(Vol 4), 2001 Guidelines For The Explosion Protection of Electrical Equipment, 2001 PDF

BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
GUIDELINES
FOR THE EXPLOSION PROTECTION OF
ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT
EDITION 2001
ii Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
The following Guidelines come into force on J"December 2001
Reproduction in whole or in part by any means, is subject to

the permission in writing by Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Head Office
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Head Office

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Published by : Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia iii
P.T. (persero) Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

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Electrical Sect. : Ir. Jeffrey B. Massie
iv Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
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Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia v
BKI BRANCH OFFICES
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vi Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
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Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia vii
OFFICES OF FOREIGN CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES CARRYING OUT SURVEY

ON BEHALF OF BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA
1. AMERICA BUREAU OF SHIPPING 4. DET NORSKE VERIT AS

(ABS) CLASSIFICATION AS (DoV)
Head Office : VERITASVEIEN 1, N-1322

Head Office : TWO WORLD TRADE HOVIK, NORWAY
CENTRE, 106th FLOOR, P.O.Box : 300,1322 HOVIK, NORWAY
NEW YORK, NY 10048 USA Telephone : (47) 67579900
Telephone : (1) (212) 839-5000 Telefax : (47) 67579911
Telefax: (1) (212) 839-5130 Telex : 76 192 VERIT N
Telex : RCA 232099 ABNYUR Cable : VERIT AS OSLO
Cable : Record
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5. GERMANI SCHER LLOYD (GL)
Web site : eagle-org
Head Office : VORSETZEN 32.

2. BUREAU VERITAS ( BV) D-20459 HAMBURG
Telephone : (49) (0) 40-36149 - 0
Head Office
: 17 BIS, PLACE DES Telefax: (49) (0) 40-36149 - 200
REFLETS, LA DEFENCE 2 Telex : 2 12828 GLHH D
92400 COURBEVOIE, E - m a i l : headoffice@germanlloyd.org
FRANCE Web site : www.germanlloyd.org
Telephone : (33)(1) 4291-5291
SIEGE (HEAD OFFICE)
DIR. NAVIRES EN SERVICE 6. HELLENIC REGISTER OF SHIPPING
(SHIPS IN SERVICE MAN.) (HR)
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SIEGE (HEAD OFFICE) 35 PIRAEUS, GREECE
615368 FBVSMS Telephone : (30)(1)4221900-909
DIR. NAVIRES EN SERVICE Telefax : (30) (1) 4221913/4221914
(SHIPS IN SERVICE MAN.) Telex : 2115641241149 HRS GR
Cable : HELREGSHIP-PIRAEUS
E-mail : hrs@hrs.gr
3. CHINA CLASSIFICATION SOCIETY
(CCS)
7. KOREAN REGISTER OF SHIPPING
(KRS)
Head Office : 40 DONG HUANG CHENG
GENNAN JIE,
BEIJING - 100006 Head Office
: 23-7 JANG-DONG,
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF YUSUNG-KU, T AEJON
CHINA REP. OF KOREA 305-600
Telephone : (86) (010) 65136633, 65136787 P.O. Box : 29 T AEJON REP.OF KOREA
Telefax : (86) (010) 65130188 Telephone : (82) (42) 869-9114
Telex : 210407 CCSBJ CN Telefax: (82) (42) 862-6011 - 6
Cable : CHINAREG Web site : http://www.krs.co.kr
viii Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
8. LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPING 11. SHIP CLASSIFICATION MALAYSIA

(LR) (SCM)
Head Office : 100 LEADEN HALL STREET, Head Office : 1 FLOOR WISMA
LONDON, EC 3A 3BP MARITIM
UNITED KINGDOM PERSIARAN SUKAN,
Telephone : (44) (171) 709 9166
Telefax : (44) (171) 4884796 SECTION 13
Telex : 888379 LR LON. G 40100 SHAH ALAM
E-mail : it. helpdesk@org SELONGOR DARUL
Web site : www.Ir. org EHSAN, MALAYSIA
Telephone : 03 - 50318160
9. NIPPON KAIJI KYOKAI (NK) Telefax : 03 - 50318189
E-mail : scmhq@pd.jaring.my
Head Office : 4-7. KIOI-CHO,
CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO
102-8567, JAPAN
Telephone : (81) (3) 3230-1201 12. VIETNAM REGISTER ( VR)
Telefax: (81) (3) 5226-2012
E - m a i l : cld@classnkorjp
Web site : www.class nk or jp Head Office : 1C KIM NGUU STR
RONAl - VIETNAM
10. REGISTRUL NAVAL ROMAN Telephone : 84-49714243/8219583;
(RNR) MOBILE: 091205853
Telefax : 84-4-8211320/9715839
Head Office : BD, DINICU GOLESCU NR. 38 E-mail : vr@hn.vnn.vn
SECTOR 1,
BUCURESTI 77113, Web site : WWW.Vf.vnn.vn
ROMANIA.
Telephone : (40) (01) 2223768,6146431
Telefax : (40)(01) 2231972
Telex : 10256 r n r r
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia ix
COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES
KIND OF
NO CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES STATE
COOPER ATION
1 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) USA Dual Class
2 Bureau Veritas (BV) France Dual Class
3 China Classification Society (CCS) China Mutual Representation
4 Det Norske Veritas Classification AS (DnV) Norway Dual Class
5 Germanischer Lloyd (GL) Germany Mutual Representation
6 Hellenic Register of Shipping (HR) Greece Mutual Representation
7 Korean Register of Shipping (KRS) South Korea Mutual Representation
8 Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR) UK Dual Class
9 Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK) Japan Mutual Representation
10 Registrul Naval Roman (RNR) Romania Mutual Representation
11 Ship Classification Malaysia ( SCM) Malaysia Mutual Representation
12 Vietnam Register (VR) Vietnam Mutual Representation

Table of Contents x
Table of Contents
Page
A. Reference to Codes and Requirements
1. Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Constructional Rules of Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
B. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

1. Explosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Characteristic values of materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3. Explosion groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. Temperature classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5. Types of ignition protection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Field of applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
C. Explosion Hazard Areas

1. Classification of hazardous areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Cargo, passenger and special purpose ships. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3. Tankers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 12
4. Mobile offshore drilling units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
D. Construction and Utilization of Explosion-Protected Electrical Facilities

1. Characteristic features of facilities with types of
ignition protection Ex d,p,e,s and i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
2. Portable electrical facilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 29
3. Type of installations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4. Utilization on cargo, passenger and special purposes ships. . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 33
5. Utilization on tankers and mobile offshore drilling units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
E. Testing and Identification of Explosion-Protected Electrical facilities

1. Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
2. Testing and approval by Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
3. Approved testing stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 39
4. List of International explosion protection provisons and code letter used. . . . . . . .. 40
5. Examples of the identification of explosion-protected electrical facilities
with the flame proof enclosure "d" type ignition protection by
explosion groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
F. Explosion Hazard from Dust-Air Mixtures

1. Basic concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 42
2. Explosion hazard areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 43
3. Construction, testing and use of electrical facilities with dust explosion protection.. 43
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1 : Oil products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Appendix 2: Gases......................................................... 46
Appendix 3: Petrochemical product may be equated with oil products with
regard to explosion hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47
Appendix 4: Chemicals........................................................ 50
Appendix 5: lACS Recommendation, No. 22, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia 1
A. References to Codes and Requirements
The manufacture, installation and testing of electrical facilities for use in explosion hazard areas
are subject to strict requirements. Since these Guidelines deal with applications on ships and
mobile offshore drilling units, only the principal international codes and requirements applicable
to these will be mentioned. Respective national requirements as may be applicable are to be
observed.
1. Requirements
a. IMO - International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code)

b. IMO - Bulk Chemical Code (BCH Code)
c. IMO - International Gas Carrier Code (IGC Code)
d. IMO - Gas Carrier Code (GC Code)
e. IMO - Code for the Construction and Equipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Units
(MODU Code)
f. lACS - Recommendation No. 22, 1988, Recommendations for the classification of
areas where flammable gas or vapour risks may arise to permit the proper selection
of electrical equipment
g. SOLAS 1974, Chapter 11-2, Construction - Fire protection, fire detection and fire
extinction
h. IEC Publication 92-502, Part 502 : Special features - Tankers
i. IEC Publication 79, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres
2. Constructional Rules of Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
a. Rules for the Classification and Construction of Seagoing Steel Ships, Volume IV,
Rules for Electrical Installations
b. Rules for the Classification and Construction of Inland Waterway Vessels,
Chapter 3, Electrical Installations
c. Rules for Mobile Offshore Drilling Units and Special Purposes Units, Section 13,
Electrical Installations, Section 14, Machinery Installations, Electrical Installations,
and So on in Hazardous Areas
d. Rules for the Classification and Construction of High Speed Craft, Section 12,
Electrical Installations
2 Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
B. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
1. Explosion
An explosion is a process of combustion taking place at extremely high speed,

characterized by high temperatures and a sharp increase in pressure, and
characteristically accompanied by a report and blast.
The following conditions have to be satisfied for an explosion to take place:
a. A potentially explosive atmosphere has to be present in the right concentration and

sufficient volume.
b. The potentially explosive atmosphere has to be ignited by an ignition source with

sufficient ignition energy (see also item 2.4).
2. Characteristic values of materials
2.1 Flash point
The flash point of a combustible liquid is the lowest te i -:1perature (referred to a pressure
of 760 mmHg) at which a vapour/air mixture inflammable by external ignition can form the
test liquid under specified conditions.
It follows that a combustible liquid with a flash point higher than the prevailing ambient
temperature does not constitute an explosion hazard unless the liquid is heated above its
flash point. The flash point thus gives an indication of the degree of fire and explosion
hazard of the relevant liquid.
2.2 Ignition temperature
The lowest temperature at which a potentially explosive atmosphere is ignited is called the
ignition temperature. The ignition temperature of a potentially explosive atmosphere is not
a constant but strongly depends on external conditions. For this reason, it is always
necessary to specify the experimental conditions when stating the ignition temperature of a
potentially explosive atmosphere.
2.3 Explosion limits (ignition limits)
The explosion limits indicate the concentration range within which the atmosphere is
potentially explosive. There is an upper explosion limit (UEL) and a lower explosion limit
(LEL). If the mixture is too lean or too rich, an explosion cannot take place, because there
is either too little combustible material or too little oxygen. The closer together the
explosion limits, the less hazardous the material concerned, due to the lower explosion
point and the flash point are close together.
too rich. non-explosion,

combustible if supplied
16 '4 with air.
-
-
~
i
,~ upper explosion limit (UEL)J7
/%
lower explosion
(LEL)7
O--~~~~~~~~~~~~LL~~~~~~~
upper explosion point

-
so
temperature tIC)
Explosion limits (example of ethyl alcohol)

"% volume" indicates the proportion of a combustible material mixed with the available air
2.4 Minimum ignition energy
The minimum ignition energy is the smallest quantum of energy with which a potentially
explosive atmosphere can be ignited. The following are possible sources of ignition:
Hot surfaces
Flames and hot gases
Mechanically generated sparks
Electrically generated sparks, arcs, etc.
Static electricity
Lightning
Electromagnetic waves at radio frequencies and in the visible spectrum
Ionizing radiation
Ultrasound
Adiabatic compression
Chemical reactions.
2.5 Ignition propagation ability
The ignition propagation ability is the capability of hot gases to propagate ignition through
a gap of specified length and width. Ignition propagation does not occur below a
specified gap width, as the energy of the flame has already been consumed. The
propagation ability of exploding mixtures through gaps varies as between different
combustible materials. An accurate knowledge of the ignition propagation ability is
important for flameproof facilities Ex d.
The principle parameters of materials which are conveyed on seagoing tankers are set
out in the table given in the appendix to these Guidelines. Some examples are given
below for the sake of illustration:
Explosion limits in air

(760 mmHg, 20 DC)
Material vapour density CIl

CIl
concentration u ro 0.
l5 ::J
U
0
0
W
L...
W
L...
e
(9
C (% Volume) ( g/m 3 ) ::J ::J
0
C
ro ro
L...
c
a
0.
a
L...
W W .iii
..c lower upper lower upper :z:;o... 0. a
CIl
ro c E E 0..
u::: OlW W x
-I-- I-- W
Acetylene - 1,5 82,0 16,0 880 305 T2 IIC

Ammonia - 15,0 28,0 105,0 200 630 T1 IIA
Low-boiling nephta <-20 1,1 7,5 - - 280 T3 IIA
Benzene -11 1,2 8,0 39,0 270 555 T1 IIA
n-butane -60 1,5 8,4 38,0 207 365 T2 IIA
Petroleum >21 0,7 5,0 - - ~220 T3 IIA
Fuel-oil >60 0,6 6,5 - - 250 T3 IIA
Methane - 5,0 15,0 33,0 100 595 T2 IIA
Methyl alcohol 11 5,5 26,5 73,0 410 455 T1 IIA
Kerosene >40 0,6 8,0 - - ~220 T3 IIA
Propane - 2,1 9,5 39,0 180 470 T1 IIA
Propylene - 2,0 11,7 35,0 210 455 T1 IIA
Carbon disulphide <-20 1,0 60,0 30,0 1900 102 T5 IIC
Hydrogen sulphide - 4,3 45,0 60,0 650 270 T3 IIA
Hydrogen - 4,0 75,6 3,3 64 560 T1 IIC
3. Explosion groups
Combustible gases and vapours are classified in the following explosion groups in
accordance with their ignition propagation ability through gaps under specified conditions,
the basis of the following examples being a gap length of 25 mm:
Explosion Group IIA: Maximum gap width 0,4 - 0,6 mm

Explosion Group liB: Maximum gap width 0,2 - 0,45 mm
Explosion Group lie: Maximum gap width 0,15 - 9,25 mm
4. Temperature classes
Combustible gases and vapours are classified in temperature classes in accordance with
their ignition temperatures, as shown below:
Ignition temperature Temperature class according

of combustible substances 0 C to IEC 79-7 and 8
>450 T1
>300 T2
>200 T3
>135 T4
>100 T5
>85 T6
The above values apply not only to electrical engineering but also to mechanical
assemblies such as heat exchangers, pipework, etc. Such assemblies with high surface
temperatures, may only be used in explosion hazard areas if the surface temperature
does not exceed 80 % of the ignition temperature of the relevant substance, due
allowance being made for accumulations of heat. Other sources of ignition are to be
avoided.
5. Types of ignition protection
These refer to measures adopted on electrical facilities to prevent ignition of the

surrounding potentially explosive atmosphere by these facilities. The principal facilities
used on board ships have the following types of ignition protection:
5.1 Flameproof enclosure Ex d
Parts of electrical facilities constituting sources of ignition are surrounded by pressure-

tight (but not completely gas-tight) casings, whose unavoidable sealing surfaces, cable
entries, penetrations of moving parts, etc., are rendered proof against ignition
propagation by limitation of gap lengths and widths (e.g., motors and switches). Although
explosive mixtures penetrating into the casing may be ignited, ignition of the mixtures
outside the casing is prevented.
5.2 Pressurized enclosure Ex p
In this case, parts of electrical facilities liable to constitute sources of ignition (e.g.,
control panels or machines) are bathed in fresh air or inert gas or kept under excess
pressure, in such a way that the explosive mixtures from the surrounding atmosphere
cannot penetrate to the parts which constitute sources of ignition.
5.3 Increased safety Ex e
Electrical facilities which do not constitute sources of ignition in normal service (e.g., light
fittings, three-phase squirrel cage motors generators without sliprings and commutators
are protected against impermissible overheating in the event of faults, to avoid the risk of
ignition should a fault occur, by additional apparatus to limit current or voltages
(e.g., protective cutouts with appropriate characteristics, temperature monitors).
Measures are also adopted to ensure that short-circuits are precluded with a high degree
of probability.
5.4 Special type of protection Ex s
Parts electrical facilities constituting sources of ignition are, for example, sealed in a
totally gas-tight enclosure, thus preventing access by explosive mixtures to the source of
ignition (e.g., switches in closed, gas-tight glass vessels).
5.5 Intrinsic safety Ex i
The occurrence of sparks constituting sources of ignition and impermissible overheating

is precluded by limitation of current and voltage. The energy of the circuits is less than
the minimum ignition energy (e.g., in measuring, signalling and control systems).
5.6 Oil immersed Ex 0
This involves placing equipment in oil-filled tanks to prevent gas from reaching any arcs
that may be produced.
5.7 Sand filled Ex q
Same idea as the oil immersed except that quartz "sand" is used rather than oil. An HRC
(High Rupture Capacity) fuse-link is sand filled.
6. Fields of application
According to IEC 79-0, electrical facilities for explosion hazard areas are to be divided to
the following groups:
Group I Electrical facilities for mines with a firedamp hazard (mining)

Group II Electrical facilities for explosion hazard areas.
C. Explosion Hazard Areas
Explosion hazard areas are ones in which a potentially explosive atmospheres may occur in
a dangerous quantity. Identification of explosion hazard areas is often difficult, as these depend
substantially on the construction of the relevant parts of the ship, working conditions and the
characteristics and quantity of the explosive gas-air mixture to be expected. In assessment of
the concentration of the mixture, it should be remembered that most vapour/air mixtures are
heavier than air and therefore accumulate in the lower parts of rooms. Hydrogen, methane,
ammonia, acetylene, carbon monoxide and ethylene, on the other hand, are lighter than air and
therefore become distributed through out the room, with a stronger concentration at higher
levels.
The constructional measures used on ships and mobile offshore drilling units should in all cases
be directed towards minimizing the accumulation of hazardous gas-air mixtures. Such measures
on tankers include, for example, gas displacement lines and high-speed valves, as well as
appropriate design of the tank deck, superstructures and entrances. The actual explosion
hazard areas can be limited by such measures. These measures are known as primary
explosion protection.
Other measures in the field of primary explosion protection are a high rate of air change in, or the
inertization of, hazard areas, disconnection of electrical facilities, e.g., on cargo ships, during
transport of hazardous sea cargoes, and the installation of gas detection equipment.
Only when all design and constructional measures have been fully exploited should secondary
explosion protection measures be adopted - i.e., the electrical equipment for installation in the
still remaining hazard areas is to be of explosion-protected construction.
1. Classification of hazardous areas 1)
It is appropriate for operational reasons to specify the extent of the protective measures in
accordance with the probability of occurrence of a potentially explosive atmosphere. For
this reason, explosion hazard areas are divided into zones.
1)
For proper selection of electrical equipment in hazardous areas of ships carrying coal cargoes in bulk and ships
where oil or other liquids of similar hazard having flash point temperature not exceeding 60 0 C (close cup test)
are handled, stored or processed reference are to be made to the lACS Reccmmendation, No. 22, 1988
(see appendix 5)
This zone classification is being used increasingly in the literature and in test certificates for
electrical facilities, and will therefore now be discussed in greater detail.
Zone 0 Covers areas in which a hazardous, potentially explosive atmosphere is present

constantly or on a long-term basis (e.g., interior of cargo tanks, pipework and
other tanks and containers).
Zone 1 Covers areas in which a hazardous. potentially explosive atmosphere is liable to

occur occasionally (e.g., the immediate area around Zone 0 and around loading
stations and degassing openings, where explosive mixtures may also occur
under normal working conditions).
Zone 2 Covers areas in which a hazardous, potentially explosive atmosphere is liable

to occur only seldom, and then only on a short-term basis (e.g., areas
surrounding Zones 0 and 1 or areas in which explosive mixtures may occur on a
short-term basis in the event of faults or special working conditions)
Electrical facilities are to be selected in such a way that excessive temperatures cannot
arise and that the following conditions are met in the zones specified:
Zone 0 Ignition sources are avoided even in the case of faults occur rarely, e.g. ignition
protection Ex ia.
Zone 1 Ignition sources outside the facility are precluded even in the case of faults
liable to occur relatively frequently, e.g. , types of ignition protection Ex d, p. e. s
and ib.
Zone 2 Ignition sources are not liable to occur in the course of normal working (e.g.,
three-phase squirrel cage motors), or, in the case of facilities where ignition
sources are liable to occur in normal operation, a casing is present for protection
against the penetration short-term gas clouds (minimum protection class IP 55).
Facilities to be installed in Zones 0 and 1 are to undergo an explosion protection test by

a recognized testing institution (see E 3 and 4).
2. Cargo, passenger and special purpose ships
Accumulations of potentially explosive atmospheres in dangerous quantities are liable

to occur occasionally in the following areas (comparable with Zone 1) :
2.1 Storage battery rooms.
2.2 Rooms containing acetylene and oxygen bottles
2.3 Rooms containing paint and kerosene lamps
2.4 Rooms for the storage of fuels with a flash point of.::: 60C.
2.5 Heated fuel tanks (heating above 15 c below flash point).
2.6 Holds for the transport of hazardous sea cargoes
2.7 Holds for the transport of motor vehicles driven on and off the ship under their own power,
as follows:
2.7.1 Cargo holds on cargo ships and enclosed motor vehicle decks on passenger ships above
the main deck up to a height of 45 cm above deck.
2.7.2 Cargo holds in passenger ships below the main deck (entire height) .
2.8 Cargo holds for dredging spoil.

Note: Methane (CH 4 ) and hydrogen sulphide (H 2S) may be given off by dredging spoil.
Adjoining the direct explosion hazard area - for example, adjoining holds for motor vehicle
transport (2.7.1) - there may be extended hazard areas, in which a potentially explosive
atmosphere is liable to occur seldom, and then only on a short-term basis (comparable
with Zone 2). Such areas are for example, ones above a level of 45 cm right up to the
top of the hold, as specified in 2.7.1.
3. Tankers
The specification of the explosion hazard areas set out below applies only to tankers
(including chemicals and gas tankers) with cargoes having a flash point of ~ 60C
(comparable with Zones 0 and 1) .
3.1 Cargo tanks and cargo container systems.
3.2 Cofferdams adjoining cargo tanks.
3.3 Cargo pump rooms and cargo compressor rooms.
3.4 Closed or semi-enclosed rooms immediately above cargo tanks or with bulkheads above
or in line with cargo tank bulkheads.
3.5 Closed or semi-enclosed rooms directly above cargo pump rooms or above cofferdams
adjoining cargo tanks, unless these are separated from each other by a gas-tight deck
and adequately ventilated.
3.6 Rooms in which cargo hoses are stowed.
3.7 Other rooms serving as cofferdams, adjoining cargo tanks and extending to a level below
the upper edge of cargo tanks (e.g., trunks, service gangways and cargo holds).
3.8 Areas on the open deck, including semi-enclosed rooms within a spherical radius
of 3 meters around tank outlets or outlets of pump rooms or cofferdams (e.g., cargo tank
hatches, flanges, inspection ports, ventilation openings of pump rooms or cofferdams,
entrances to cargo pump rooms).
3.9 The open deck above cargo tanks, plus 3 meters fore and aft and across the full width of
the ship (even if there are lateral ballast tanks), up to a height of 2,4 meters above deck.
3.10 Closed or partially enclosed rooms having a direct opening to a hazard area.
3.11 Closed or partially enclosed rooms containing pipework through which cargo is conveyed.
3.12 If the cargo presents a greater hazard, for example, carbon disulphide the 3 meters
(2,4 meters) areas mentioned above are to be extended to at least 4,5 meters.
3.13 Closed or partially enclosed rooms not in themselves presenting a hazard but having
openings to the hazardous area on the open deck are to be regarded as at risk, unless
they satisfy the following conditions (e.g., on gas tankers) :
a) Access is by way of gas locks. There is to be an audible and visual alarm system
which gives a warning signal on both sides of the gas lock if the locking devices on
more than one door are not completely closed.
b) Excess air pressure relative to the external hazard area is present
c) The excess pressure or air flow is to be monitored and, if the ventilation fails, an
audible and visual alarm is to be given and the power supply to all equipment not of
explosion-protected construction is to be disconnected automatically, if necessary
after a time lag. Equipment which presents a serious hazard if disconnected is not
to be disconnected.
d) All equipment which has to be operated even if the ventilation fails is to be of

explosion-protected construction (e.g., lighting, general alarm and telephone).
e) Interlocking facilities are required to ensure that non-explosion-protected-

equipment can only be connected after adequate prior ventilation, e.g., after at
least 10 changes of air.
Adjoining the direct explosion hazard areas there may be extended hazard areas where a
potentially explosive atmosphere is liable to occur seldom, and then only on a short-term
basis, under specific conditions, such as loading, unloading or degassing (comparable
with Zone 2):
3.14 Areas on the entire open deck and above and aft of superstructures.
3.15 Areas in front of cargo tanks at the same level as, or below, the tank deck and having a
direct opening to the main deck.
3.16 Ventilated rooms above cofferdams adjoining cargo tanks and with oil-tight and gas-tight
separation from the latter.
3.17. Rooms for the installation of electric drive motors for cargo pumps or residuals pump
above pump rooms.
~
Explosion hazard areas on a tanker for cargo with a flashpoint ~ 60 0 C (example)
-
""~.'.'"~,,Y"""""~:-~~"'~""""
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~ Hazard ereas comparable with Zone 0
~ Hazard areas Comparable with Zone

"'"''''
~~~~~~~ Extended hazara areas cO~8rablB with Zone 2
4. Mobile offshore drilling units
The explosion hazard areas set out below correspond to those of the IMO-MODU-
Code for mobile offshore drilling units. Other units, such as process platforms, may be
treated" in the same way where this does not conflict with national requirements. The
explosion hazard areas are classified in zones as described in C.1.
4.1 Hazardous areas Zone 0
Interior of closed tanks and pipework for gas-containing well washing and for oil and gas
products with a flash point of ~ 60 0 C and gases.
4.2.1 Enclosed areas which contain open parts of the well washing system and are located
between the well bore and the outlet of the degassing system.
4.2.2 Closed or semi-enclosed areas below the rotary table and liable to constitute a hazard,
e.g., the washing outlet of the well bore.
4.2.3 Enclosed areas on the drilling deck, where not separated from hazard areas by gas-tight
bulkheads.
4.2.4 Areas on the open deck and in semi-enclosed rooms at a distance of 1,5 m from
openings of systems with gas-containing well washing and around all ventilation openings
and accesses to Zone 1 rooms. Exceptions: areas in accordance with item 4.2.2.
4.2.5 Recesses, channels and similar locations situated in the area of Zone 2, in which
ignitable gas mixtures may accumulate.
4.3.1 Closed installation rooms with open components of the well washing system between the
degassing system outlet and the intake connections of the washing pumps in the well
washing tanks.
4.3.2 Areas in the open inside the drilling derrick up to a level of 3 meters above the rotary
table.
4.3.3 a) Semi-enclosed areas below and adjoining the rotary table and inside the area of the
drilling derrick or in limited areas in which gas may accumulate.
b) Areas in the open below the rotary table and within a distance of 3 meters around
components from which ignitable mixtures may issue, e.g., the washing outlet an
the drill pipe.
4.3.4 Areas 1,5 meters from areas adjoining Zone 1 (item 4.2.4) and adjoining semi-enclosed
areas of Zone 1 (item 4.2.2).
Areas in the open within 1,5 meters of venting outlets and openings to rooms of Zone 2.
4.3.5 Lined drilling derricks above the rotary tables as far as the top of lining, but not less than
up to a height of 3 meters.
Extended area due

to the position of the
drilling derrick at any
given time
Mud Pit Ventilation

Outlet
'" r,= 1,5 m
Mud Pit Ventilation

Outlet
o o
1,5 m
o
Pit Ventilation
o
~: 'm
..
Extended hazardous areas, Zone 2
Zone 1, only It there Is no degassing facility; otherwise Zone2

Outlet
Explosion hazard areas on a drilling platform (examples)

D. Construc ion and Utilization of Explosion-Protected Electrical Facilities
The main types pf ignition protection used in facilities installed on board ships and mobile
offshore drilling u its are as follows:
Ex d FI meproof enclosure
Ex p Pr ~ssurized enclosure
Exe In reased safety
Ex s S~ !ecial protection
Exi Int insic safety
The less comme n types of protection, such as oil-immersed Ex 0 or sand-filled Ex q,

see lEe 79-5 and 79-6.
Diagrams of types of ignition protection and their use
Type of ignitior Symbol Diagram Applications

protection (examples)
Heavy current
Explosive
Flameproof applications motor,
, *>
d mixture
enclosure including commutator
sJ sLw
w
motors, transformers,
s = Gap F switchgear, light fittings

and other spark-
producing equipment
l\ . . .Jj
Pressurized p 0- ....... ........ Light fittings, motors
enclosure with sliprings or
commutators
Diagrams of types of ignition protection and their use (continued)
Type of ignition Symbol Diagram Applications

protection (examples)
Squirrel cage motors,

terminal and connection
Increased safety e boxes, light fittings,
current transformers,
measuring and control
equipment
Special protection s l------

-- -_.- --
---- --
- -
--- ---
---
------~-=- -I
--
--
-:: =-
--- -
-
--
Electronic modules and
generally in conjunction
with other types of igni-
tion protection e.g., "i"
R
--
L
Low-voltage applications:
measuring and control
Intrinsic safety equipment (facilities and
- circuits)
1. Characterist c features of facilities with types of ignition protection Ex d, p, e, sand i
a. Flamep of enclosure Ex d
This is an for electrical equipment which withstands an explosion of an

explosive at osphere which may have penetrated into the interior of the enclosure,
without bein destroyed and without the internal ignition extending to the potentially
explosive at osphere outside the enclosure.
Examples of pplication: Slipring rotor motors, Switchgear, Light fittings.
To make a lameproof enclosure resistant to ignition propagation, "ignition barriers" are

used, cons is ing of gaps of specified width and length (see also B.3) .
The hot gas s produced by an explosion in the non-ignition-propagating enclosure are

intended to 001, by flowing through the specified gaps sufficiently for it not to be possible
for a potenti lIy explosive atmosphere outside the enclosure to be ignited.
It is essenti I for the dimensions of the gaps to be maintained even in the event of an
explosion, a a constriction may lead to a dangerous increase in the explosion pressure,
while a wide ing might allow the explosion to propagate to the exterior.
Screws acc sible from outside, the slackening of which might endanger safety, may be
slackenable nly with tools.
Machines
Machines a to be protected against overheating on all poles by motor protection
switches or quivalent means. Unless special conditions are laid down in the motor test
certificates, e use of standard overcurrent protection to Rules for Electrical Installations,
Section 5.A, s sufficient. It is essential to ensure that the overcurrent protection prevents
the tempera ure on the out-side of the casing from exceeding the maximum permissible
values even n the event of a fault - e.g., stalled rotor.
SWitchgear
When contacts in electrical circuits are made or broken, sparks or arcs normally having
sufficient energy to ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere are formed. For this reason,
switchgear is normally housed in casings having the Ex d type of protection.
For ordinary industrial switchgear having no specified type of ignition protection, only
casings tested and certified as Ex d when empty may be used.
Where air gap contactors are installed, it is important to ensure that the specified minimum
distances between the arc chambers and metal walls are observed.
Explosion protection may be jeopardized in special circumstances if casings are opened,

even if the supply is disconnected. If a casing containing capacitors is opened, it is
possible for ignition of a potentially explosive atmosphere to be initiated by a capacitor
discharge. The capacitors to be automatically discharged to 0.2 mJ within 5 seconds of
disconnection.
The evolution of explosion-protected switchgear with Ex d ignition protection and having

connection facilities with Ex e protection led to what is known as the Ex e distribution
technique for control and switchgear systems. It is assumed in this case that the
switchgear itself is housed in a flameproof enclosure, the connections being constructed
to increased safety standards and being open (incomplete facility). Switchgear of this type
differs hardly at all externally from ordinary, non-explosion protected industrial types and
can be installed in empty casings having Ex e ignition protection. This represents an
economic solution to the problem of producing explosion protected switchgear, and control
systems.
Light Fittings
Light fittings with ignition protection of type Ex d are required to have an interlock which
allows the casing to be opened only if the equipment is not connected to the supply. After
disconnection, input terminals which are still live are required to be covered. It may only
be possible to connect the supply after the non-ignition-propagating seal of the light fitting
casing has seen restored.
Interlock may be dispended with if the casing carries the words "Do not open when Live".
Light fittings may only be fitted with lamps whose power ratings and types conform to the
specifications featuring on the fitting. Note that the specified lamp rating applies only to
voltages for which the fitting has been certified. However, sodium vapour lamps are not
permissible.
Plugs and sockets

Only plugs and sockets with mechanical interlocks are permissible (e.g., for navigation
lights).
b. Pressurized enclosure Ex p
Pressurized enclosure is a type of ignition protection which prevents the entry of a

potentially explosive atmosphere by maintaining an excess pressure of air (or other non-
inflammable gases), the pressure being above that of the atmosphere outside the
enclosure.
It is essential to ensure that any potentially explosive atmosphere which may have
penetrated into a casing with the equipment shut down is purged before starting, and that
mixtures cannot penetrate to the inside during operation.
Examples of applications: Light fittings and electrical machines with sliprings or

commutators.
Where facilities or components Ex p ignition protection are used, the provisions of

IEC 79-2 are to observed. Observance of the following points is particularly important:
Pressurized enclosure casings may either be constantly bathed in inert anti-ignition gas or
a static excess pressure may be maintained in them by the inert anti-ignition gas with
compensation for leakage losses.
Safety measures - e.g., time lag relays or flow monitors - are required, to ensure that
facilities with pressurized enclosures can only be connected after the free casing space,
including inlet and outlet lines, has first been purged at least five times. Complete and
thorough purging of all parts of the casing is required.
An automatic safety device is required, operating if the excess pressure in the discharge
line or at the outlet opening falls below a minimum value of D,S mbar. Audible and visual
warnings are to be given.
The required operating pressure is about 2,5 mbar. These conditions are also applicable
mutatis mutandis to rooms having excess pressure ventilation as a protective measure
against the penetration of explosive gas-air mixtures (see also C.3.13).
c. Increased safety Ex e
Increased safety is a method of protection whereby additional measures are adopted to

achieve greater safety in the event of faults in terms of the prevention of excessively high
temperatures, arcs and sparks. This method of protection is not feasible for equipment
and machines in which arcs, high temperatures or sparks are generated in normal
operation. Type Ex e ignition protection is also used in conjunction with other types of
ignition protection (e.g., flameproof enclosures).
Examples of application: Machines (e.g., three-phase squirrel cage motors), Light

fittings.
Machines
Where the Ex e type of Ignition protection is used in three-phase squirrel cage motors,
additional measures, also relating to interaction with the associated protection switch, are
required. The temperature limitation requirements for machines with Ex e ignition
protection are substantially stricter than for machines with Ex d protection, as not only the
surface temperature of the casing but also the temperature in the winding space has to be
limited. Only machines with at least protection class IP 44 may be used.
The correct motor protection switches or overcurrent relays are chosen in accordance
with the criterion of prompt disconnection of the motor from the mains before it can
assume dangerous temperatures.
it
200;-~~~~~~-L~~~~~~~~~~~~
175 -r----------.....",...-J~:::::.;::.:..::.:.:::r..::==:..:
windings of insulation class E
Limit temperature rise at full load

105
100
Ambient temperature
~~-----------------,--~--------------
0T------------------+--~--------------
tE time of stator __
-._ Time (8)
Stalled rotor
tE time of stator in an Ex e T3 motor (critical-stator machine)
With the rotor stalled, there is a risk of the stator and rotor windings quickly attaining
temperatures exceeding the ignition temperature of the relevant gas-air mixtures. For this
reason the concept of heating time tE has been introduced; this indicates the time after
which the permissible limit temperature is exceeded with the rotor stalled. This time tE
may in no case be less than 5 seconds. The ratio IA : IN may not exceed 10 (see also
lEe 79-2).
The starting current, rated current and heating time tE are to be stated on the specification
plates of squirrel cage motors.
Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
25
Example of data on the specification plate of a motor:
=6,5 tE =10 seconds

IA : IN
IA = starting current
IN = rated current
tE = heating time
tA = tripping time
For the above example, the diagram below shows that the relevant safety device would
trip after 7 seconds with an IA : IN ratio of 6,5. Hence the tripping time tA is greater than
the minimum value of the heating time tE (5 seconds) but less than the motor-specific
heating time tE (10 seconds).
-- 30
.......
<Il
20 ~
t "'-
10 ~
~,
6 .........
-4 I
3
""'"
2
1
3 4 5 6 7 8
6,5
Since the explosion protection of machines with Ex e ignition protection largely depends
on the correct choice and setting of the protective device (usually, a bimetal cutout), it is
recommended that this prescribed protective device be supplemented by temperature-
dependent resistors to monitor the temperature of the windings. For this purpose
approved PTC (positive temperature coefficient) or NTC (negative temperature coefficient)
resistors are to be used
It is recommended that PTC resistors are to be used, as their resistance increases with
increasing temperature, so that an "overtemperature" signal is given even in the event of
an open circuit. A PTC temperature monitor monitors itself. Another advantage is the
step-type characteristic which gives an unambiguous indication.
In a critical-stator machine, the stator winding reaches the maximum permissible winding
temperature first in the event of stalling of the rotor, while the maximum permissible
winding temperature is first attained in the rotor in the case of a critical-rotor machine.
Critical-rotor machines can also be monitored by winding temperature sensors. In this

case, it is essential for the monitoring to be set to correspondingly lower limits.
In the case of motors rated at over 20 kW, protective devices are required which ensure
motor protection even in the event of failure of one external conductor - e.g., phase-
failure-sensitive thermal overcurrent relays or cutouts.
Light fittings
The efficacy of the explosion protection in this case substantially depends on the lamps
used.
Owing to the trend towards a reduction in the size of lamp bulbs for a given power, or for
the power to be increased while the glass bulb remains the same size, there is a risk of
the permissible temperatures being exceed.
The following types of light sources are permissible:
i. Starterless fluorescent lamps with single-pin bases (except in areas presenting an

explosion hazard due to hydrogen or acetylene)
ii. Incandescent lamps
iii. Mixed-light lamps
iv. Other lamps in which there is no possibility of parts of the light source assuming a
higher temperature than the limit temperature after bulb fracture; however, lamps
containing free metallic sodium are not permissible.
Light fittings may only be fitted with lamps whose power and type conform to the
specifications featuring on the fitting. Note that the specified lamp rating applies only to
the voltage for which the fitting is certified. General-service lamps for light fittings with
Ex e ignition protection are to conform to IEC 79-7. This requirement is deemed to be
satisfied if the lamps bear the identification mark "Ex". In addition, incandescent lamps
with a voltage of > 42V are to be of impact-resistant construction to IEC 79-0. Impact-
resistant incandescent lamps are marked "Ex".
d. Special types of protection Ex s
Type Ex s ignition protection refers to measures differing from the conditions of the other
ignition protection types and which ensure equipment safety by other means. This method
of protection is often used in conjunction with other types of ignition protection. It is most
usually achieved by encapsulation with epoxy resin. This is an economic method
achieving a high degree of protection against ignition hazards.
One of the possible applications is the encapsulation of connection chambers or linking

components between switch compartments with non-ignition propagating enclosures and
connection chambers with increased safety Ex e ignition protection. Electronic modules
are often resin-encapsulated.
e. Intrinsic safety Ex i
A circuit is intrinsically safe if sparks or thermal agencies arising in normal operation (e.g.,
when the circuit is made or broken) or in the event of faults (e.g., short-circuits and earth
faults) cannot ignite a potentially explosive atmosphere.
Examples of application: Measuring, control, signalling and alarm equipment.
A definite and universally valid limit for the minimum ignition energy cannot be specified,
as many factors are involved, including the resistance, inductances and capacitances in
the circuit, the material of the contact electrodes and the form of the electrodes. The
intrinsic safety of a circuit may be cancelled out by external agencies, such as cable
capacitance or stray electrical and magnetic fields. Where necessary, the maximum
permissible inductances and capacitances within intrinsically safe circuits are specified in
the test certificates. However, a power of about 1 watt can be specified as a rough guide.
To prevent stray voltage effects from non-intrinsically-safe circuits, electrical separation,

e.g., by the use of transformers, relays or optocouplers, should preferably be used.
"Safety barriers" are also sometimes used, the effective voltage in the intrinsically safe
circuit here being limited by zener diodes, which afford protection without electrical
separation.
Only intrinsically safe circuits with separation from the ship's or unit's mains are
permissible on board tankers and mobile offshore drilling units. Where safety barriers are
used, additional electrical separation may also be necessary.
In equipment with intrinsically safe circuits for Zone 0, only the "ia" type of ignition
protection to lEe 79-2, may be used, unless the test certificate expressly allows use in
Zone O. Facilities, such as hermetically sealed contacts, for use in Zone 0 require special
approval, even if they are included in an intrinsically safe circuit Ex ia.
The type of ignition protection for equipment with intrinsically safe circuits for Zone 1 is to
be at least" ib " to IEC 79-2. Ordinary electrical facilities without a specified type of ignition
protection may be used within intrinsically safe circuits for use in Zone 1 provided that the
intrinsic safety of the circuit is not endangered by, for example, additional capacitances
and inductances.
In measuring and control cabinets and similar equipment, the connection terminals are to
be located separately from those of non-intrinsically-safe circuits. This condition is
deemed to be met if there is an insulating partition or if the distance between the strips is
at least 50 mm. This also applies to the separation from each other of intrinsically safe
circuits of Zone 0 and Zone 1. Conductors of intrinsically safe circuits and other
conductors may not be run together in cables, lines, conduits and cable ducts. Only metal-
sheathed or metal-shielded cables and lines may be used for permanent wiring. The
distance between cables of intrinsically safe circuits and other cables is to be at
least 50 mm.
Intrinsically safe circuit may not earthed and may not be connected together, unless this
expressly permitted in or required by the certificate, e.g, at safety barriers.
Cables, lines and intrinsically sate facilities which are not immediately recognizable as
belonging to the intrinsically safe system are to be coded; they may, for example, be
colour-coded light blue.
2. Portable electrical facilities
Only portable electrical facilities having their own power source may be used in the
explosion hazard area (Zones 0 and 1).
Exceptions are permissible only if the facility is supplied via an intrinsically safe
circuit Ex i.
A test requirement for portable electrical facilities is that they are to be dropped, in
working condition, four times from a height of at least 1 meter on to a flat, horizontal
concrete surface. This test may not cause any damage which impairs the ignition
protection of the electrical facility. Where it is possible for the facility to fall further, e.g.,
when being carried over a cargo tank, measures are to be taken to protect the facility
from falling.
Portable lights for use on the tank deck and in cargo tanks should preferably be of the
type with Ex p ignition protection, having a built-in generator driven by compressed air.
These lights have the advantage of requiring no electricity supply line, and they are also
available for use in Zone 0.
Where portable electrical facilities are used, it is essential to ensure that the type of
ignition protection is sufficient for the relevant application. To give as wide a range of
application as possible, the minimum requirement to be observed should be:
Temperature class T3
and, for facilities with Ex d ignition protection, additionally;
Explosion group II C.
In the case of facilities to be used in Zone 0, suitability for this use must be demonstrated.
Use of the above ignition group and explosion class takes account of the most frequently
occurring gas-air mixtures on board ships and mobile offshore drilling units, thus as far as
possible precluding incorrect utilization.
It is recommended that all portable electrical facilities used on board tankers - e.g.,
portable radio telephones, torches, etc. - be of explosion-protected construction whether
or not they are intended for use in the explosion hazard area.
3. Types of installation
The following main types of installation are used for explosion-protected electrical
facilities with type Ex d ignition protection:
1. Cable system (indirect entry)

2. Direct cable entry
3. Conduit system (direct entry)
'//
Flameproof
equipment
chamber
Flameproot Equipment
chaniber chamber
(explosion-proof)
77
~ ~
Stuffing box type
threaded connection for
permanent wiring diagram
Flameproof cable armouring
Ignilion
bamer t~-l. conduit
for connect mg line
Indirect entry Direct entry Direct entry
(Cable system) (Cable system) (Conduit system)

3.1 Indirect cable entries
In the cable system, high-grade cables and lines (e.g., H07RN-F) are used and fed
indirectly into the flameproof casings of the electrical facilities. This type of installation is
based primarily on the lEG requirements.
With this system of installation, cables and lines are fed through cable entries into a
terminal box with type Ex e ignition protection and connected to the relevant terminals,
which are of type Ex e ignition protection. Individual conductors are taken from here
through cable entries into the flameproof enclosure containing the electrical facilities.
Where cables are liable to be mechanically damaged, they are to be run in conduits. To
avoid damage due to condensation, these conduits may not constitute a totally enclosed
system but are to have drain openings at low points.
3.2 Direct cable entry
With this system, it is possible to feed cables and lines directly into flameproof casings,
the necessary cables and lines and their entries forming part of the Ex d protective
measures. There are two main forms of this type of installation: the French system, with
non-armoured cables, and the British system, whereby the cables are fed into the
flameproof enclosures by special screwed cable connections. It is essential to ensure
that the correct connections are used for the type of cable and its construction and for the
relevant site.
3.3 Conduit system
Only metal conduits with drawn-through or mineral-insulated cables are permitted in the
lEG Zones 0 and 1. In practice, metal conduits are usually used, while mineral-insulated
cables are employed primarily as heating lines and fire-resistant 2) signal and control
lines.
In the design of the conduit system, it is essential to ensure that each casing containing
electrical switchgear is separated from the connected conduits by ignition barriers. In
addition, in the case of long lengths and large diameters, supplementary ignition and gas
barriers are to be incorporated at specified intervals, to limit the explosion pressure in the
event of the ignition of any explosive mixture which may be present in the conduit.
2) Only conditional fire resistance is feasible

Siro Klasifikasi Indonesia 33
Fields of application for this system are offshore drilling platforms and American-type
process platforms.
Transitions from one installation system to another are permissible in all cases. Where
equipment subject to different requirements is installed together, the measures to be
taken are to be agreed upon with SKI.
One method of working transition from the conduit system to indirect cable entry and vice
versa is to use adaptor, whose flame proof chamber is assembled to the electrical
facility by means of the conduit system via a short length of conduit, usually without
ignition barriers. The electrical potential is fed from the flameproof chamber of the
adaptor via cable entries into a chamber with the "increased safety" type of ignition
protection, further connections being made by the usual techniques in this chamber.
4. Utilization on cargo, passenger and special-purpose ships
For explosion hazard areas, see C.2.
The required types of ignition protection in the different explosion hazard areas are set
out in the following table. The ignition groups, and also the explosion classes for facilities
with Ex d type of ignition protection, are given. The values specified are minimum
requirements.
SKI's Construction Rules are to be observed concerning limitation of the use of electrical
facilities in explosion hazard areas.
Type of ignition protection in Explosion

In accor- Explosion hazard areas Group and Temperature Class to IEC 79
dance
with C.2
Abbreviated description d p e s i
2.1 Storage battery rooms

T1 T1 T1
IIC T1 T1
2.2 Acetylene and oxygen IICT2 T2 T2 T2 T2

bottle rooms
2.3 Paint and kerosene lamp liB T3 T3 T3 T3 T3

rooms
2A Rooms for the storage of T3
fuels with a flash point of liB T3 T3 T3 T3
~ 60 C
0
2.5 Fuel tanks only when T3 T3 T3

IIAT3 T3
heated above 15 0 below
flash point
2.6 Cargo holds for the
transport of hazardous sea According to cargo
cargoes
2.7 Holds for conve~ance of
motor vehicles riven on
and off under own power
2.7.1 On cargo ships and
enclosed motor vehicles IIA T3 T3 T3 T3 T3
decks above the main deck
on passen~er ships u~ to a
maximum eight of 4 cm
2.7.2 Cargo holds on passenger
ships below the main deck IIAT3 T3 T3 T3 T3
(full height of hold)
2.8 carwo holds for dredging IIA T3 T3 T3 T3 T3
spoi (methane and
hydrogen sulphide)
5. Utilization on tankers and mobile offshore drilling units
Only explosion-protected electrical facilities of at least the following ignition group and
explosion class may be used in the explosion hazard areas specified in C.3 and CA for
seagoing ships and mobile offshore drilling units:
and, for facilities of type Ex d ignition protection, additionally;
Explosion group II B.
BKl's Construction Requirements on limitation of the use of electrical facilities in explosion

hazard areas are to be observed.
More stringent explosion protection requirements may be necessary in ships used for
transporting special cargoes, e.g., carbon disulphide:
and, for facilities with type Ex d protection, additionally;
Explosion group IIC.
Special measures in addition to the general requirements are to be stipulated in these

cases. In addition, when acids which do not normally present an explosion hazard are to
be transported, a reaction may occur if these acids come into contact with iron, hydrogen
being thereby released. The cargo tanks are to be constructed so that such a reaction
cannot take place, but adjacent areas which may come into contact with acid in the event
of damage do require attention. These include all areas where acid may be present in
the event of damage - e.g., cofferdams and pump rooms.
Measures to prevent explosions in the event of accumulations of hydrogen are required in

these areas:
and, in the case for facilities with type Ex d ignition protection, additionally;
Explosion group II C.
Only explosion-protected circuits with ignition protection of type Ex i, may be used in

areas where electrical assemblies come into direct contact with the cargo, e.g., in the
interior of cargo tanks, pipework, pumps, etc. (see Zone 0). Their suitability is to be
confirmed in the test certificate for Zone 0 ( ia). Type Ex s ignition protection may
possibly also be used.
All other types of ignition protection, including Ex i circuits not suitable for use in Zone 0
(ib), may not be used for this application. The identifying symbols for intrinsically safe
circuits for use in the interior of cargo tanks, pipework, pumps etc., are as follows; Ex ia
Submerged pumps for use on gas tankers are excluded from these requirements.
Submerged pumps, including their electric drive motors and supply cables, may be
installed direct in the cargo tanks without any specific type of ignition protection, but the
following conditions are then to be met:
i. The pump motors may only be operated below the surface of the liquid. Reliable
means of preventing operation in a gas-air mixture are required.
ii Automatic disconnection, with alarm in the cargo monitoring room, is required in the
event of:
a. Low liquid level, or

b. Low pump discharge pressure, or
c. Low motor current.
For safety reasons, a combination of several disconnection criteria should be used with a
safety circuit - e.g., a 1-out-of-2 or preferably a 1-out-of-3 circuit.
Siro Klasifikasi Indonesia 37
E. Testing and Identification of Explosion-Protected Electrical Facilities
1. Requirements
The following governs the construction and testing of explosion protected electrical
facilities:
lEG 79-0, General Requirements
lEG 79-2, Pressurized enclosure "p"
lEG 79-1, Flameproof enclosure "d'
lEG 79-7, Increased safety "e"
lEG 79-11, Intrinsic safety "i"
Tests conducted on the basis of the equivalent standards will be recognized by SKI, if
their equivalence is demonstrated.
2. Testing and approval by Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia
SKI does not conduct tests of electrical facilities to verify conformity with the' explosion
protection requirements. Test certificates of an approved testing station (see E.3 and
E.4) confirming that the above requirements are satisfied, are to be submitted to SKI.
Since these test requirements are based on the environmental and operating conditions
of shore installations, an assessment by SKI as to observance of the particular
environmental and operating conditions on board ships or mobile offshore drilling units is
required in addition to submission of the test certificate. The environmental conditions,
and hence the requirements, differ as between shore and marine installations in particular
in the following points:
Environmental Shore installations Ships (BKI and lEe 92-504)

conditions
Ambient temperature 40 0 C 45 0 C (up to 60 0 C)
Vibration - General: freq. =2 - 80 Hz, acc. = 0,7 9

Specific: freq. =2 -100 Hz, acc. = 4 9
Atmospheric humidity - Up to 100 % Relative Humidity at 45 0 C
- Up to 45 0
Inclinations
38 Siro Klasifikasi Indonesia
Additional tests for the purposes of type approval may cover the following, depending on
the type of equipment:
Vibration test
Accelerated climatic test
High-temperature test
Salt mist test
Inclined orientation test
Reference should be made to the "Regulations for the Performance of Type Tests."
In addition to these tests, SKI will examine the equipment and its individual components
on board to verify the following:
i. Observance of SKI's Instruction Requirements
ii. Suitability of the facility for the site of installation and purpose
iii. Conformity of the test certificate number with the unit concerned, and compliance
with any other requirements
iv. Correct installation and wiring
v. Functional test.
The installer of the explosion-protected electrical equipment is to supply SKI with

a confirmation of explosion-protected construction of the electrical equipment in explosion
hazard areas on form F.212-2000.
3. Approved testing stations
According to IEC 79-9, the following testing stations (examples) are approved in various
countries:
Austria EVTA (Elektrotechnische Vershucanstalt)

Belgium INIEX (Institut National des Industries Extractives)
Canada CSA (The Canadian Standards Association)
France CERCHAR (Laboratoire de Centre d'Etudes et Recherces des
Chabonages de France)
LCIE (Laboratorie Central des Industries Electriques)
Germany PTB (Physikalisch Technische Bundensantalt)
BVS (Bergwerkschaftliche Versuchsstrecke)
Italy CESI (Cestro Electrotechnico Sperimentale Italiano)
Japan REIS (Research Institute of Industrial Safety)
SRI (Ships Research Institute)
Norway NEMKO (Norges Elektriske Materiellkontroll)
UK BASEEFA (British Approvals Service for Electrical Equipment in
Flammable Atmospheres)
USA FM (Factory Mutual Research Corporation)
UL (Underwriters Laboratories)
Identification of explosion-protected facilities (examples) : IEC identification letters
Types of ignition protection lEe Publication 79

"d " Ex d IIA T3
"p" Ex P II T1
"e" Ex ell T3
"i" Ex ia IIC T5
Ex ib liB T5
4. List of international explosion protection provisions and code letters used
J!l c
c 0
l!!
J!J
II>
E
c
0 ;:J 1:
6
c
..,11> s
l!! ;0
~ 1: OJ
0
uc e 11Co ~ Xl
:;:; cE
"l!!
.,cW
E 11Co Co
;:J
e im II>
0
1: 6 u
c
2 g
.gJ
ern
e,'=
~'5
tlW . 0
.!!
'II>~
'6
.5
c .e D>
c
~
~
.::!;:J
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11Co .~ l!!
~ ~ "".I!I
II)
0
I e:
.sOl :u=s
i
rn .Y D>
i
iii
0.0 .!!!
:z;-g :8 ~ .,
OJ rn 8. .2 c
!!"iG
~~ 0
~
()
Ole:
aVi
().!!
11.f: .. 0
()() Il.. ~ u
.f:
l!!
Do
e:
'1:
:s l
If) ~
E
~
.s:
c
OJ
""~
OJ
Austria A OVE 171 OVE 165 cab Ex d 13n e 1 i s GlG5 EVTA

Wien
Electr. Gas
Belgium B d:#8#286 Reg. gen cab+ Ex ADF I, e N.O, 0,1,2 IN lEX

e:#8#717 con lIa.., (SA) (SI) (i) P,Q end 3
C.E.B 1:#8#683 p:#8#716 2c-f Gl-G5
Canada CON CSAStd. CSASld. con Exp C.1.1 DA . . TlT6 1,2 CSA
C22.2 No.3D C.22.1
CSA (Endosures) (Ind.) (SA
C.22.2 C.22.5
No.145 (for mines)
(MoIolS)
CENELEC CLC CC31 EX d I, e p lab TlT6 EG

Harmonis EEx IIA-C
Denmark OK Reg. Afsinit cab Ex <300'C DEMKO

Alsinit33 (L.O) Ex300 !,3oo'C
France F NFC 12 con MS ADF GI, SA SP 81 E,F,G

3001320 GIIIV (2oo'C) CERCHAR
UTE C20~1 AE
C23210
(SA)
Germany 0 VDE 0170 VDE 0118 cab+ (Sch) d 1 3n e lip I s Gl-G5 . avs
VDE0171 VDE0165 cab 0.1,2 PTB
VDElDEK (con) (Ex)
EXVo
Hungary H RSZ4874 NSZ cab+ Ex d I, I I sz k Gl-G5 BKI

160018 con 1IIVk Budapest
Interna. IEC IEC Publ. TC311 cab+ Ex d I, e p i., b TC T1T6 0,1,2 .

Elect. Com. 79111 WG9 con 11AIIC 31H
Italy I CE1311
(1.1969)
CEI642
(ab7.73)
con AD
Ex
PE IIA-C
CI.1
FE 81 I C1.2 T1T6 0,1,2 CESI
CEI
Japan J JIS Re. Pract. cab+ d 1-3n e I i s Gl-GS 0,1,2 RIIS

65 (eng I) con SRI
Jugoslavia YU JUS SL. L cab (S .. ) T I, s P i R TlT6 EIRK

Gruppe N, 18187 IIAB
S,B
Nelhe~ands NL NEN 3750 NEN10l0 cab+ Ex F IIA-C E P I TlTB 4Z. KEM

NEN con
NEGO 3125169
Norway
NVE
N Sunlich
VDE 0171
Sunlich
VDE0165
cab Ex d 1-3n e I i
Gl-G5 (0)
las
NEMKO
Oslo
ART 495 (N) lie, b
(2)
Poland PL PN721E PN-63IE cab+ B N I, V P J S TlTB

08110 05050 con Ex 11A-C
Sweden S SEN cab Y t 1-3 h v i s T1T5 SEMCO

21.08/0.69 (SP)
Switzerland CH SEV 1015 cab Ex

t
d 1-3 a I i
AD ZEV
Zurich
s
United UK d:as 229 CP cab+ Ex FLP Gr.I, e p IS (200 'C) 0,1,2 BASEEFA
Kingdom i: BS 1259 100312 con IIIV
BS 4683 IPEI IIAC i
SC63 d TlTB
United
Stata of
USA UL Siand.
lor salety
NEC500
SARP 12
con+
con
Cl.l
(Gas)
Expl.
Proof
DA IS CI,II,III
Gr.E,
1,2 FM
UL
America No. 674 API F,G
913
5. Examples of the identification of explosion-protected electrical facilities with the

flame proof enclosure "d" type of ignition protection by explosion groups
Explosion groups to IEC I IIA liB IIC

Hydrogen H2
Example for gases Methane Benzene Ethylene Carbon disul-
CH 4 CnH2n +2 CH 2-CH 2 phide CS 2
Acetylene
CH-CH
Austria A (Sch) d (Ex) d1 (Ex)d2 (Ex) d3a, 3b, 3c
Belgium B Ex I Ex lIa Ex lib Ex IIc
CSSR CS Ex3M Ex 3 P Ex 3 S Ex3 H2, CS 2, C2H2
France F ADFGI ADFGII ADFGIII ADF GIV
Germany D (Sch) d (Ex)d 1 (Ex)d 2 (Ex) d 3a, 3b, 3c
Hungary H Sb-n I Rb-n II Rb-n III Rb-n IVa, IVb, IVc
Int. Elect IEC Exd I Exd II A Exd liB Exd IIC

Comm.
Jugoslavia J StI StllA StllB S t IIC.
Netherlands NL 1M 1 II 1 III 1 IV
NEM 3125 ExF IIA Ex F liB ExF IIC
Poland PL BM Ex-M IIA- Ex-M III Ex-M IVa, IVb, Ivc
Russia R BI B2 B3 B4
PB a
Sweden S - xt1 xt2 xt3
Switzerland CH - (Ex)d1 (Ex)d2 (Ex) d3
United Kingdom UK Ex FLP Gr.1 Ex FLP Gr. II Ex FLP Gr. III Ex FLP Gr. III
United State of USA C1.1.Gr. D C1.I.GrD C1.I. Gr. C C1.I.Gr,B,B,A

America
F. Explosion Hazard from Dust-air Mixtures
1. Basic concepts
In addition to the hazard of potentially explosive gas-air mixtures discussed above, there
may also be a hazard due to potentially explosive dust-air mixtures. The main possible
sources of ignition are the forms of energy mentioned in B.2.4. Inflammability from hot
surfaces is particularly important with dust-air mixtures.
Self-ignition due to high temperatures is possible. The ignition temperature of a dust-air

mixture is defined as the lowest temperature of a hot surface which still gives rise to ignition
of a dust-air mixture blown on to that surface. Self-ignition initially causes a smouldering or
glowing fire, which may cause the dust-air mixture to explode. The smouldering
temperature of deposited dust is defined as the lowest temperature of a heated, exposed
surface at which a 5 mm thick layer of dust on this surface is ignited (and smoulders) . The
smouldering temperature may be substantially lower in the event of additional thermal
insulation, e.g., by thicker deposits of dust, or if the dust is particularly fine.
A smouldering fire in a dust deposit is always provoked at lower temperatures than

explosion of the same dust as a dust-air mixture. However, although the smouldering fire is
harmless in itself, the dust particles may be stirred up and constitute a source of ignition for
a dust-air mixture, so that the smouldering temperature is a very important safety parameter
of dusts. As in the case of gases and vapours of combustible liquids, dust-air mixtures also
have a lower and an upper explosion limit (see B.2.3), i.e., they also have an ignition range.
The lower explosion limit of the more common combustible technical dusts can be estimated
from the visibility.
If a 25 W incandescent lamp can no longer be seen from a distance of 2 meters, a dust-air

mixture between the eye and the lamp will then have approximately reached the lower
explosion limit.
The following table sets out some characteristics of the principle
Particle size Bulk density Smouldering Ignition

Dusts IJm kg/l temperature temperature
( 5 mm thickness)
from to of a hot surface 0 C
Soot 10 20 535 >690
Iron dust 100 150 1,6 240 430
Zinc 10 15 4,9 430 530
Rye flour 50 100 0,19 305 430 - 500
Fishmeal 80 100 0,66 carbonized, charred 485
Peat mould 300 500 0,07 295 420
Lignite 2 3 0,3 - 0,4 260 350 - 450
Coking coal 5 10 0,42 280 610
Charcoal 1 2 0,36 340 595
2. Explosion hazard areas
Explosion hazard areas are ones in which a potentially explosive atmosphere may occur
owing to a dangerous quantity of a dust-air mixture. These areas are classified in zones in
the same way as for shore installations and by similar criteria to those set out in C.1, but
the zone identification differs:
Zone 10 Covers areas in which a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere is present

because of dust for a long period or frequently.
Zone 11 Covers areas where a dangerous potentially explosive atmosphere may

occasionally occur for a short-period owing to the raising of deposited dust
(e.g., bulk product cargo holds).
3. Construction, testing and use of electrical facilities with dust explosion protection
Where facilities are used in areas presenting a dust explosion hazard, such as cargo holds,
it should be remembered that not only dust-air mixtures but also gas-air mixtures constitute
a potential explosion hazard, as for example with cargoes of gas-releasing coal. In such
cases, only facilities protected against both hazards may be used.
3.1 Requirements for electrical facilities in Zone 10
Only facilities specifically approved for this purpose, and intrinsically safe circuits with type
Ex i Zone 0 (ia) protection, may be used.
3.2 Requirements for electrical facilities in Zone 11
Facilities without specific approval may be used, but they must satisfy at least the
following requirements:
3.2.1 The facilities are to be so constructed that neither potentially explosive dust-air mixtures
nor dangerous deposits of dust can form inside them. These requirements are met if the
facilities conform at least to protection class IP 55.
3.2.2 The surface temperature of the facilities may not be high enough for it to be possible for
raised dust or dust deposited on the facilities to be ignited. For this purpose, the following
conditions are to be met:
a) The surface temperature may not exceed 2/3 of the ignition temperature in DC
of the relevant dust-air mixture.
b) On surfaces on which the dangerous deposition of dust liable to smoulder is

not effectively prevented, the surface temperature may not exceed the
smouldering temperature of the relevant dust less 75 K.
c) The relevant surface temperature is the lower of the values determined in

accordance with a) and b).
d) Facilities are to be marked with the surface temperature occurring during

continuous operation if this exceeds 80 DC. The surface temperature is to be
related to an ambient temperature of 45 DC.
3.2.3 Facilities with the types of ignition protection specified in 0.1 may be used provided that
the requirements of 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 are met.
3.2.4 Sodium vapour lamps may not be used. Ballasts of fluorescent lamps are to be protected
by temperature-limiting devices unless the surface temperature required by 3.2.2 is not
exceeded even in the event of a short-circuit.
3.2.5 Power sockets are to be oriented so that the plug opening points downwards. Insertion
and removal of the plug may be possible only with the power off. When the plug is not
inserted, the plug opening of the socket is to be closed off with a captive cover in such a
way that the conditions of protection IP 55 are satisfied. Sockets are to be permanently
installed. Coupler plugs and sockets and adaptors may not be used.
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1 : Oil products

Appendix 2: Gases
Appendix 3: Petrochemical product may be equated with oil
products with regard to explosion hazard
Appendix 4: Chemicals
Appendix 5: lACS Recommendation, No. 22, 1988
Appendix 1 : Oil Products
Name of substance Flash pOint Explosion Temperature Explosion

(0C) group class protection
Petrol <-20 IIA T3 X
Jet fuel <-20 IIA T3 X
Diesel fuel >60 IIA T3 -
Petroleum >21 IIA T3 X
Fuel oil (light/medium) >60 IIA T3 -
Fuel oil (heavy) >65 IIA T3 -
Petroleum ether <-20 IIA T3 X
Kerosene ~40 IIA T3 X
Lubricating oil >100 -
Appendix 2 Gases
Name of substance Flash pOint Explosion Temperature Explosion

(0C) group class protection
Acetylene - IIC T2 X
Ammonia - IIA T1 X
Butane - IIA T2 X
Butylene - IIA T2 X
Natural gas (methane) - IIA T2 X
Liquefied gas - IIA T2 X
Coking gas - liB T1 X
Coal gas (town gas) - liB T1 X
Motor methane - IIA T1 X
Propane - IIA T1 X
Propylene - IIA T1 X
Hydrogen sulphide - IIA T3 X
hydrogen - IIC T1 X
Appendix 3
Petrochemical product which may be equated with oil products
with regard to explosion hazard
en en
en c en c
a.. ro 0 a.. ro 0
1:5Q)
- -
:p :::l (3
- -
(3
-
()
() :::l
u e0>
Name of
substance
-
0
c
0
a..
0
.....
0>
c
0
.iii
~
:::l
ro
.....
Q)
Q)
0
.....
a..
c
Name of
substance
0
c
0
a..
c
0
.iii
~
:::l
~
Q)
a..
0.....
a..
c
0
..c 0 a.. 0 ..c 0
E
en
ro c.. E :B
c
en
ro c.. E c
><
>< ~
Q)
u:::: W I- 0> u:::: w .2>
Acetone -19 IIA T1 X p-Cymene 47 IIA T2 X
Amyl acetate iso 25 IIA T2 X Decanol-iso 96 -

Amyl acetate-n 37 IIA T2 X Decanol-n 82 T3 -
Amyl acetate-sec 32 IIA X Decyl alcohol-n 82 T3 -
Amyl alcohol-n 38 IIA T2 X Di-iso-butyl 160 -
phthalate
Amyl alcohol-p- 43 IIA T2 X
iso Di-iso-butyl ketone 49 IIA T2 X
Amyl alcohol 34 IIA T2 X Di-iso-butylene >-7 X
sec-n
Diacetone alcohol 58 IIA T1 X
Amyl alcohol-sec- 30 IIA X
iso Dibutyl phthalate 166 -
Amyl alcohol-tert 30 IIA T2 X Dicyclopentadiene 32 IIA T3 X
Benzyl alcohol 100 T2

Diethylbenzene 56 IIA T2 X
Butyl acetate-iso 18 IIA T2 X
Diethylene glycol 124 T3 -
Butyl acetate-n 22 IIA T2 X
Diethylene glycol 82 -
Butyl acetate-sec 19 IIA T1 X diethyl ether
Butyl alcohol-iso 27 IIA T2 X Diethylene glycol 107 T3 -
monobuthyl ether
Butyl alcohol-n 29 IIA T2 X
Butyl alcohol-sec 24 IIA T2 X monobuthyl ether
acetate
Butyl alcohol-tert 11 IIA T1 X
Butyl benzyl 199 - Diethylene glycol 96 X
phthalete monoethyl ether
Butylene glycol >65 T2 - Diethylene glycol 110 -

monoethyl ether
Gamma- 98 - acetate
Butyrolactone
Cumene 31 X monomethyl ether
Cyclohexane -18 IIA T3 X Diethylene glycol 82 -

monomethyl ether
Cyclohexanol 68 - acetate
Appendix 3
with regard to explosion hazard (continued)
I/)
c en
I/)
en c
a. <U 0 a.
0 :::J
eOl 13 u :::J
ttl
13
0
'.p
Name of substance -
0
C
5
a.
C
0
in
~
:::J
~
Q)
2
0....
a.
c
Name of substance
0
"+-'

C
0a.
....
0
rn
C
0
'in
....
Q)
:::J
+-'
....
ttl
Q)
0
2
....
0
a.
c
.c 0 a. 0 .c a. 0
I/)
ttl
a. E :ec I/)
0
a. E E
x Q) ttl X Q) C
u::: W l- E! u::: W I- m
Diisooctyl 204 - Ethylene glycol 49 IIA T2 X

phthalate monomethyl ether
acetate
Dioctyl phthalate 218 -
Ethylene glycol 121 -
Dipentene 45 IIA T3 X monophenyl ether
Dipenyl ether 115 T1 - Farmamide 154 -
Dipropylene glycol 138 - Furfuryl alcohol 65 -
Dipropylene glycol 85 - Glycerine 160 T2 -
monomethyl ether
Heptane-n -4 IIA T3 X
Dodecyl alcohol >100 -
Dodecyl benzene 130 -

Heptanol-all 74 -
isomers
Dodecyl phenol 163 - Heptene <0 IIA T3 X
(mixed isomers)
2-ethoxyethanol 40 X
Hexane-n -22 IIA T3 X
2-Ethoxyethyl 49 X
acetate 1-Hexene -23 IIA T3 X
Ethyl acetate -4 IIA T1 X 1-Hexanol 63 -
Ethyl alcohol ::25 IIA T2 X Hexylene glycol 96 T2 X
Ethyl benzene 15 IIA T2 X Lactic acid - - - -
Ethyl cyclohexane 35 IIA T3 X Latex
2-ethyl hexanol 75 - Methyl acetate -10 IIA T1 X
Ethylene carbonate 143 - Methyl alcohol 11 IIA T1 X

Ethylene glycol 111 T2 - Methylamyl ketone 49 X
Ethylene glycol Methyl ethyl ketone -1 IIA T1 X

methyl butyl ether
Methyl isobutyl 31 IIA T1 X
Ethylene glycol 61 - ketone
monobutyl ether
2-methyl-1- <7 T3 X
Ethylene glycol 88 - pentene
monobutyl ether
acetate Methylamyl 43 X
acetate
Ethylene glycol 37 liB T3 X
Methylamyl alcohol 41 X
monomethyl ether
Molasses - - - -
Appendix 3
with regard to explosion hazard (continued)
en en c
en c en
0.. co 0
:;:::;
0.. co 0
() ::l
0
.....
"0 <.) ()
D
::l
e "0 tsQ)
D
..... Ol
Q)
..... .....
Q)
..... Ol
Q)
..... .....
0 0
Name of substance c ::l .... Name of substance c c .....
::l .....
0 c
0
.iii
ro.... 0.. 0 0 ~ 0..
0.. Q) c 0.. iii Q) c
..c: 0 0.. 0 ..c: 0 0.. 0
en
co c..
x
E
Q)
E
c
en
co c..
x
E
Q)
:;:::;
c
u:::: w I- Ol u:::: w l- E!
Nonane 30 IIA T3 X Propylenetetramer 78 -

Nonyl alcohol 74 - Propylene trimer 40 X
Nonyl phenol 140 - Solvent naphtha 15 IIA T1 X
Octane 13 IIA T2 X Sulpholane 177 -
Octanol-all isomers 75 - Tall oil 182 -
Paraffin wax 199 Tetrahydronaphthalene 71 T2 -
Pentane-n <-20 IIA T3 X Toluene 6 IIA T1 X
Pentane-iso <-20 T2 X Trichloroethane-alpha - - - -
Pentene-n <-20 T3 X Trichloroethane-beta - - - -
Pentene-iso <-20 T3 X Tricresylphospate 225 -
(cont. less than 1 %
Perchloroethylene - - - - ortho-isomers)
Petrolatum 60 - Tridecanol 118 -

Petroleum naphtha IIA T3 Triethyl benzene 111 -
iso-Phorone 96 - Triethylene glycol 166 -
Pinene 32 X 1,2,4- Trimethyl 54 T1 X
benzene
Polypropylene
glycols Tripropylene glycol 141 -
Propionaldehyde <-20 X Tripropylene gl~col
monomethyl et er
121 -
Propyl acetate-iso 4 IIA T1 X
Trixylenyl phosphate 232 -
Propyl acetate-n 10 IIA T2 X
Turpentine 33 T3 X
Propyl alcohol-iso 12 IIA T2 X
Urea ammonium
nitrate solutions
- - - -
Propyl alcohol-n 15 IIA T2 X
Propylene glycol 99 T2 - Urea ammonium - - - -

phosphate solutions
Propypylene glycol IIA IIA
monoethyl ether White s~irit ~oiling =40 T3 X
range 2 0-3 0 DC)
Propypylene 38 X Wine - - - -
glycol monomethyl
ether Xylenes 25 IIA T1 X
Appendix 4 : Chemicals
f/)
f/) c f/)
c
a. ro 0
a.
f/)
ro 0
() ::J U U
0
e0> Q)
"-
Q)
()
0
::J
e0> U
Q)
1:5
2
C "0
Name of substance
'0 c
0
::J
ro "-
a. Name of substance C
'0 c
"-
::J
.- ea.
a. 'iii "-
Q) c a. .Q ~
.r:. 0 a. 0 f/) Q) c
.r:. a.
f/)
ro a.
x
E E
c f/)
0
a. E 2
u: Q) ro x Q) 'c
W l- E' u: W l- E'
Acetic Acid 40 IIA T1 X Carbon Tetrachloride - - - -
Acetic Anhydride 49 IIA T2 X Caustic Potash - - - -
Solution
Acetone 75 -
Cyanohydrin Caustic Soda - - - -
Solution
Acetonitrile 2 IIA T1 X
Chlorobenzene 28 IIA T1 X
Acrylic Acid 54 X
Chlorethanol-2 55 IIA T1 X
Acrylonitrile -5 liB T1 X
Adiponitrile 93 -
Chloroform - - - -
Chlorohydrins, IIA X
Allyl Alcohol 21 liB T2 X Crude
Ally Chloride <-20 IIA T2 X Chloroprene -27 X
Aminoethylthanola 129 T2 - 2- or 3- 107 -
mine Chloropropionic Acid
Ammonia aqueous, IIA T1 X Chlorosulfonic Acid IIA -
28 % or less
Coal Tar Naphtha -11 IIA T3 X
Aniline 76 T1 -
Creosote 76 IIA T2 -
Benzene -11 IIA T1 X
Cresols (Mixed >81 T1 -
Benzyl Chloride 60 T1 - isomers)
n-Butyl Acrylate 41 X Crotonaldehyde 13 liB T3 X
iso-Butyl Acrylate X Cyclohexanone 43 IIA T2 X
n-Butyl Ether 25 X Cyclohexylamine 32 IIA T3 X
Butyl methacrylate 54 X Decyl Acrylate -
n-Butyraldehyde <-5 IIA T3 X Dibutylamine 57 X
iso-Butyraldehyde <-15 IIA T3 O-Dichlorobenzene 66 T1 -
Camphor Oil 66 - - X 1,1 Dichloroethane -10 X
Carbolic Oil IIA - X Dichloroethyl Ether 55 IIA T2 X
Dichcloromethane -
Carbon Disulphide <-20 IIC T5 X
1,3Dichcloropropane 15 X
Appendix 4 : Chemicals (continued)
en en
en c en c
a. ro 0
:;:;
a. ro 0
:;:;
00 ::J U u 00 ::J U u
0~ 0~
Name of substance ~
Q)
...... Name of substance ~ 2
...... ......
C
OJ
C
::J
......
ro
0
~
a.
c
OJ
c
::J
...... e
a.
'0 0 '0 0 ~
a. '00
~
Q) c a. '00 Q) c
..c 0 a. 0 ..c 0 a. 0
en 0.. E :e en
ro 0.. E :;:;
'c
ro x Q) c x Q)
u:: w r- OJ u:: w r- ..!2>
Formaldehyde
1,2 Dichcloropropane 15 IIA T1 X Solutions (45 % or >50 liB T2 X
less)
1,3 Dichcloropropene 29 IIA X
Formic Acid 69 T1 X
Diethanolamine 138 T1 -
Furfural 60 IIA T2 X
Dietheylamine <-20 IIA T2 X
Diethylethanolamine 46 X
Hydrochloric Acid - - - -
Isoprene <-20 liB T3 X
Diethylenetriamine 102 -
Mesityl Oxide 31 IIA T2 X
Diisopropanolamine 127 -
Methyl Acrylate -3 liB T2 X
Diisopropylamine -7 X
Methyl 10 IIA T2 X
Dimethyl 31 X Methacrylate
Ethanolamine
Methyl Styrene 58 IIA T2 X
Dimethylamine - IIA T2 X
(40 % Aq) 2-methyl, 5 ethyl 74 -
Pyridine
Dimethylformamide 58 IIA T2 X
M,F Anti knock X
1A-Dioxane 12 IIA T2 X Compounds
Epichlorohydrin 34 liB X Mono Ethyl Amine -18 X
Ethyl Acrylate 9 liB X Mono- 88 -
Ethyl Ether Nitrobenzene
<-20 IIA T4 X
Ethyl Methacrylate 27 X
Monoethanolamine 85 -
2 Ethyl 3 Propyl 68 X
Monoisopropano- 71 -
lamine
Acrolein
Morpholine 38 X
Ethylene >21 -
Cyanohydrin Naphthalene, molten 80 T1 X
Ethylene Diamine 34 IIA T2 X
Ethylene Dibromide - Nitric Acid, 70 % - - - -

and over
Ethylene Dichloride 13 IIA T2 X
1-or-2 39 liB T2 X
2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate 82 - Nitropropane
Appendix 4 : Chemicals (continued)

(IJ
(IJ c: (IJ
0.. ro 0 (IJ c:
:::l U :0::; 0.. ro 0
- -e
()
e
- U
t) :::l :0::;
0 () t)
Q) Q) 0 0
Name of substance
0> L. L.
~ $
c:
0 c:
:::l
~ 0.. Name of substance C 0>
c:
:::l e0..
0..
0
iii Q) c:
0
0..
0
iii
~
Q) c:
.c: 0 0.. 0
(IJ
ro Ci
><
E E
c:
..c:
(IJ
ro
0
Ci
0..
E 2
c
u: W
Q)
l- E> u: W
>< Q)
l- E>
ortho-Nitrotoluene 106 - Sulfuric Acid - - - -
para-Nitrotoluene 106 - Sulfuric Acid - - - -
(Spent)
Oleum - - - -
Tetrachloroethane -
Paraldehyde 17 T3 X
Tetrahyd rofu ran -17 liB T3 X
Pentachlorothane -
Toluene 135 -
Phenol 79 T1 - Diisocyanate
Phosphoric Acid - - - - Trichloroethylene 32 IIA T2 -
Phosphorus - - - - Tricresyl -
(yellow or white) Phosphate 238
(1 % ortho-)
Phthalic 152 T1 -
Anhydride Triethanolamine 179 -
B-Propiolactone 74 - Triethylamine -17 IIA T2 X
Propionic Acid 50 IIA T1 X Triethylenetetra- 135 T2 -
mine
Propionic 74 -
Anhydride Urea Ammonium
Solution X
Iso Propyl Amine -26 T2 X
(conatining aqua
Propylamine <-20 IIA T2 X ammonia)
Propylene Oxide <-20 liB T2 X iso-Valeraldehyde <40 X
Pyridine 17 IIA T1 X n-Valeraldehyde 12 liB X
Sodium Vinyl Acetate -8 IIA T2 X

Hydrosulphide - Vinyl Ethyl Ether -45 T4 X
(45 % Solution or
less) Vinyl Toluene 71 IIA X
Sodium
Hydrochlorite - Vinylidene Chloride -10 IIA T2 X
(15 % Solution)
Styrene Monomer 32 IIA T1 X

Xylenols .:: 80 -
Sulfur Liquid - 165 - - X
Appendix 5
lACS Recommendation, No. 22, 1988
Recommendations for the classification of areas where flammable gas or

vapour risks may arise to permit the proper selection of electrical equipment
1. Scope
1.1 These recommendations provide guidance on the area classification of ships carrying coal
cargoes in bulk and ships where oil or other liquids of similar hazard having a flash point
temperature not exceeding 60C (closed cup test) are handled, stored or processed, in
order to permit the proper selection of electrical equipment in those areas.
1.2 Attention should be given to the statutory regulations of the relevant National Authority.
1.3 It does not apply to:
a) areas where risks may arise due to the presence of ignitable dusts or fibres except
coal dust
b) catastrophic failure such as the rupture of a bulk storage tank, process vessel or a
pipeline or the loss of well control, i.e. blowout.
c) ignition sources other than those associated with electrical equipment
d) applications where flammable material is burned, e.g. in a boiler or gas turbine
e) hazards relating to toxicity
f) ignition of explosive materials.
1.4 To maintain the safety concept of these recommendations, it is essential that electrical
equipment, bulk storage tanks, process plant, pipelines, flanges, valves etc, are adequately
maintained to sustain the integrity of the original design.
1.5 The degree of hazard and the extent of the hazardous areas are based on marine practice,
however, attention should also be paid to any regulations of the Port Authorities which may
be applicable during loading and discharging operations.
2. Definitions
2.1 Hazardous area: An area in which explosive gas/air mixtures are or may be expected to be
present in quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction and use of
electrical equipment.
Appendix 5
lACS Recommendation, No. 22,1988 (continued)
2.2 Zone O-A Zones in which flammable gas/air mixture is continuously present or
present for long periods.
Zone O-B Cofferdams adjoining cargo tanks.

Sp~ces which are separated by a single bulkhead from storage tanks and
which have no mechanical ventilation system.
Zone 1-A Spaces having mechanical ventilation which are separated by a single
bulkhead from storage tanks but where the mechanical ventilation may not
be in continuous operation whilst the ship is in a non-gas free condition.
Zone 1-B Zones in which flammable gas/air mixture is likely to occur in normal
operation.
Zone 2 Zones in which flammable gas/air mixture is not likely to occur in normal
operation.
2.3 Flashpoint: The lowest temperature at which sufficient vapour is given off from a flammable
material to form an explosive gas/air mixture.
3. Hazardous areas
3.1 The hazardous areas for ships where oil or other liquids of similar hazard having a flash
point temperature not exceeding 60C (closed cup test) are handled, stored or processed
are defined in Table 1; the following general principles apply:
a) Spaces containing flammable cargo are regarded as Zone 0 hazardous areas.
b) Spaces adjacent to bulk storage tanks which have no mechanical ventilation

system are regarded as Zone 0 hazardous areas.
c} Spaces adjacent to bulk storage tanks which are mechanically ventilated during
loading/discharging of bulk storage tanks are regarded as Zone 1 hazardous areas
but with restrictions on the electrical equipment permitted in such spaces.
d) Spaces adjacent to bulk storage tanks which are continuously mechanically

ventilated except when the bulk storage tanks are in a gas free condition are
regarded as Zone 1 hazardous areas.
e} An enclosed or semi-enclosed space with direct access into a hazardous area is

regarded as a hazardous space and is of the same hazard category as the space
or zone into which the opening leads.
f) An enclosed space may be regarded as a non-hazardous space, provided that it is

separated from the bulk storage tanks by not less than two gastight steel bulkheads
or decks and has no direct opening into a hazardous zone or space.
Appendix 5
lACS Recommendation, No. 22, 1988 (continued)
3.2 The hazardous areas for ships intended for the carriage of coal cargoes in bulk are defined
in Table 2.
3.3 The hazardous areas as specified may be extended, or reduced depending on the actual
arrangements in each case, by use of windshields, special ventilation arrangements,
structural arrangements etc, subject to the approval of the individual Society.
4. Selection of electrical equipment
4.1 Electrical equipment should normally be installed outside hazardous areas. Where this is
not practicable for operational reasons, the electrical equipment should be of a type
permitted by these recommendations and should be suitable for the gas grouping and
temperature class of the atmospheres involved. The design construction and testing of
such equipment is to be in accordance with the relevant lEG Publications or equivalent
standards acceptable to the individual Society.
4.2 Within the airlock as permitted in Table 3, lighting fittings and prescribed monitoring and
alarm equipment are to be of a type permitted in the hazardous area into which the
opening leads.
4.3 Within the spaces protected by ventilation overpressure as described in Table 3,

emergency lighting fittings, the prescribed monitoring and alarm equipment and other
electrical equipment located within the space and which remains energized on loss of
pressure are to be of a type permitted in the hazardous area into which the opening leads.
5. Ventilation
5.1 The ventilation systems, including prepurging of spaces maintained at an overpressure

and hazardous spaces are to be to the satisfaction of the individual Society.
Appendix 5
Table 1 Sheet 1 Ships where Oil or Other Liquids having a Flash Point not exceeding 60 0 C
(Closed Cup Test) are handled, Stored or Processed
Zone Description of Typical Example Permitted

Location Equipment/Cables
Zone O-A Inner spaces of a. Intrinsically safe - Exia
containment systems and
associated pipework. b. Electrical equipment
specifically approved for
i) Cargo storage tank use in Zone 0
and process plant
c. Only cables associated
with intrinsically safe
circuits Exia or with
EEl electrical equipment
specifically certified for
use in Zone 0
Zone O-B Spaces below the main a) EquipmenUcables as

deck which are separated permitted in Zone O-A
by a single bulkhead from
cargo/storage tank and
"'- ./ 0000
b) Electrical depth sounding
0000
which have no mecha- 0000 devices or log devices
nical ventilation system. 0000 and impressed current
1/ "- 0000 cathodic protection
i) Cofferdam system anodes or
electrodes. These
devices to be housed in
gastight enclosures. The
associated cables are to
be installed in steel pipes
with gastight jOints.
c) Through runs of cable

installed in steel pipes
with gastight joints
ii) Spaces in which pipes
containing are located NOTE: Gastight enclosures
loolggo
00
00 00 ql
0 00000
and gastight joints
are to be to the
fgOgOOOOO~1
0000000000
satisfactions of the
0000000000 individual Society.
Appendix 5
Table 1 Sheet 2 Ships where Oil or Other Liquids having a Flash Point not exceeding 60 DC
Zone Description of Location Typical Example Permitted

Equipment/Cables
Zone 1-A i) Spaces separated by a a. EquipmenUcables as

single bulkhead from permitted in Zone O-B.
storage tanks and which
are mechanically ventilated b. Intrinsically safe - Exib
during loading/discharging
(
operations. /" XXXx c. Flameproof light fittings-Exd
e.g., - Cargo pump rooms XX Xx
- Hold spaces with

XXXX
XXXX
"""- xx x'x
-- d. Pressured light fittings - Exp
independent tanks e. Flameproof alarm - Exd
- Enclosed or semi- f. Cable with metallic sheath or

enclosed spaces metallic protective covering
immediately above with the addition of non
cargo tanks or metallic impervious sheath.
having bulkhead
above and in line
with cargo tank
bulkheads
- Spaces other than

cofferdams adjoi-
ning and below the
top of a cargo tank
such as trunks,
passage-ways and
holds.
ii) Spaces in which cargo

hoses which have not been
made safe are stored.
iii) Spaces in which pipes

containing cargo are
located and which are IX x )( x x I( x x x ~I
XX)(JC)()(XXX
mechanically ventilated IL ~
i<)( )( x: X]<. i < " ~
II<XX)()(>()(XXX
during loading/dis-charging __
x XXX'J( XXxxx
Appendix 5

Equipment/Cables
Zone 1-8 i) Spaces separated by a a. EquipmenUcables as
single bulkhead from permitted in Zone 1-A
storage tanks and which
['
~~;o.:5!'l
have continuous ./
b. Flameproof - Exd
mechanical ventilation 1Q ~~ ~f.
except when the ship is in c. Increased safety - Exe
a gas free condition. Loss "'- IX
(Exe motors subject to
of ventilation alarmed at satisfaction of the
a manned station. individual Society)
e.g.- Pump rooms of
storage barges, d. Pressurized - Exp
- Pump rooms of oil e. Electrical equipment

recovery ships, specifically approved
for use in Zone 1 and
- Spaces separated acceptable to individual
by single bulkhead Society.
from tanks for
recovered oil on oil
recovery ship.
NOTE: This classification is

not applicable to
cargo pump rooms
of oil tanks.
ii) Spaces with closed

process plant and
associated pipe flanges
and valves which may by
dismantled during normal
operation and which have
1)6<
OISI
XI< XI< ~
1% QSgg ~ W~~
---~
continuous mechanical 88) <6< *'roce.s: ~ .(+

ventilation. Loss of P1ar::J
ventilation alarmed at a ~ ~/S('
manned station.
iii) Spaces in which pipes

containing cargo are
located and which are
continuously mechani-
-~
cally ventilated except
when the pipes are in a !
gas free condition. Loss
of ventilation alarmed at
a manned station.
- - - - ----------
Appendix 5

Equipment/Cables
Zone 1-8 iv) Areas on open deck within 3

(cont'd) m of storage tank ventilation
outlets which permit the flow
of small volumes of vapour
caused by thermal variation.
See also Zone 2 (v).
,
v) Areas on open deck within 6
m of storage tank ventilation
outlets which permit the flow
of small volumes of vapour
during loading/discharging/
ballasting.
See also Zone 2 (vi)
vi) Areas on open deck within 3

m of opening to storage
tanks.
vii) Areas on open deck over all

cargo hold tanks to the full
width of the ship, plus 3 m
fore and aft of cargo hold
tanks on open deck up to a
height of 2,4 m.
NOTE :This area
classification may be subject
to special consideration
where the total tank capacity
is 3000 m3 or less.
viii) Areas within 2,4 m of the

outer surface of a cargo
containment system where
such surface is exposed to
weather.
ix) Zones on open deck within 3

m of pipe flange and valves
which may be dismantled
during normal operation.
Appendix 5

Equipment/Cables
Zone 1-8 x) Areas on open deck within
(cont'd) 3 m of opening to spaces of
Zone 0-8 and Zone 1
"'c"
.m
Q)
-
0>
~
o
ii5
i) Areas on open deck within a. Equipment/cables

Zone 2 3 m of process plant, as permitted in
Zone 1-8
b. Equipment of a
type which ensures
absence of sparks
or arcs and
absence of ignition
capable surfaces
during normal
operation.
c. Equipment
specially designed
ii) Areas on open deck within for Zone 2 and
3 m of pipe flanges and acceptable to the
valves which are not appropriate
dismantled during normal authority.
operation.
iii) Spaces with closed process

plant and associated pipes
flanges and valves which
are not dismantled during
normal operation (open
sample points subject to
special consideration) and
which have continuous
mechanical ventilation
except when the plant is in
gas free condition.
iv) Areas on open deck within

3 m of opening to spaces
on Zone 2.
Appendix 5

Equipment/Cables
v) Areas 2 m beyond the

Zone 2
zone specified for Zone
(cont'd)
1-B(iv)
vi) Areas 4 m beyond the

Zone specified 1-B(v)
Table 2 Ships Intended for the Carriage of Coal Cargoes in Bulk
Zone Description of Location Permitted Equipment/Cables
i) Cargo hold spaces Electrical equipment approved for

Zone 1-B group IIA atmospheres and
ii) Spaces with a direct opening to cargo temperatures and temperature
hold spaces. class T4 and having an enclosure
with degree of protection of IP 55
iii) Areas within 3 m of cargo hold
ventilation outlets.
Appendix 5
Table 3 Enclosed Spaces with Access from a Hazardous Area
Accessed from Typical Example Requirements

Hazard Category
Zone O-A Not applicable
Zone 0-8
Zone 1-A Subject to special consideration

by the individual Society
i) Access via a mechanically ventilated

Zone 1-8 air-lock consisting of two doors spaced
at least 1,5 m not more than 2,5 m
apart.
ii) The space to have ventilation
overpressure of approximately 5 mm
WG in relation to the hazardous area.
iii) A pressure monitoring devices is to be
fitted and on loss of overpressure
arranged to initiate an alarm at a
manned control station and
automatically disconnect equipment
not of a type permitted in the
hazardous area into such the opening
leads.
i) Access via an air-lock consisting of two

doors spaced at least 1,5 m but not
more than 2,5 m apart.
ii) The air-lock and the space to have
ventilation overpressure of
approximately 5 mm WG in relation to
the hazardous area, the ventilation
system being such that one fault will
not result in the simultaneous loss of
overpressure in the air-lock and space.
iii) Pressure monitoring devices are to
fitted and arranged to initiate an alarm
at a manned control station on loss of
overpressure in the air-lock.
iv) Pressure monitoring devices are to be
fitted and arranged to initiate an alarm
at a manned control station on loss of
overpressure in the space.
_. --------------
Appendix 5
Table 3 Enclosed Spaces with Access from a Hazardous Area (continued)
Accessed from Typical Example Requirements

Hazard Category
i) The space to have ventilation
overpressure of approximately
Zone 2
- 5 mm WG in relation to the
hazardous area.
ii) A pressure monitoring device to

be fitted and arranged to initiate
an alarm a manned control
station.

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BIRO KLASIFIKASI INDONESIA

The following Guidelines come into force on J"December 2001

Reproduction in whole or in part by any means, is subject to

Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia Head Office

Published by : Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

P.T. (persero) Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

Chairman : Pieter F.L. Maspaitella, MBA

BOARD OF MANAGING DIRECTORS

President Director : Iskandar Bugandarsyah Ilahude

SURVEY DIVISION : Ir. Haryanto

HULL & MATERIAL DIVISION : Ir. Daniel Suli

MACHINERY & ELECTRICAL DIVISION : Ir. L. Manupassa

STATUTORY DIVISION : Ir. Fathorrachman Said, M.Sc

QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT : Ir. Saifuddin Wijaya, MBA

PLANNING DEPARTMENT : Ir. Ajatiman

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT : Ir. Mohamad Sugeng

INTERNAL CONTROL DEPARTMENT : Ir. Rasjid Ali

FINANCE DIVISION : Drs. Sukiyo

PERSONNEL & GENERAL DIVISION : Su'ad Syuhada, SE, MM .

SUPERVISION & CONSULTATION DIVISION : Hendra Bawono, MBA

BKI BRANCH OFFICES

OFFICES OF FOREIGN CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES CARRYING OUT SURVEY

1. AMERICA BUREAU OF SHIPPING 4. DET NORSKE VERIT AS

Head Office : VERITASVEIEN 1, N-1322

Head Office : VORSETZEN 32.

8. LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIPPING 11. SHIP CLASSIFICATION MALAYSIA

COOPERATION WITH FOREIGN CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES

1 American Bureau of Shipping (ABS) USA Dual Class

2 Bureau Veritas (BV) France Dual Class

3 China Classification Society (CCS) China Mutual Representation

4 Det Norske Veritas Classification AS (DnV) Norway Dual Class

5 Germanischer Lloyd (GL) Germany Mutual Representation

6 Hellenic Register of Shipping (HR) Greece Mutual Representation

7 Korean Register of Shipping (KRS) South Korea Mutual Representation

8 Lloyd's Register of Shipping (LR) UK Dual Class

9 Nippon Kaiji Kyokai (NK) Japan Mutual Representation

10 Registrul Naval Roman (RNR) Romania Mutual Representation

11 Ship Classification Malaysia ( SCM) Malaysia Mutual Representation

12 Vietnam Register (VR) Vietnam Mutual Representation

B. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

C. Explosion Hazard Areas

D. Construction and Utilization of Explosion-Protected Electrical Facilities

E. Testing and Identification of Explosion-Protected Electrical facilities

F. Explosion Hazard from Dust-Air Mixtures

A. References to Codes and Requirements

a. IMO - International Bulk Chemical Code (IBC Code)

2. Constructional Rules of Biro Klasifikasi Indonesia

B. Fundamental Concepts and Definitions

An explosion is a process of combustion taking place at extremely high speed,

The following conditions have to be satisfied for an explosion to take place:

a. A potentially explosive atmosphere has to be present in the right concentration and

b. The potentially explosive atmosphere has to be ignited by an ignition source with

2. Characteristic values of materials

2.1 Flash point

2.2 Ignition temperature

2.3 Explosion limits (ignition limits)

too rich. non-explosion,

upper explosion point

Explosion limits (example of ethyl alcohol)

2.4 Minimum ignition energy

2.5 Ignition propagation ability

Explosion limits in air

Material vapour density CIl