nobel laureate, and in 1905 became director of the Nobel
Institute where he remained until his death. His lasting contributions to
science are exemplified and memorialized by the Arrhenius equation,
Arrhenius definition of an acid, lunar crater Arrhenius, the mountain of
Arrheniusfjellet and the Arrhenius Labs at Stockholm University, all named
after him. He was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to
calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide increase
Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect, leading him to conclude that human-
caused carbon dioxide emissions are large enough to cause global warming. Arrhenius was born
on 19 February 1859 at Vik (also spelled Wik or Wijk), near Uppsala, Sweden, the son of Svante
Gustav and Carolina Thunberg Arrhenius. His father had been a land surveyor for Uppsala
University, moving up to a supervisory position. At the age of three, Arrhenius taught himself to
read without the encouragement of his parents, and by watching his father's addition of numbers
in his account books, became an arithmetical prodigy. In later life, Arrhenius enjoyed using
masses of data to discover mathematical relationships and laws. At age eight, he entered the local
cathedral school, starting in the fifth grade, distinguishing himself in physics and mathematics,
and graduating as the youngest and most able student in 1876. In developing a theory to explain
the ice ages, Arrhenius, in 1896, was the first to use basic principles of physical chemistry to
calculate estimates of the extent to which increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) will
increase Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect. These calculations led him to
conclude that human-caused CO2 emissions, from fossil-fuel burning and other combustion
processes, are large enough to cause global warming This conclusion has been extensively
tested, winning a place at the core of modern climate science. Arrhenius, in this work, built upon
the prior work of other famous scientists, including Joseph Fourier, John Tyndall or Claude
Pouillet. Arrhenius used infrared observations of the moon by Frank Washington Very and
Samuel Pierpont Langley at the Allegheny Observatory in Pittsburgh to calculate how much
of infrared (heat) radiation is captured by CO2 and water (H2O) vapour in Earth's atmosphere.
Using 'Stefan's law' (better known as the Stefan-Boltzmann law), he formulated what he referred
to as a 'rule'. In its original form, Arrhenius' rule reads as follows:
Robert C. Balling, Jr. is a professor of geography at Arizona State
University, and the former director of its Office of Climatology. His
research interests include climatology, global climate change, and
geographic information systems. Balling has declared himself one of the
scientists who oppose the consensus on global warming, arguing in a 2009
book that anthropogenic global warming "is indeed real, but relatively
modest", and maintaining that there is a publication bias in the scientific
literature. Balling was born and raised in Uniontown, Pennsylvania, and
moved to Springfield, Ohio in 1970 to attend Wittenberg University.
While there, he decided to join Phi Gamma Delta after hearing good things about it and because
many of his friends were pledging it. Balling gained bachelor's and master's degrees in
geography in 1974 (Wittenberg University, BA) and 1975 (Bowling Green State University,
MA), before gaining his Ph.D. in geography from the University of Oklahoma in 1979. He was
assistant professor at the University of Nebraska (19791984), before joining the Office of
Climatology at Arizona State University. He gained tenure there in 1987, and served as the
director of the Office of Climatology until 2004. Balling has published much research pertaining
to various factors that influence the Earth's climate. In 1988, Balling published a study which
found that the construction of golf courses around Palm Springs, CA may have cooled the city
over the preceding 15 years, in contrast to the warming effect usually associated with urban areas
(also known as the urban heat island effect). Seven years later, Balling and Randall S. Cerveny,
one of his ASU colleagues, published a study which found that the moon, when it is full, can
cause Earth's troposphere to warm by more than 0.03 F. However, it remained unclear why the
moon might be able to do this. When interviewed by the New York Times, Balling suggested the
main reason might be that infrared radiation from the Sun is reflected towards Earth by the full
moon. In 1998, Balling and Cerveny published a letter to Nature which found that man-made air
pollutants, especially ozone and carbon monoxide, were influencing weather patterns on the East
Coast of the United States. Their study also concluded that this effect was the strongest on
Saturdays, and that this was so because "...the end of the week brings worse air pollution than the
beginning."
Vilhelm Friman Koren Bjerknes ForMemRS (/vlhlm bjrkns/; 14
March 1862 9 April 1951) was a Norwegian physicist and meteorologist
who did much to found the modern practice of weather forecasting. Vilhelm
Bjerknes with his brother Ernst Wilhelm Bjerknes(left) and his sister in law,
Norway's first female professor, Kristine Bonnevie at her cabin Snfugl
(snow bird).circa 1946. Born in Christiania, Bjerknes enjoyed an early
exposure to fluid dynamics, as assistant to his father, Carl Anton Bjerknes,
who had discovered by mathematical analysis the apparent actions at a
distance between pulsating and oscillating bodies in a fluid, and their
analogy with the electric and magnetic actions at a distance. Vilhelm Bjerknes became assistant
to Heinrich Hertz in Bonn 18901891 and made substantial contributions to Hertz' work on
electromagnetic resonance. He succeeded in giving the explanation of the phenomenon called
"multiple resonance," discovered by Sarasin and De la Rive. Continuing his experiments at the
University of Christiania (18911892), he proved experimentally the influence which the
conductivity and the magnetic properties of the metallic conductors exert upon the electric
oscillations, and measured the depth to which the electric oscillations penetrate in metals of
different conductivity and magnetic permeability (the "skin effect"). Finally, in 1895 he furnished
a complete theory of the phenomenon of electric resonance, involving a method of utilizing
resonance experiments for the determination of the wavelengths, and especially of the damping
(the logarithmic decrement) of the oscillations in the transmitter and the receiver of the electric
oscillations. These methods contributed much to the development of wireless telegraphy. His
papers on electric oscillations were published in Annalen der Physik (18911895). In 1895, he
became professor of applied mechanics and mathematical physics at the University of Stockholm
where he had been lecturer since 1893. There he elucidated the fundamental interaction between
fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. His major contribution was the primitive equations which
are used in climate models. It was this work that inspired both V. Walfrid Ekman and Carl-
Gustav Arvid Rossby to apply it to large-scale motions in the oceans and atmosphere and to
make modern weather forecasting feasible. Bjerknes himself had foreseen the possible
applications as early as 1904. This attack upon the meteorological problems from a
hydrodynamical point of view was after 1906 supported by the Carnegie Institution of
Washington, D.C., of which he became a research associate. Two introductory volumes, Statics
and Kinematics, of a greater work, Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography, were published in
1913 under the auspices of the Institution.
Erik Herbert Palmn (31 August 1898 19 March 1985) was Finnish
meteorologist, born in Vaasa. He worked at the University of Chicago in the
Chicago school of meteorology (started by Carl-Gustaf Rossby) on cyclones
and weather fronts with Vilhelm Bjerknes. He contributed to the explanation
of the dynamics of the jet stream and the analysis of data collected by
radiosondes; his preprocessed and quality checked datasets were widely
used by other researchers. Palmen was a multisided researcher who
published articles in meteorology, geophysics and oceanography. The 1969
book by Palmen and Chester W. Newton, "Atmospheric Circulation
Systems: Their Structure and Interpretation", is still used as lecture material in the universities
around the world.

Palmen was the director of Finnish Institute of Marine Research, a professor in Helsinki
University and a member of the Finnish Academy of Arts and Letters. His nickname by students,
friends and colleagues was Maestro and he was well known for his passion for cigars and interest
of effects of weather on agriculture.

Palmen received the Buys Ballot Medal of Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in
1964. By then, when more computing power was available and the first steps of numerical
weather prediction were taken, the value of the work done by the Chicago School 1020 years
earlier was really appreciated.

In 1969 he was awarded the prestigious International Meteorological Organization Prize from the
World Meteorological Organization.
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https://www.britannica.com/science/atmospheric-science

http://www.nature.com/subjects/atmospheric-science

http://journal.frontiersin.org/journal/all/section/atmospheric-science

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/AtmSciCareer.html

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Philippe". Encyclopdia Britannica (12th ed.). London & New York.

3. Teisserenc de Bort a life in Meteorology

This article is based on a translation of an equivalent article at the German Wikipedia.

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"Winners of the IMO Prize". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 8 December 2015.

Chicago School

In Memoriam

Palmen's Final Reflection