CHI- SQUARE TEST

In sampling testing certain assumptions are made about the population

and samples. For example in sampling distribution it is assumed that the
samples are drawn from a population following normal distribution. But
sometimes it is not possible to make any assumptions about the distribution
of the population from where the samples are taken. In such situations we
follow a non parametric test. Chi Square is one such non parametric test

While collecting data if the observed frequency O and expected

frequency E are known then

2 = [(O E) 2 /E] follows a distribution known as chi square

distribution.

Properties of Chi Square Test

1. It is a non parametric test. Assumptions about the form of the

distribution or its parameters are not required
2. It is a distribution free test, which can be used in any type of
distribution of population.
3. It is easy to calculate chi square statistics
4. It analyses the differences between a set of observed frequencies and
a set of corresponding expected frequencies.
5. It is a multinomial distribution
6. The variable varies from 0 to
7. It is a one tailed test

Uses of Chi Square Test

1. Useful for the test of goodness of fit

2. Useful for the test of independence of attributes
3. Useful for testing homogeneity
4. Useful for testing given population variance

Conditions for Applying Chi Square Test

1. The total frequencies (N) must be reasonably large than or at least 50

 2. Observed frequency of less than 5 is pooled with the preceding or
succeeding frequencies so that no observed frequency is less than 5.
Then the degree of freedom is based on the resulting number of
frequencies.
3. The distribution should not be expressed as proportions or
percentages. It should be of original units.

How to Test the Goodness of Fit for a Multinomial Distribution?

1. State the null and alternate hypothesis

2. Select a random sample and record the observed frequencies (Oi) for
each category.
3. Assume the null hypothesis is true. With this assumption determine the
expected frequencies (Ei).

4. Compute the value of the test statistic using 2 = [(Oi Ei) 2 /Ei]
5. Fix the level of significance
6. Write the degree of freedom
7. Find the critical value corresponding to the degree of freedom and level
of significance.
8. Check whether
a. Test statistic is < Critical Value
b. Test statistic is > Critical Value

Accept the null hypothesis if 2 (Test Statistic) < Critical Value

Reject the null hypothesis if 2 (Test Statistic) > Critical Value

2 Distribution

Type - I
 2 test. How will you use this to test a hypothesis? What are
1. Explain

the precautions which are to be taken for 2 testing? Mention the

uses of 2.

2. The following data shows the distribution of frequency between
educational level and awareness of AIDS. Find the relationship between
education and awareness.

Awareness Level
Education Low Moderate Higher
Illiterate 320 50 30
Primary 80 15 05
Middle School 110 70 20
High School 200 60 40
Higher 310 130 60
Secondary

3. Due to recession, an IT company is planning to lay-off some of its

personnel. The results of opinion survey conducted by a company are
given below. Formulate the hypothesis and test it using 2 test at 0.05
level of significance

Opinion Towards Retrenchment

Occupation Oppose Undecided Favor
Administrative Staff 37 16 19
Project Team Manager 46 22 15
Project Team Leader 32 11 2

4. The following table gives the data regarding the field of study in the
University and their field of Specialization in High School

Field of Study in The Unversity

Specialization in Biology Medicine Agriculture
 High School
Biology 26 52 23
Physics & 3 44 8
Mathematics
Agriculture 4 1 1
Humanities 6 4 10

Test whether there is any association between High School

Specialization and field of study in the University

5. Based on the following data test the hypothesis that there is no

difference in quality of the kind of tyres. ( = 0.05)

Tyre Brand
A B C D
Failed to last 4000 kms 26 23 15 32
Lasted to 4000-6000kms 118 93 116 121
Lasted for more than 56 84 67 49
6000kms

6. Following table provides the number of executives according to the

time devoted to public activities by rank

Rank
Time Devoted Manager Sr. Manager Gr.Manager
A Good Deal 25 13 9
Some Time 62 53 49
Never 12 34 43

Test the hypothesis that the time devoted to public activities is

independent of the rank.

7. A survey was conducted in Bangalore city as well as in the rest of

Karnataka state regarding the peoples first choice of four types of
magazines. The results are tabulated below

City
Type of Magazine Bangalore Rest of Karnataka
News Magazine 70 310
Movie Magazine 60 280
Ladies Magazine 40 170
Sports Magazine 30 40
Test whether there is any significant difference between Bangalore
population and rest of Karnataka in the choice of magazines.
 8. A sample of 115 professionals, 110 businessmen, and 125 farmers
were chosen and asked to express their feelings regarding a national
policy. The result of the survey is given below:

Occupation Favorable Against Indifferent

Professionals 80 21 14
Businessmen 72 15 23
Farmers 69 31 25
Can we conclude that there exists no difference in opinion among the
three classes of people in the policy?

9. A survey on the consumption of alcoholic drinks by menial staff of a

municipal corporation gave the following data:

Consumers Non -
Consumers
Attenders 86 31
Scavengers 46 26
Road Workers 64 10
Test whether there is any association between type of work and
alcoholic drinking habit

10. The results of a survey to know the educational attainment

among 100 persons randomly selected in a locality are given below:

Education
Sex Middle School High School College
Male 10 15 25
Female 25 10 15
Can you conclude that education depends of sex of the individual?

11. The following table gives a sample of married women, their level
of education and marriage adjustment scores.

Marriage Adjustment Scores

Level of Low Medium High
Education
College 24 97 62
High 26 32 24
School
Middle 40 22 14
School
Analyze the data and give your comments
 12. Formulate an appropriate hypothesis and use 2 test for the
following data

Inter-Caste Marriage
Socioeconomic Favorabl Indiffere Unfavora
Status e nt ble
Low 40 25 10
Moderate 35 30 15
High 25 45 5

13. An oil company has explored three different areas for possible oil
reserves the results of the test were given as below.

Area
A B C
Strikes 7 10 8
Dry Holes 10 18 9
Does the data suggest that the three areas have the same potential at
10% level of significance?
Type - II

14. On the basis of the information given below find if there is any
association with inoculation and absence of attack of typhoid at 5%
level of significance.

Attacked Not Attacked Total

Inoculated 12 674 686
Not Inoculated 47 1122 1169

15. Find the relationship between Educational Status and Safety

awareness of workers, Use 2 test at 0.05 level of significance.

Propose the Null hypothesis and Alternate Hypothesis.

Level of Awareness
Educational Status Low High
Upto 10th Std. 30 70
Professional 60 40
 Type III

16. A theory predicts the proportion of beans in the four groups A, B,

C and D should be 9:3:3:1. In an experiment among 1600 beans, the
numbers in the four groups were 882, 313, 287 and 118. Does the

experiment result support the theory? Apply 2 test.

17. A college is running post graduate classes in five subjects with
equal number of students. The total number of absentees in these five
classes is 75. Test the hypothesis that these classes are alike in
absentees if the actual absentees in each are as follows: History = 9;
Philosophy = 18; Economics = 15; Commerce = 12; Chemistry = 11.

18. How well do the airline companies serve their customers? A

study showed the following customer ratings. 3% Excellent, 28% Good,
45% Fair and 24% Poor. In a follow up study of telephone companies, a
sample of 400 adults found the following customer ratings 24
Excellent, 124 Good, 172 Fair and 80 Poor. Does the distribution of
customer ratings for telephone companies differ from the distribution
of the customer ratings for the airline companies?

19. A multinomial population with four categories A, B, C and D have

the following proportion of items same in all categories. A sample of
size 300 yielded the following results: A = 85, B = 95, C = 50 and D =
70. Use = 0.05 to determine whether the claim of the proportions
being same in every category is true.

20. During the first 13 weeks of television season, the Saturday

evening 8.00pm to 9.00pm audience proportion were recorded as ABC
= 29%, CBS = 28%, NBC = 25% and Independent = 18%. A sample of
300 homes two weeks after a Saturday night schedule revision yielded
the following viewing audience data ABC = 95 homes, CBS = 70
homes, NBC = 89 homes and Independent = 46 homes. Test with =
0.05 to determine whether the viewing audience proportion have
changed.

Type IV
21. A die is thrown 132 times with the following results

No: Turned 1 2 3 4 5 6
Up
Frequency 16 20 25 14 29 28
Is the die biased?

22. Eight coins were tossed 256 times and the following results were
obtained

No: of 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Heads
Frequency 2 6 30 52 67 56 32 10 1

Is the coin biased? Use

2 test
23. The following shows the result of throwing 12 dice, 4096 times. A
throw of 4,5,6 being called a success. Fit a Binomial Distribution.

Succes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
s
Freque - 7 60 19 43 73 94 84 53 25 71 11 -
ncy 8 0 1 8 7 6 7
Test for goodness of fit.

24. A typist kept a record of mistakes made per day during 300
working days in a year.

Mistakes/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Day
No: of 143 90 42 12 9 3 1
Days
Fit a Poisson distribution to the data. Test for goodness of fit.
0.89
(Given e = 0.410652)

25. The following are the number of arrivals of flights per hour in an
airport. Can we conclude that the following 400 arrivals follow a
Poisson distribution with =3 at 5% level of significance?

No: of 0 1 2 3 4 5
Arrivals
No: of 20 57 98 85 78 62
Hours