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ELECTRICAL POWER
SYSTEM
Distribution systems
To distribute the
electric power among
the consumer.
Below a certain
voltage
General distribution scheme
Requirements of good distribution systems
Continuity in the power supply must be ensured.
Voltage must not vary more than the prescribed limits.(5%).
Efficiency of line must be high as possible.
Safe from consumer point of view.
Layout should not effect the appearance of locality.
Line should not be overloaded.
Distribution system is further classified on the basis of
voltage
1.primary distribution systems
2.secondary distribution systems
Primary Distribution:-The part of the electrical-supply system
existing between the distribution substations and the distribution
transformers is called the primary system.
Secondary Distribution:-The secondary distribution system
receives power from the secondary side of distribution transformers
at low voltage and supplies power to various connected loads via
service lines.
Distribution
system
DC AC
Distribution Distribution
system system
D.C Distributors
Concentrated Distributed
loads loads
ab i2(l2-l1)r ab i2(l2-l1)r
bc i3(l3-l2)r bc i3(l3-l2)r
In practice , the resistance of go and return conductor per
unit length is assumed to be r=2r.
r1=2r1, r2=2r2, r3=2r3
The total drop in the distributor is
=r1i1l1+r2i2(l2-l1)+r3i3(l3-
l2)
Current loading and voltage drop diagram
2.Fed at both the
ends(Concentrated loads)
1.End at Equal voltages
A and B maintained at equal voltage
b be the point of minimum potential(the load point where
the current are coming from both the side of distributor is
the point of minimum potential.
y=I2-x
As both the point A and B are maintained at same voltage,
drop in section Aa must be equal to drop in section Bb.
i1r1+i2r2=i3r3+i4r4
(I1+x)r1+xr2=(I2-x)r3+(I2+I3-x)r4
All current known ,
x and voltage drop
can be calculated
Current loading and voltage drop diagram
2.Ends at Unequal voltages
A and B maintained at different voltage
b be the point of minimum potential.
Let x be supplied by point A while y be supplied by point B,
y=I2-x
Voltage drop between A and B = Voltage drop over AB
If voltage of A is V1 and is greater than voltage of B which is V2 then,
V1-V2=drop in all the section of AB
The same equation can be written as,
V1-drops over Ab= V2-drops over Bb
V1-i1r1-i2r2=V2-i3r3-i4r4
V1-(I1+x)r1-xr2=V2-(I2-x)r3-(I2+I3-x)r4
Here V1 and V2 are known ,obtain x
2
=( ) volts equation of parabola
2
2 1
=( )=ir = (il)(rl)
2 2 2
1
=
Upto B, x=l 2
Power loss=I2R,elementary length dx
At point C
= [ ]2
2 2 3
= 2 2 2 + 2 = 2 ( 2 + )
0 2 3
2 3
X=l =
3
2.Fed at both the ends (Uniformly
Distributed load)
1.End at Equal voltages
fed at point A and B are maintained at equal voltage
The total current to be supplied is il amperes.
As two end voltage are equal ,each end will supply half the required current i.e .
2
Midpoint distance l/2,point C at a distance x , current feeding is il/2 (A)
Current at C= 2 = 2
Voltage drop over length dx is,
=
2
Upto point C is,
2
= = = [ 2 ]
0 2 2 2 2
Maximum voltage drop at midpoint x=l/2
2 2 2 1
= ir = = =
4 8 8 8 8
drop of fed at one end
Power loss ,point c
= [ ]2
2
2
2
= + 2
0 4
2 3
=
12
2.Ends at Unequal voltages
Let point C be the point of minimum potential which at a distance x from feeding point A
The current supplied by the feeding point A is ix
The current supplied by the feeding point B is i(l-x)
V1-drops over AC= V2-drops over BC
2
In case of distributed load the drop is given by
2
for a length of l
2
=
2
( )2
=
2
2 ( )2
1 = 2
2 2
X?
Ring main distributor with
interconnection
Cable is arranged in the Loop fashion,fed at only one
point
Use for large area hence voltage drop across the various
section become larger(excessive voltage drop).
Solution:-distant point of ring distributor are joined
together by a conductor this is called interconnection.
Thevenins theorem
=
+
AC Distribution
Advantages of AC
Cheaper transformation between voltages
Easy to switch off
Less equipment needed
More economical in general
Rotating field
Methods of solving A.C Distribution
problem