1. Which of the following is not a method of measuring a.

Marauder
crime? b. Commuter
a. Official statistics c. Navigator
b. Self-interest survey d. Promoter
c. Victim survey
d. Offender survey 10. Which of the following is not an advantage the
bottom-up approach has over the top-down
2. An estimated 75% of crimes are unreported or approach?
unrecorded. This is known as a. It can be applied to a greater range of crimes
a. The dark shadow b. It is based on scientific technologies
b. The dark alley c. It is grounded in psychological theory
c. The dark figure d. It was developed through interviews with real
d. The dark night serial killers

3. The top-down approach to profiling is most 11. Lombroso thought criminals were genetic
associated with the a. Throwbacks
a. FBI b. Slingbacks
b. MFI c. Drawbacks
c. MI5 d. Setbacks
d. CIA
12. Which of the following is not a physical feature
4. Which of the following is most associated with the associated with murderers?
organised offender? a. Short fingers
a. Married b. Bloodshot eyes
b. Low IQ c. Curly hair
c. Lack of sexual problems d. Long ears
d. Irrational and stressed during the incident
13. The degree of similarity between twin pairs and
5. Which of the following is most associated with the family members on a specific characteristic is known
disorganised offender? as
a. Leaves few clues a. Concurrence
b. Carefully planned b. Accordance
c. In skilled work c. Occurrence
d. Lives alone d. Concordance

6. Which of the following is least-likely to be 14. In the Mednick study, when both biological and
investigated using a top-down approach? adoptive parents had convictions, the percentage of
a. Rape adoptees that did was
b. Arson a. 2%
c. Cult killings b. 24.5%
d. Burglary c. 44.5%
d. 71%
7. Which of the following is not associated with the
bottom-up approach? 15. Eysenck suggested that the criminal type would score
a. Data driven highly on measures of extraversion, neuroticism and
b. Profile emerges from analysis of crime scene which other characteristic?
c. Use of typologies a. Introversion
d. Investigative psychology b. Stability
c. Psychoticism
8. Which of the following is most associated with the d. Barbarism
geographical approach?
a. Interpersonal coherence 16. Which of the following is not associated with
b. The significance of the time of the incident extraverts?
c. Spatial consistency a. An underactive nervous system
d. Forensic awareness b. Seek excitement and stimulation
c. Engage in risk-taking behaviour
9. An offender who operates close to their operational d. Easy to condition
base is known as
17. Outline two problems in defining crime (4 marks)

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18. When questioned by police, Max claimes that he punched the man in the bar because he looked funny at me. In court
defending his actions Max told the judge what the man he punched wasnt even hurt that bad and what was I supposed to
do? I was just taking care of business. With reference to Max, explain what is meant by cognitive distortions (4 marks)

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19. Outline one study in which the atavistic form of offending was investigated. In your answer, include what the
psychologist(s) did and what was found (3 marks)

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20. A recent review of evidence in a forensic psychology journal concluded that offender profiling is a waste of time. Discuss
the view that offender profiling is a waste of time. Refer to two methods of offender profiling in your answer (16 marks)

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1. Which of the following is not a part of Kohlbergs 9. How many of Bowlbys affectionless psychopaths
model? had experienced prolonged separation from the
a. Multi-conventional reasoning mother?
b. Pre-conventional reasoning a. 14
c. Conventional reasoning b. 12
d. Post-conventional reasoning c. 44
d. 0
2. A tendency to interpret the behaviour of others as
threatening or confrontational describes 10. Which of the following is society enacting revenge
a. Minimalisation by making the offender suffer?
b. Euphemistic label a. Rehabilitation
c. Hostile attribution bias b. Deterrence
d. Moral reasoning c. Incarceration
d. Retribution
3. Studies suggest that which group of people are
particularly prone to minimalisation? 11. Which of the following is not an effect of custodial
a. Burglars sentencing?
b. Sex offenders a. Prisonisation
c. Serial killers b. Recidivism
d. Arsonists c. Institutionalisation
d. Depression
4. Gibbs proposed a revised version of Kohlbergs
model with two levels 12. The token economy system is based on what form of
a. Anti-moral and pro-moral learning?
b. Law abiding and law infringing a. Vicarious conditioning
c. Mature and immature b. Classical conditioning
d. Primary and secondary c. Operant conditioning
d. Observational learning
5. Sutherland argues that people will commit a crime
when 13. Removing tokens to encourage compliant behaviour
a. Number of pro-criminal attitudes outnumber is a form of
anti-criminal a. Positive reinforcement
b. Number of anti-criminal attitudes outnumber b. Primary reinforcement
the pro-criminal c. Punishment
c. Number of anti-criminal attitudes is the same d. Vicarious reinforcement
as the pro-criminal
d. They have neither pro- or anti-criminal 14. Which of the following is not one of the stages of
attitudes anger management?
a. Mental restructuring
6. Which of the following is not a form of inadequate b. Cognitive preparation
superego by Blackburn c. Skills acquisition
a. Weak superego d. Application practice
b. Infantile superego
c. Deviant superego 15. Which of these would not be part of skills
d. Over harsh superego acquisition?
a. Learning positive self-talk
7. The super ego is based on the b. Assertiveness training
a. Reality principle c. Exercises on how to communication more
b. Morality principle effectively
c. Ethical principle d. Exchanging tokens for rewards
d. Gratification principle
16. Keen (2000) studied young offenders who had
8. Which of the following is a long-term effect of participated in the
maternal deprivation? a. National Anger Management Package
a. Delinquent behaviour b. Offenders Anger Management Program
b. Affectionate behaviour c. British Anger Management Strategy
c. Guilt d. Anger Management Scheme
d. Empathy
 17. Which of the following approaches is not really part 19. Shapland concluded that every 1 spent on
of anger management? restorative justice would save the criminal justice
a. Behavioural system
b. Cognitive a. 2
c. Psychodynamic b. 4
d. Social c. 6
d. 8
18. Which of the following would not be a function of
restorative justice? 20. An offender seeing the hurt their actions caused is a
a. As an alternative to prison really important part of what process?
b. As an addition to community service a. Rehabilitation
c. As an incentive to reduce an existing b. Recidivism
sentence c. Retribution
d. As a form of reward in a token economy d. Prisonisation
scheme

21. Terry is serving a six-month sentence for a violent assault. Terry repeatedly punched a man who had caused him to
spill a drink after bumping into him at the bar of a busy pub. Known to his friends as Mad Terry, he has served time
for similar incidents in the past. Terry has also hit his wife on two occasions his explanation is that when she nags
him, he sees red. Terry has agreed to undertake a course of anger management during his prison sentence. Explain
the stages involved in anger management. Refer to Terry in your answer (6 marks)

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22. Outline the differential association theory of offending (3 marks)

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23. What is recidivism? Briefly discuss recidivism in relation to two of the aims of custodial sentencing (6 marks)

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24. Explain one strength and one limitation of behaviour modification for offenders (4 marks)

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25. Describe and discuss cognitive explanations of offending. Refer to at least one other explanation in your
answer (16 marks) COMPLETE ON LINED PAPER