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Parinaud syndrome, also known as the dorsal midbrain syndrome, is a supranuclear vertical
gaze disturbance caused by compression of the tectal plate.
pupillary light-near dissociation (pupils respond to near stimuli, but not light)
convergence-retraction nystagmus
It's importance lies in that recognition of Parinaud syndrome localises pathology to impingement
of or origin in the tectal plate, most frequently due to a posterior commissure or pineal region
mass (typically solid tumours rather than pineal cysts).
Meningiomas are extra-axial tumours and represent the most common tumour of the meninges.
They are a non-glial neoplasm that originates from the meningocytes or arachnoid cap cells of
the meninges, and are located anywhere that meninges are found, and in some places where only
rest cells are presumed to be located. Although they usually easily diagnosed, and are typically
benign with a low rate of recurrence following surgery; there are a large number of histological
variants with variable imaging features and in some instances more aggressive biological
behaviour.
A broad division of meningiomas is into primary intradural (which may or may not have
secondary extradural extension) and primary extradural (rare) 18. They can also be classified
according to location (e.g. spinal, intraosseous, intraventricular etc.), by histological variants
(e.g. clear cell, rhabdoid etc.) and by aetiology (e.g. radiation induced etc.).
Typical meningiomas appear as dural based masses isointense to grey matter on both T1 and T2
weighted imaging, and demonstrate vivid contrast enhancement on both MRI and CT. Some of
the aforementioned variants can, however, vary dramatically in their imaging appearance.
meninges. Mereka adalah neoplasma non-glial yang berasal dari meningocytes atau
sel cap arachnoid dari meninges, dan terletak di mana saja yang meninges
ditemukan, dan di beberapa tempat di mana hanya beristirahat sel diduga berada.
Meskipun mereka biasanya mudah didiagnosis, dan biasanya jinak dengan tingkat
rendah kekambuhan setelah operasi; ada sejumlah besar varian histologis dengan
fitur imaging variabel dan dalam beberapa kasus perilaku biologis yang lebih
agresif.
Sebuah divisi luas meningioma adalah menjadi intradural primer (yang mungkin
atau mungkin tidak memiliki ekstensi ekstradural sekunder) dan ekstradural primer
(jarang) 18. Mereka juga dapat diklasifikasikan menurut lokasi (misalnya tulang
belakang, intraosseous, intraventrikuler dll), dengan varian histologis (misalnya sel
yang jelas, rhabdoid dll) dan dengan etiologi (misalnya radiasi induksi dll).