04 NeutronInteraction

Interaction of Neutrons
with Matter
Vasily Arzhanov
Reactor Physics, KTH
Overview
Chain Reaction in a Nuclear Reactor

Classification of Neutron Interactions
Interaction Cross-Sections
Neutron Flux and Reaction Rates
Elastic Scattering: X(n,n)X or simply (n,n)
Inelastic Scattering: (n,n')
1/v and non-1/v absorbers
HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 2

Chain Reaction

n 2 MeV Scattering

H2O
235U
n 2 MeV
n
H2O
235U
E ~ 0.1 eV

400 KeV
Fission
238U 239Pu

Capture
HT 2008 Neutron Interactions Breeding 3
Fission Cross Section
10 4
235
3
U
10
10 2
(barns)
fission
10 1
10 0
capture
10 -1
10 -2 -3
10 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7
Energy (eV)
Physical Principles of
Nuclear Reactor
E Leakage
N2
2 MeV
N1
N2 Fast fission
Slowing down
k
n/fission
Energy
N1 Resonance abs.
2.5
Non-fissile abs. Non-fuel abs.
1 eV
Fission
200 MeV/fission
Leakage
Important
2.5 n/fiss
f 200 MeV/fiss
MeV = 1.602 10-13 J
Pthermal = Nfissions f MeV

[W] = [fiss/s] [MeV/fiss] [J/MeV]
Nfissions may be evaluated through n(r,E,t)
n(r,E,t)d3rdE = Number of neutrons in

d3r about r with energies in dE about E.
Conclusion
The behaviour of a nuclear reactor is governed by the distribution in
space
energy
time
of the neutrons in the system. The central problem is to predict this
distribution, or equivalently to derive an equation for the neutron
density, n(r,E,t) or more generally, n(r,E,,t).
The first step to this end is to study the neutron interaction with
matter.

Classification of Neutron
Interaction with Matter
Neutron Interaction
Scattering Absorption
Elastic Inelastic Fission Capture N. mult. (n,p)

(n,) (n,2n) (n,)
(n,3n)
...
Reactions (n,xn)
63
29 Cu+ 01 n 62
29 Cu+2 1
0n
63
29 Cu(n,2n) 62
29Cu
203
81 Tl+ 01 n 81
200
Tl+4 01 n
203 200
81 Tl(n,4n) 81 Tl

Reactions (n,p) (n,d) (n,)
p 14
7 N + 10 n 146C + 11 H 14C production in the atmosphere
d 31
15 P + 10 n 14
31
Si + 21 H
( B)
*
10
5
B+ n 1
0
11
5
73 Li + 42 He

or 10
5
B(n, ) 7 Li

Definition of Cross-Section
Each instance of interaction will be called collision.
Detector
Area of the beam, A cross section
Monoenergetic

beam of neutrons
#
[I ] = 2 Detector
cm s
Vol = AL
L Experiments:
Rcoll(Vol) = INVol
[ ] = cm 2
Macroscopic Cross Section
Collimated monoenergetic
neutron beam, n/(cm2sec) I0
Number of neutrons at distance x: I(x)

-dI(x)
x x+dx
It was observed in experiments that the dI ( x)

fraction of neutrons which suffer their = dx cm 1
first collision in dx around x is constant. I ( x)
Neutrons have no memory
Microscopic Cross Section
It was observed further in experiments =N
that this constant is proportional to the
density of the background medium. cm 2
Cross-sectional unit: 1 barn = 10-24 cm2
t
(total cross-section)
t

Example 1
12C target
0.5 cm2
A beam of 1-MeV neutrons of intensity 5108 n/(cm2s)
strikes a thin 12C target. The area of the target is 0.5 cm2 0.1 cm2
and is 0.05 cm thick. The beam has a cross-sectional
area of 0.1 cm2. At 1 MeV, the total cross-section of 12C
is 2.6 b and density is 1.6 g/cm3.
Question (a): At what rate do interactions take place in
the target?
Question (b): What is the probability that a neutron in
the beam will have a collision in the target?
0.05 cm
Rcoll(Vol) = INVol
Number density of
the target material
Solution 1
Rcoll (Vol) = I N Vol
NA 1.6 6.02 10 23
N= = 8 10 22
M 12
#
Rcoll ( Vol) = 2.6 10 24 5 10 5 8 10 22 0.1 0.05 = 5.2 10 5
s
Rcoll 5.2 10 5
Pr {neutroninteracts} = = = 1.04 10 2
I A 5 10 8 0.1

Neutron Attenuation
Number of neutrons survived
traveling distance x.
dI ( x) I ( x) I ( x)
= t I ( x) = I ( 0 ) e t x
Pr {Nocollision} = = e t x
dx I (0)
dI ( x) Number of neutrons that survived penetrating the

distance x and made their first collision within dx.
dI ( x)
= Probability of the first collision within dx = t dx
I ( x)
t = Probability of some interaction per unit path length

Probability of Uncollided Flight
Probability of uncollided 1
flight within distance x
F(x)
P(x) = et x
Probability of at least one
collision within distance x
t x P(x)
F(x) = 1 P(x) = 1 e
0 x

First Collision Probability
Independent events: P { A B} = P { A} P {B}
Let p(x)dx be the probability that a neutron will have its first collision in dx around x.
p ( x ) dx = Pr {( Survivesx ) ( Collidesindx )} =
= Pr {Survivesx} Pr {Collidesindx} = e t x t dx

First collision probability: p ( x ) = t e t x p ( x ) dx = 1
0

Mean Free Path
The mean free path, average distance traveled by a neutron in the medium is

1
mfp = = xp ( x ) dx = t xe t x dx =
0 0
t
For example, mean free path of 100-keV neutrons in liquid sodium is 11.6 cm.
t = 3.4 b; N = 2.541022; t = 0.0864 cm-1; = 1/t = 11.6 cm

Mean Time
Collision probability
1
per unit path length is t = t Mean free path
t
Collision probability 1
per unit time is
vt = t Mean time
vt
t 1
Alternatively = = t
v vt
Cross-Sections of Mixtures
Homogeneous mixture of 2 nuclide species, X and Y.
Probability per unit path length that a neutron collides with X is X = XNX
Probability per unit path length that a neutron collides with Y is Y = YNY
Total probability per unit path length that a neutron collides with either nuclides
= X N X + Y NY It generalizes to = i N i
i

Cross-Sections of Molecules
If there are N molecules XmYn per cm3 then N X = mN , NY = nN
X N X + Y NY
= = = m X + n Y (except elastic scattering)
N N
Elastic scattering in water
0.0253 eV 1 MeV
H 21 3
O 4 8
2s(H) + s(O) 46 14
s(H2O) 103 14

Elastic Scattering from Molecules
Feels only H
coll 0
Fast neutron
Ek Echem
s (H 2O) = 2 s (H) + s (O)
Slow (thermal) neutron Feels whole

molecule
coll 0
Ek Echem

Elastic Scattering in Water
s [barn]
Chemical binding is
150 important unimportant
100
50
2 s (H) + s (O)
0.01 0.1 1 10 E [eV]

Neutron Flux
I One-beam experiment: Rcoll ( Vol ) = I N Vol
I = vn Rcoll ( Vol )
Collision rate: Rt = t I = t vn
Vol
Except for crystals, the interaction of neutrons with nuclei is independent of the angle.
ID
Rt = t ( I A + I B + IC + I D ) = t v ( nA + nB + nC + nD )
n = nA + nB + nC + nD Rt = t vn
IA IC
vn Rx = x
IB n cm 2 s
Meaning of cm2 in Flux
I I = vn
#
vn 2
cm s

Physical Meaning of
Neutron Flux
(r ) vn(r ) = vni = i
i i
neutrons from
direction i
dN i
i = v
da r
dN dN is the number of neutrons

=v entering the sphere with a cross
da section da per unit time
unit area for direction i
Flux is the number of neutrons entering the sphere

with a unit cross section around point r per unit time
Another Interpretation
(r) = v n(r)
distance traveled number of neutrons

by 1 neutron per having velocity v in
unit time unit volume
Total distance (track length) traveled by all

neutrons in unit volume around r per unit time

Reaction Rate
Reaction rate, Rx = number of interaction
of kind x per unit volume in unit time
Probability per Distance per

unit path length unit time
Rx (r , t) = xvn(r , t) = x(r , t)
Probability Number of neutrons

per unit time in unit volume

Neutron Flux Units
vn Rx = x
# #
n(r , t) 3 (r , t) v n(r , t) 2
cm s cm
# #
n(r , E, t) 3 (r , E, t) v n(r , E, t)
cm J s cm2
J
# #
n(r , E, , t) 3 (r , E, , t) v n(r , E, , t)
cm J sr s cm2
J sr

Reactor Power

P(t) = f f (r , E)(r , E, t)dEd3r
V 0

P(t) = f f (r , E)vn(r , E, t)dEd3r
V 0
J 1 # J
P = 2
Jcm = = W
3
# cm scm J s

Example 2
A certain research reactor of a cubic shape has

a flux of 11013 n/cm2s and a side of 0.8 m.
If the fission cross-section, f, is 0.1 cm-1,
what is the power of the reactor?

Solution 2
P = f R f V = f f V
MeV J 1 #
( )
3
P = 200 1.6 10 13 0.1 1013 2
80cm = 16.4 MW
# MeV cm cm s
Typical NPP produces 1000 3000 MWth

Cross Section Hierarchy
Total cross section t
Scattering s Absorption a
Elastic e Inelastic i Fission f Capture n. mult.

p
2n
3n
...
Neutron Cross-Sections
s = e +i
a = + f + p + + 2n +
Often: a = + f
t = s +a

Compound Nucleus Formation
To explain nuclear reactions, Niels Bohr proposed in 1936 a two-stage model comprising
the formation of a relatively long-lived intermediate nucleus and its subsequent decay.
12C Energy levels

56
26 Fe + n (elastic scattering) 34
32
56
Fe + n
Fe + n ( Fe )
56 57 * 26 (inelastic scattering) 30
28
Fe +
26 26 56 26
26 (radiative capture) 24
22
Fe + 2n
Energy, MeV
56
26
(n,2n) reaction 20
18
16
14
12
10
8
Cross-sections of nuclear reactions exhibit maxima at certain 6
incident neutron energies. The maxima are called resonances. 4
2
0

Elastic Scattering
X(n,n)X
Regions:
Potential scattering e = 4 R2
Elastic scattering cross-section
as a function of Resonances
incident neutron energy, E
Smooth region

Elastic Scattering for 16O
Resonance
region
e = 4 R2
Potential scattering
~50 keV
0.01 eV 100 keV Smooth
region
Elastic Scattering for 238U
Density increases
~10 eV
1 eV 1 keV

Summary on Elastic Scattering
Elastic scattering cross-sections for light elements are
more or less independent of neutron energy up to 1 MeV.
For intermediate and heavy elements, the elastic cross-
section is constant at low energy and exhibit some
variation at higher energy.
We are usually more interested in light elements as far as
elastic scattering is concerned; so a good approximation
is, s = const, for all elements of interest.
Nearly all elements have scattering cross-sections in the
range 2 to 20 barns.
The important exception is water and heavy water.

41
Odd vs. Even Nuclides
Incident neutron data / ENDF/B-VII.0 / U238 / Resonances /

Resonances data Resolved parameters : 1.0E-5 < E < 20000.0
10000
T=300.0 K
1000
238U
Resonances (b)
100
10
1
Neutron Interactions
0,1
10 20 30 40 50
Incident Energy (eV)
Incident neutron data / ENDF/B-VII.0 / U235 / Resonances /
Resonances data Resolved parameters : 1.0E-5 < E < 2250.0
1000 T=300.0 K
500
235U
100
Resonances (b)
50
10
5
1
0,5
0,1
10 20 30 40 50
Incident Energy (eV)
E
0
(eV)
50
HT 2008
Summary for
Resonance Levels
For light nuclei resonance levels are scarce with
distance of about 100 keV or more. For heavy nuclei
distance between the levels is of the order of few eV
Density of levels increase with energy. Pronounced
effect of EVEN - UNEVEN nuclei. When neutrons
interact with nuclei with EVEN mass number
resonances are at larger distances than for UNEVEN
mass numbers

Inelastic Scattering
n
n
AX A+1X*
(1) Light (2) Heavy
1 MeV
50 KeV
Ground
Li, Be 238U
2-3 MeV 40 KeV

General Conclusion on In. Sc.
Inelastic scattering cross section is
relatively small for light nuclei.
Heavy nuclei cannot serve as good
moderators in thermal reactors.
Inelastic scattering may be significant:
Heterogeneous reactors
Highly enriched fuel
Fast reactors

Radiative Capture
1 1
Potential scattering
E v
The radiative capture cross-section as a
Resonances
function of the incident neutron energy
Smooth region
There are a few important nuclei that do not show exact 1/v behaviour.
They are called non-1/v absorbers.

Radiative Capture for 197Au
1/v region

Breit-Wigner Formula
Statistical factor
Neutron width
Wavelength of neutrons
with energy Er Radiation width
r2 g n
( E) =
4 ( E Er )2 + 2 4
Total width, = n +

Single-Level Resonance
Peak width at
half-maximum Breit-Wigner formula:
x,max Er
x ( E) =
max E Er
2
E
+1
2
max

2 s,max
s ( E) = 2
E Er
+1
2
Er E
Charged-Particles Reactions
En > 9 MeV
As a rule, the (n,p), (n,) are endothermic and do
not occur below some threshhold energy. Their 16
8 O ( n, p ) N
16
7

7 sec
8O +
16
cross-sections tend to be small, even above the
threshhold, especialy for heavier nuclei.
E > 67 MeV
However, there some important exothermic 10

5 B( n, ) 73 Li 1/v absorber
reactions in light nuclei:
6
3 Li ( n, ) 31 H 1/v absorber
Tritium production

Cross-Section of (n,) for 10B
Several orders
Several orders

Total Cross-Section
C
At low energy t = 4 R + 2
E
239Pu
Total
Fission
Capture
Elastic
Inelastic

Hydrogen and Deuterium
The nuclides, 1H and 2H, interact differently
No formation of compound nucleus.
No resonances.
No excited states.
No inelastic scattering.
s is constant up to 10 keV.
is 1/v up to 1 MeV.

Cross-Sections for 1H
Both total and elastic scattering
1/v region
0.1 eV 100 keV

Example 3
C ( E) E0 E0
( E) =
= ( E ) = ( E0 )

E ( E0 ) E E
At E = 0.253 eV, (1H) = 0.032 b. What is at 1 eV ?
0.253
( 1eV ) = 0.332 = 0.0528 b
1

Polyenergetic Neutrons
We define n(E) such that n(E)dE is the number of
neutrons per unit volume with energies in dE about E.
Polyenergetic neutron beam dI ( E ) = v( E)n( E)dE
Differential collision rate dRt ( E ) = t ( E ) v( E)n( E)dE

Total collision rate Rt = t ( E ) v( E)n( E)dE
0

Absorption collision rate Ra = a ( E ) v( E)n( E)dE
0

1/v Absorbers
a ( E ) v( E) = a ( E0 ) v0

Ra = a ( E ) v( E)n( E)dE = a ( E0 ) v0 n( E)dE = a ( E0 ) v0 n
0 0
For 1/v absorbers, the absorption rate is independent of the energy distribution.
Equivalently, the absorption rate is the same as that for a monoenergetic beam of
neutrons with arbitrary energy E0 and intensity v0n.
Standard practice: to specify 1/vX-sections at the single energy E0 = 0.0253 eV

corresponding to v0 = 2200 m/s.
The values of X-sections at 0.0253 eV are loosely referred to as thermal cross-sections.
The quantity v0n is called 2200 m/s flux and denoted as
Ra = a ( E0 ) 0
0 v0 n
Non-1/v Absorbers
There are a comparatively few important non-1/v absorbers.

Ra = a ( E ) v( E)n( E)dE It is dependent on the neutron energy distribution n(E).
0
Assuming Maxwellian distribution of n(E), C.H. Wescott computed Ra numerically.
Ra = ga (T ) a ( E0 ) 0
Non 1/v factor Equilibrium temperature

Non-1/v Factors
Cd In 135Xe 149Sm 233U 235U 238U 239Pu
T C ga ga ga ga ga gf ga gf ga ga gf
20 1.3203 1.0192 1.1581 1.6170 0.9983 1.0003 0.9780 0.9759 1.0017 1.0723 1.0487
100 1.5990 1.0350 1.2103 1.8874 0.9972 1.0011 0.9610 0.9581 1.0031 1.1611 1.1150
200 1.9631 1.0558 1.2360 2.0903 0.9973 1.0025 0.9457 0.9411 1.0049 1.3388 1.2528
400 2.5589 1.1011 1.1864 2.1854 1.0010 1.0068 0.9294 0.9208 1.0085 1.8905 1.6904
600 2.9031 1.1522 1.0914 2.0852 1.0072 1.0128 0.9229 0.9108 1.0122 2.5321 2.2037
800 3.0455 1.2123 0.9887 1.9246 1.0146 1.0201 0.9182 0.9036 1.0159 3.1006 2.6595
1000 3.0599 1.2915 0.8858 1.7568 1.0226 1.0284 0.9118 0.8956 1.0198 3.5353 3.0079
Ra = ga (T ) a ( E0 ) 0
A small indium foil is placed in a reactor where 2200 m/s flux is 51012 n/cm2s. The neutron
density can be represented by a Maxwellian distribution with a temperature of 600 C. At
what rate are neutrons absorbed per cm3 in the foil? NIn = 0.03831024 and a(E0) = 194 b.
Ra = 1.157.43 cm-151012 n/(cm2s) = 4.271013 abs/(cm3s)

Summary
Cross-Section Definition and Meaning
Mean Free Path, Mean Time
Flux Definition and its Meanings
Flux Attenuation

The END

Classification of Neutron
Sources
Radioisotope neutron sources (small, portable,
reliable, low-cost, no maintenance)
Fission source based on 252Cf (overwhelming favourite)
(,n) sources
(,n) sources
Nuclear reactors
Accelerator-based neutron sources
proton and deuterium bombardment
electron bombardment and photo-nuclear reactions
Spallation neutron sources

NEUTRON SOURCES
Neutron yield Neutron
Source Half-life Reaction (ns-1g-1) energy (MeV)
124Sb-Be
stibium-antimony
60.9 d (,n) 2.7109 0.024
140La-Be 40.2 h (,n) 107 2.0
210Po-Be 138 d (,n) 1.281010 4.3
241Am-Be 458 y (,n) 1.0 107 ~4
226Ra-Be 1620 y (,n) 1.3107 ~4
227Ac-Be 21.8 y (,n) 1.1109 ~4
239Pu-Be 24400 y (,n) 109 ~4
228Th-Be 1.91 y (,n) 1.7 1010 ~4
252Cf 2.65 y fission 2.31012 2.3
Californium Source
252 248
N e 0.88 E sinh ( 2E )
98 Cf 96 Cm
97%
Channel 1: 252
98 Cf (6 MeV)

Channel 2: 3% 252
98 Cf 3.8 n (185 MeV)
FP
FP
Fission and Spallation

Neutron Discovery
In 1930 W. Bothe and H. Becker in Germany:
light elements (Be, B, Li); unussually strong
penetrating radiation was produced.
In 1932 Irne Joliot-Curie and Frdric Joliot in Paris:
(unknown) radiation paraffin or any other hydrogen
containing compound it ejected protons of very high
energy.
Finally (later in 1932) the physicist James Chadwick in
England performed a series of experiments showing that
the gamma ray hypothesis was untenable.

NEUTRON DISCOVERY
Sir James Chadwick, 1932 (Nobel prize - 1935)
Aluminum sheets
Converter: H, Li, Be, B, N

Ionization
chamber Signal
Be target Neutrons from H2, Ne,
210Po N2, O2

9
4 Be ( ,n ) 126 Be
Elastic
scattering
Mme I. Curie and F. Joliot had an idea: 9

4 Be + 42 He 136 C +
Chadwick guessed:
9
4 Be + 42 He 126 C + 01 n +

Mass Evaluation
M - nucleus mass
n,m M m - neutron mass
v0 - neutron velocity before collision
v1 - neutron velocity after collision
v0 v1 V1
V1 - nucleus velocity after collision
m ( v0 + v1 ) = MV1
Applying collision laws 2m
Chadwick derived: 1 1
V1 = v0
2 MV1 = 2 m ( v0 + v1 ) M+m
2 2 2
V1 was determined for two types of recoil nuclei.

11 14
Masses of 5 B and 7 N were known, so through the reaction
11
5 B + 42 He 147 N + 01 n
Chadwick evaluated m = 1.2 mp . Current measurement: m = 1.0014 mp

Composition (udd)
Neutron Family Fermion
Gravity, Electromagnetic,
Interaction
Weak, Strong
u Antiparticle Antineutron
Discovered J. Chadwick
Electric charge 0 (qn < 410-20 e)
Magnetic mom. n = -1.04187564 10-3 B
Spin 1/2
n p + e + + 1.29MeV
d d Decay
t1 2 = 10.3min; = 14.9min
mn = 1.6749543 10-27 kg
= 1.008665012 u
Mass = 939.5731 MeV/c2
= 1.0014 mp = 1839 me

NEUTRON SOURCES:
Fission, Fusion, Spallation
Number of Heat
Nuclear Energy neutrons per deposition
Reaction (MeV) particle or event (MeV/n)
T (d,n) 0.2 810-5 n/d 2500
W (e,n) 35 1.710-2 n/e 2000
Be (d,n) 15 1.210-2 n/d 1200
Fission 235U (n,f) 2.2 2.5 n/fission 80
Fusion (T,d) ~1 1 n/fusion 17
Pb spallation ~ GeV 20 n/p 23
235U spallation ~ GeV 40 n/p 50
Photo Neutron Sources
2
1 H+ 11 H+ 01 n Q = 2.226 MeV
9
4 Be + 84 Be + 01 n Q = 1.666 MeV
All other target particles have much higher binding energy

Charged Particle Bombardment
These neutron sources are based on
electro static accelerators or cyclotrons.
Isotope Nucleus
7Li(p,n)7Be Hydrogen 1H 1H+ = p proton

3H(d,n)3He
2H(d,n)3He
3H(d,n)4He 2H+
Deuterium D = 2H = d deuteron
1H(t,n)3He
1H(7Li,n)7Be
Tritium T = 3H 3H+ = t triton

Nuclear Reactors:
HFL (High Flux Reactor in Grenoble)
1. Core. 2 Heavy water reflector. 3 Light water pool.

4 Cold source. 5 Hot source. 6 Horizontal channel.
7 Concrete shield. Thermal neutron spectrum of HFR

IBR-2 Reactor in Dubna (Russia)

IBR-2

Important
2.5 n/fiss
f 200 MeV/fiss
MeV = 1.602 10-13 J
Pthermal = Nfissions f MeV

[W] = [#fiss/s] [MeV/fiss] [J/MeV]
n(r,E,t)d3rdE = Number of neutrons in

d3r about r with energies in dE about E.

Pth ( t ) = f f ( r , E ) N F ( r ) vn ( r , E, t ) d 3 rdE
0V

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Interaction of Neutrons

Chain Reaction in a Nuclear Reactor

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 2

Pthermal = Nfissions f MeV

Nfissions may be evaluated through n(r,E,t)

n(r,E,t)d3rdE = Number of neutrons in

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 7

Elastic Inelastic Fission Capture N. mult. (n,p)

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 9

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 10

Area of the beam, A cross section

Number of neutrons at distance x: I(x)

It was observed in experiments that the dI ( x)

Cross-sectional unit: 1 barn = 10-24 cm2

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 13

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 15

dI ( x) Number of neutrons that survived penetrating the

t = Probability of some interaction per unit path length

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 16

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 17

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 18

t = 3.4 b; N = 2.541022; t = 0.0864 cm-1; = 1/t = 11.6 cm

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 19

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 21

Elastic scattering in water

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 22

Slow (thermal) neutron Feels whole

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 23

150 important unimportant

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 24

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 26

dN dN is the number of neutrons

Flux is the number of neutrons entering the sphere

distance traveled number of neutrons

Total distance (track length) traveled by all

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 28

Probability per Distance per

Probability Number of neutrons

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 29

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 30

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 31

A certain research reactor of a cubic shape has

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 32

Typical NPP produces 1000 3000 MWth

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 33

Elastic e Inelastic i Fission f Capture n. mult.

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 35

12C Energy levels

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 36

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 37

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 39

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 40

Incident neutron data / ENDF/B-VII.0 / U238 / Resonances /

HT 2008 Neutron Interactions 42

(1) Light (2) Heavy

2-3 MeV 40 KeV

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However, there some important exothermic 10

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