FAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS (F.M.C.G.) 2.

1 INDUSTRY PROFILE

INTRODUCTION:

Products which have a quick turnover, and relatively low cost are known as Fast
Moving Consumer Goods (F.M.C.G.). F.M.C.G. products are those that get replaced
within a year. Examples of F.M.C.G. generally include a wide range of frequently
purchased consumer products such as toiletries, soap, cosmetics, tooth cleaning
products, shaving products and detergents, as well as other non-durables such
as glassware, bulbs, batteries, paper products, and plastic goods. F.M.C.G. may
also include pharmaceuticals, consumer electronics, packaged food products,
soft drinks, tissue paper, and chocolate bars. Indias F.M.C.G. sector is the fourth
largest sector in the economy and creates employment for more than three
million people in downstream activities. Its principal constituents are Household
Care, Personal Care and Food & Beverages. The total F.M.C.G. market is in excess
of Rs. 85,000 Crores. It is currently growing at double digit growth rate and is
expected to maintain a high growth rate. F.M.C.G. Industry is characterized by a
well established distribution network, low penetration levels, low operating cost,
lower per capita consumption and intense competition between the organized
and unorganized segments.

2.1.1 HISTORY OF F.M.C.G. IN INDIA:

In India, companies like ITC, H.U.L., Colgate, Cadbury and Nestle have been a
dominant force in the F.M.C.G. sector well supported by relatively less
competition and high entry barriers (import duty was high). These companies
were, therefore, able to charge a premium for their products. In this context, the
margins were also on the higher side. With the gradual opening up of the
economy over the last decade, F.M.C.G. companies have been forced to fight for
a market share. In the process, margins have been compromised.

FMCG Characteristics

Fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) or Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG)

are products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost. Examples include
non-durable goods such as soft drinks, toiletries, and grocery items.[1] Though
the absolute profit made on FMCG products is relatively small, they generally sell
in large quantities, so the cumulative profit on such products can be large.

The term FMCG refers to those retail goods that are generally replaced or fully
used up over a short period of days, weeks, or months, and within one year.This
contrasts with durable goods or major appliances such as kitchen appliances,
which are generally replaced over a period of several years.
FMCGs have a short shelf life, either as a result of high consumer demand or
because the product deteriorates rapidly. Some FMCGs such as meat, fruits and
vegetables, dairy products and baked goods are highly perishable. Other goods
such as alcohol, toiletries, pre-packaged foods, soft drinks and cleaning products
have high turnover rates.

The following are the main characteristics of FMCGs:[1]

From the consumers' perspective:

Frequent purchase

Low involvement (little or no effort to choose the item -- products with strong
brand loyalty are exceptions to this rule)

Low price

From the marketers' angle:

High volumes

Low contribution margins

Extensive distribution networks

High stock turnover

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Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) goods are all consumable items (other than
groceries/pulses) that one needs to buy at regular intervals. These are items which are used
daily, and so have a quick rate of consumption, and a high return. FMCG can broadly be
categorized into three segments which are:

1. Household items as soaps, detergents, household accessories, etc,

2. Personal care items as shampoos, toothpaste, shaving products, etc and finally

3. Food and Beverages as snacks, processed foods, tea, coffee, edible oils, soft drinks
etc.

Global leaders in the FMCG segment are Nestl, ITC, Hindustan Unilever Limited, Reckitt
Benckiser, Unilever, Procter & Gamble, Coca-Cola, Carlsberg, Kleenex, General Mills,
Pepsi, Gillette etc.