KL1134: Physics for Engineers

Introduction to
Thermodynamics
Dr. Iskandar Yahya
Iskandar.yahya@ukm.edu.my
DEPT OF ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONICS AND SYSTEMS
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

Physics For Engineers Fakulti Kejuruteraan dan Alam Bina

Lecture Outline

Introduction
Course Outline
Course Evaluation
Introduction to Thermodynamics
Heat and Thermal
Thermodynamic Systems
Thermodynamic Process
Ideal Gasses

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Introduction
Dr. Iskandar Yahya
Old Email: iskandar@eng.ukm.my
New Email: iskandar.yahya@ukm.edu.my
Room: Cabin, Room 25, ext: 7007
References:
Yunus A. engel, Thermodynamics and Heat
Transfer, McGraw-Hill.
University Physics
Any university level Physics textbook.

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Introduction
Notes
Power Point slides
Download from i-Folio
Print your own, bring to class
Preview and Review slide video Youtube
Before class
Help with revision
Communication
i-Folio Discussion, Direct msg, Email
Consultation by appointment
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Course Outline
Introduction to Thermodynamics (Week 8)
Heat
States of matter
Fluid properties: gas, steam

First Law of Thermodynamics (Week 9)

Work
Conservation of energy
Equivalence heat energy work
Internal energy, enthalpy
Closed and open systems

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Course Outline
Second law of Thermodynamics (Week 10)
Process reversibility
Carnot cycle and principles
Heat and refrigerator machines
Entropy

Main Thermodynamic Cycles (Week 11)

Otto
Diesel
Gas turbine cycle

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Course Outline
Heat Transfer (Week 12)
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Heat transfer devices

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Course Evaluation
Mark distribution
Quiz 5 - 20%
Assignment/tutorial 10 20 %
Project/PBL 20 %
Mid Semester Exam 15 - 25 %
Final Year Exam 40 60%
PBL
Group work
3 Assignments: 2 small, 1 big.
(WHAT? WHY SO MANY Assignments?! I know what you think. But believe
me, if you put all your heart into it, you will enjoy yourselves and most
importantly learn a lot!
Quiz
1 quiz to keep you on your toes!
Final exam: 27 marks (part A) and 2 Part B questions.
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Introduction to Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics: What does it mean?
Thermo: relating to heat
Dynamics: properties which stimulate growth, development, or
change within a system or process.

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics concerned with

heat and temperature and their relation to energy and
work

The change in thermal related energies and work of

systems

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Introduction to Thermodynamics
From hot matter we can sometimes extract power, i.e. mechanical
energy
The technique (steam engine) came first, theory after the
application.
Greek 1st century - Aeolipile. Porter-Allen high speed
engine
1862, used an advanced
valve gear

Thomas Newcomen
Atmospheric condensing
engines - f 1712

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Introduction to Thermodynamics
Locomotive
Engine for first non-track cars

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Introduction to Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science of:
heat exchanges
extraction of power from hot matter
phase changes in matter
and all applications

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Introduction to Thermodynamics
Power production: mechanical, electrical

with relevant phase changes

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Heat and Thermal Energy
What is thermal? What is Heat?

Thermal energy: Thermal energy is the energy a

substance or system has related to its temperature, i.e.,
the energy of moving or vibrating molecules

Heat: Heat is energy transferred between substances or

systems due to a temperature difference between them

Thermal energy heat.

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Heat and Thermal Energy
Thermal energy heat.

Heat is energy transferred between substances or

systems due to a temperature difference between
them. So it is correct to say that a system contains
thermal energy, but not that it "contains" heat, since heat
means energy that is transferred from one thing to
another Joules, BTU, Calorie.

Thermal energy is a form of energy Contained in a

system (joules) related to temperature Degrees
Celsius or Kelvin

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Heat and Thermal Energy
Heat as a form of energy transfer
Types of energy:
Macroscopic energy:
kinetic, potential, electrical, motion and position of large masses
Structural energy:
chemical, nuclear substances and atomic nuclei
Microscopic energy:
kinetic, rotational and potential (phase) energy of single atoms
and molecules

Heat is due to Microscopic Energy

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Heat and Thermal Energy
Heat is due to Microscopic Energy

Molecule translation
Centre of mass is at rest

Molecule rotation
No overall rotation

Molecule vibration
Single or collective

Intermolecular energy
Dominating in liquids or solids
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Heat and Thermal Energy
Heat is the sum of all this microscopic static energy

E Ekin Erot Evib E pot

where the sum extends to all molecules of a system

Heat is associated with temperature thermal energy

Thermal energy can be transferred between systems

As heat
Or transformed into mechanical energy

Details on the physics of heat = Thermodynamics

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Thermodynamic Systems
A Thermodynamic System: A quantity of matter or a region in
space chosen for study. We refer to it simply as System.
Surrounding: mass or region outside a system
Boundary: Real or imaginary surface that separates the
system and surrounding.

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Thermodynamic Systems
Types of system: Open and close systems.
Open system: An open system can exchange both matter and
energy with the surroundings.
Closed system: A closed system has a fixed amount of matter,
but it can exchange energy with the surroundings.

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Thermodynamic Systems
Quantitative characterization of a system: properties

Open system: An open system can exchange both

matter and energy with the surroundings.
Closed system: A closed system has a fixed amount of
matter, but it can exchange energy with the
surroundings.

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Thermodynamic Systems
Quantitative characterization of a system: properties

Type of substance properties

Mass, M [kg]
Volume , V [m3]
Pressure, p [N/m2] = [Pa] or [bar] = 105[Pa]
Density, [kg/m3]
Temperature, T [K]

Other less intuitive properties:

internal energy [J], enthalpy [J], entropy [J/K].

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Thermodynamic Systems
State of a system: all properties are defined all over the
system

Equilibrium: the values of the properties are the same all over
the system and do not change:
- no change in volume
- no change in temperature
- no change of phase
- no change in chemical composition
- minimal changes in pressure are disregarded

A state can exist out of equilibrium (chosen approximation!)

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Thermodynamic Systems
State postulate: the state of a simple compressible system is
completely defined by two size-independent properties
Usually two among P , , T
Engineers most often use enthalpy and entropy, typically for
steam plants (Mollier diagram).

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Thermodynamic Process
Process: a change in the state of the system

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Thermodynamic Process
Process: can be open or closed (cycle)

Thermodynamic cycles are of practical use

as thermo-mechanic machinery works by
cycles
Of course, fluids are used

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Thermodynamic Process
Process: what happens during the change?
Approximation: the system assumes
the state of each point on the line
between the initial and final points.
Quasi-static process

Truth: this is just an ideal case

- real processes are fast
- the system is not uniform during the real process
- ideal processes are more efficient
- but the approximation is good

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Thermodynamic Process
Process: how to achieve it?
- compression
- expansion
- heating (from outside or by combustion)
- cooling (from outside only)
Most often by two ways at the same time

The sequence affects the energy balance!

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Ideal Gasses
A substance with fixed chemical composition in all phases is
called pure substance
Water, CH4, CO2, O2, N2, are pure substances
Oil water mixture is not a pure substance (they do not mix)
Air is a pure substance as a gas but not as a liquid

Substances exist in three phases

- solid

- liquid

- gas (steam)

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Ideal Gasses
Ideal gases
- not too dense

- no chemical interactions

- far from condensation (esp. in temperature)

Simple relation between basic properties

Real gases
- molecules have their own volume
- molecules interact with walls and between them

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Ideal Gasses
Boyle Law: PV f (m, T )
For a given amount of gas at constant temperature the
product of pressure and volume is constant
Gay-Lussac Law: P T
For a given amount and volume of any gas, the pressure is
proportional to the absolute temperature

Absolute Zero:

0K 273.15C

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Ideal Gasses
Equation of state of ideal gases

PV mRT
The constant R depends on the gas, but Ru MR is a universal
constant. M is the molar mass, i.e. the mass of a mole of gas
(the mass in grams numerically equal to the molecular mass).

Well known format:

PV nRuT where is the number of moles and

Ru 8.314 [ J / mol / K ]

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Ideal Gasses
Other formats

PV nkT where n is the number of molecules and

k 1.38 10
23
[ J / K ] is the Boltzmann constant
P Ru
RT T where is the density
M (mass / unit volume)

This expression is used for open systems (like the

atmosphere)

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Ideal Gasses
Water states
- Liquid, too cold to boil
- Liquid, at boiling temperature
- Liquid vapour mixture
- Vapour, at boiling temperature
- Superheated vapour

Constant pressure!
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