Chapter

10
Medieval Europe
 The Reconquista
In the early 700s, Muslims (Umayyads/Al-
Andalus) conquered the Iberian Peninsula (Spain
and Portugal).

In the 1000s, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

unied Spain, and defeated Muslim forces.

The Church used a court called the Inquisi0on to

punish people opposed to Church teachings.

The InquisiMon tortured and executed many Jews

and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula.

By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella completed the

Reconquista by forcing out the last Muslim
rulers, followers of Islam, and many Jews.

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST Barcelona and Madrid
 The Hundred Years War
England and France is separated by the English Channel.

In 1066, William the Duke of Normandy captured England in
what is called the Norman invasion, and became known as
William the Conqueror.

Between 1337 and 1453, England and France fought each
other in the Hundred Years War.
In 1337, England a_acked France
In 1428, at Orleans a French peasant girl known as Joan of
Arc led the French to victory.
By 1453, the French had driven the English from France and
ended the war.

During the Hundred Years War the longbow was used,

which could penetrate knights armor.

Europeans also started to use weapons with gunpowder.

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 The Plague
People that become sick from the bubonic plague
experienced severe chills, fever, convulsions, and vomiMng.

The bubonic plague of the 1300s became known as the

Black Death.

The bubonic plague killed nearly 20 to 25 million in Europe,

about one-third of the total populaMon in Europe died.

The bubonic plague killed about 25 million in Asia.

ChrisMans believed that the plague was a punishment for

sin.

Muslims believed that the plague was a test of their faith in

God.

Jews were falsely accused of causing the plague by

poisoning water wells, and were forced to move out of
many European towns.

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 The English Government
From 1154 to 1189, King Henry II (2) of England sent royal judges to
every part of the country.

Court decisions of the royal judges were based on local customs and
previous rulings, in what is called common law.

As part of common law, decisions in one part of the country could be
dierent than in another part of the country.

In 1199, Henrys youngest son John became the next king of England.

King John fought and lost many expensive wars.

In 1215, Englands nobility forced King John to sign the Magna Carta.

The Magna Carta guaranteed the protecMon of the law, habeas
corpus (courts must provide legal proof for why a person is being
imprisoned), and trial by jury.

The Magna Carta also guaranteed and that the king could not collect
money from the nobles without approval.

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 Representa0ve Ins0tu0ons
In 1264, English nobles removed King Henry III (3) from the throne
aier he broke an agreement.

The English nobles replaced King Henry with a group of people, later
called a parliament.

The parliament included nobility, church ocials, and

representaMves from ciMes and towns.

In 1265, Edward I (1) took back the throne, but did not get rid of
Parliament because he needed its poliMcal support.

In 1265, representaMves from every county, district, and city were

assembled to create the rst representaMve parliament. It is known
as the Model Parliament.

The Parliament formed 2 houses, or groups, to govern the country

1) The House of Commons
2) The House of Lords

Parliament would eventually control the collecMon of taxes,

introduce laws, and approve new laws.

WATCH Tour of English Parliament

 The OHoman Empire
In the 1300s, Osman founded the O_oman Empire in Asia
Minor, present-day Turkey.

The leader of the O_oman Empire was the Sultan.

An imperial council called divan advised the sultan. The

sultans main adviser was the grand vizier.

Military leaders, religious leaders, and large estate owners

helped run the government of the O_oman Empire.

As Muslims, the O_omans followed Islamic law. Sultans
passed laws that were not covered by Islamic law.

In 1520, Suleyman I (1) became the sultan of the O_oman

Empire.

Suleyman became known as Suleyman the Magnicent and
The Lawgiver because while he ruled the O_oman Empire
produced great art, architecture, literature, and laws.

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 The OHoman Empire
The O_oman Empire included Syria, Arabia, PalesMne, and
Egypt.

The O_omans controlled the ciMes of Mecca and Medina,
the holiest ciMes of Islam.

In 1453, the O_omans conquered ConstanMnople, and

ended the ByzanMne Empire. The name of ConstanMnople
was changed to Istanbul.

By 1525, Suleyman was a_acking Hungary and Austria with

support from France.

Hungary and Austria were controlled by a powerful

German family known as the Hapsburgs. The Hapsburg
were enemies of France.

In 1529, Suleyman using janissaries and gunpowder

weapons almost reached Vienna, Austria, but had to
withdraw because of lack of supplies.

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 Chris0anity
Read page R64-R65
THINK-PAIR-SHARE
Write down evidence from the reading
ChrisManity is a monotheisMc religion, believe in one God.

ChrisManity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

The holy book for ChrisMans is the Bible (Old and New Testaments).

ChrisMans believe Jesus was the Son of God, Jesus died on the cross, and
was resurrected.

ChrisManity is the largest religion in the world with nearly 2 billion

followers.

ChrisMans gather in churches for public worship. Church service oien

include a sermon, songs, and prayers.

Missionaries travel all over the world to spread the religion, teach, and
help others.

The cross is a symbol for ChrisManity.

 Islam
Read page R68-R69
Write down evidence from the reading
Islam began to develop in 610 C.E.

The angel Gabriel revealed the word of God to

Muhammad, and the revelaMons were wri_en down in
the Quran.

Islam teaches that there is only one God, called Allah in

Arabic, and it is the same God worshipped by ChrisMans
and Jews.

The followers of Islam are called Muslims, and ritual

duMes known as the Five Pillars of Islam (faith, prayer,
charity, fasMng, and pilgrimage to Mecca).

Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world with

more than 1 billion followers.

Muslims worship at mosques and pray towards Mecca.

 Judaism
Read page R70-R71
Write down evidence from the reading
Followers of Judaism are called Jews.
Jews believe in one God, and is probable the oldest
monotheisMc religion.
The rst ve books of the Hebrew Bible is called the
Torah.
God chose a Hebrew shepherd named Abraham to be the
father of the Hebrew people.
The land God promised the Jews would be called Israel.
Judaism is the smallest of the worlds major religions,
with more than 14 million Jews.
Judaism has inuenced the development of ChrisManity
and Islam.
Jews celebrate a holiday called Hanukkah for 8 days.
During the Middle Ages Jews were forced to lived in areas
called ghe_os.
Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt, and
during the journey received the Ten Commandments
from God.
A symbol for Judaism is the Star of David.