Third Edition

CHAPTER MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf
Principle Stresses
Under a Given
Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler Loading
Texas Tech University

2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Third
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Principle Stresses Under a Given Loading

Introduction
Principle Stresses in a Beam
Sample Problem 8.1
Sample Problem 8.2
Design of a Transmission Shaft
Sample Problem 8.3
Stresses Under Combined Loadings
Sample Problem 8.5

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Introduction
In Chaps. 1 and 2, you learned how to determine the normal stress due
to centric loads
In Chap. 3, you analyzed the distribution of shearing stresses in a
circular member due to a twisting couple
In Chap. 4, you determined the normal stresses caused by bending
couples
In Chaps. 5 and 6, you evaluated the shearing stresses due to transverse
loads
In Chap. 7, you learned how the components of stress are transformed
by a rotation of the coordinate axes and how to determine the
principal planes, principal stresses, and maximum shearing stress
at a point.

In Chapter 8, you will learn how to determine the stress in a structural

member or machine element due to a combination of loads and
how to find the corresponding principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress

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Principle Stresses in a Beam

Prismatic beam subjected to transverse
loading
My Mc
x = m =
I I
VQ VQ
xy = m =
It It

Principal stresses determined from methods

of Chapter 7

Can the maximum normal stress within

the cross-section be larger than
Mc
m =
I

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Principle Stresses in a Beam

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Principle Stresses in a Beam

Cross-section shape results in large values of xy

near the surface where x is also large.

max may be greater than m

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Sample Problem 8.1

SOLUTION:
Determine shear and bending
moment in Section A-A

Calculate the normal stress at top

surface and at flange-web junction.

A 160-kN force is applied at the end Evaluate the shear stress at flange-
of a W200x52 rolled-steel beam. web junction.

Neglecting the effects of fillets and Calculate the principal stress at

of stress concentrations, determine flange-web junction
whether the normal stresses satisfy a
design specification that they be
equal to or less than 150 MPa at
section A-A.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 8.1

SOLUTION:
Determine shear and bending moment in
Section A-A
M A = (160 kN )(0.375 m ) = 60 kN - m
V A = 160 kN

Calculate the normal stress at top surface

and at flange-web junction.
MA 60 kN m
a = =
S 512 10 6 m3
= 117.2 MPa
y 90.4 mm
b = a b = (117.2 MPa )
c 103 mm
= 102.9 MPa

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS Beer Johnston DeWolf

Sample Problem 8.1

Evaluate shear stress at flange-web junction.
Q = (204 12.6 )96.7 = 248.6 103 mm3
= 248.6 10 6 m3

b =
(
V AQ (160 kN ) 248.6 10 6 m3 )
It
=
( )
52.7 10 6 m 4 (0.0079 m )
= 95.5 MPa

Calculate the principal stress at

flange-web junction

max = 12 b + (12 b )2 + b2
2
102.9 102.9
+ (95.5)
2
= +
2 2
= 169.9 MPa (> 150 MPa )

Design specification is not satisfied.

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Sample Problem 8.2

SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D.

Determine maximum shear and

The overhanging beam supports a
uniformly distributed load and a
concentrated load. Knowing that for
the grade of steel to used all = 24 ksi
and all = 14.5 ksi, select the wide-
flange beam which should be used.
bending moment from shear and
bending moment diagrams.
Calculate required section modulus
and select appropriate beam section.
Find maximum normal stress.
Find maximum shearing stress.

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Sample Problem 8.2

SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D.
M A = 0 RD = 59 kips
M D = 0 R A = 41kips

Determine maximum shear and bending

moment from shear and bending moment
diagrams.
M max = 239.4 kip in with V = 12.2 kips
V max = 43 kips

Calculate required section modulus

and select appropriate beam section.
M max 24 kip in
S min = = = 119.7 in 3
all 24 ksi
select W21 62 beam section

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Sample Problem 8.2

Find maximum shearing stress.
Assuming uniform shearing stress in web,
Vmax 43 kips
max = = = 5.12 ksi < 14.5 ksi
Aweb 8.40 in 2

Find maximum normal stress.

M max 60 kip in
a = = 2873 = 22.6 ksi
S 127in 3

y 9.88
b = a b = (22.6 ksi ) = 21.3 ksi
c 10.5
V 12.2 kips
b = = = 1.45 ksii
Aweb 8.40 in 2
2
21.3 ksi 21.3 ksi
max = + (1.45 ksi )
2
+
2 2
= 21.4 ksi < 24 ksi

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Design of a Transmission Shaft

If power is transferred to and from the
shaft by gears or sprocket wheels, the
shaft is subjected to transverse loading
as well as shear loading.

Normal stresses due to transverse loads

may be large and should be included in
determination of maximum shearing
stress.

Shearing stresses due to transverse

loads are usually small and
contribution to maximum shear stress
may be neglected.

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Design of a Transmission Shaft

At any section,
Mc
m = where M 2 = M y2 + M z2
I
Tc
m =
J

Maximum shearing stress,

2 2 2

max = m + ( m )2 =
Mc Tc
+
2 2I J
for a circular or annular cross - section, 2 I = J
c
max = M2 +T2
J

Shaft section requirement,

M 2 + T 2
J max
=
min
c all

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Sample Problem 8.3

SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and
corresponding tangential forces.

Find reactions at A and B.

Identify critical shaft section from

torque and bending moment diagrams.
Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and
Calculate minimum allowable shaft
transmits 30 kW from the motor to
diameter.
gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at
gear G and 10 kW at gear H. Knowing
that all = 50 MPa, determine the
smallest permissible diameter for the
shaft.

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Sample Problem 8.3

SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and corresponding
tangential forces.
P 30 kW
TE = = = 597 N m
2f 2 (80 Hz )
T 597 N m
FE = E = = 3.73 kN
rE 0.16 m
20 kW
TC = = 398 N m FC = 6.63 kN
2 (80 Hz )
10 kW
TD = = 199 N m FD = 2.49 kN
2 (80 Hz )
Find reactions at A and B.
Ay = 0.932 kN Az = 6.22 kN
B y = 2.80 kN Bz = 2.90 kN

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Sample Problem 8.3

Identify critical shaft section from torque and
bending moment diagrams.
M 2 + T 2
max
= (11602 + 3732 )+ 5972
= 1357 N m

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Sample Problem 8.3

Calculate minimum allowable shaft diameter.
J M 2 + T 2 1357 N m
= = = 27.14 106 m3
c all 50 MPa
For a solid circular shaft,
J 3
= c = 27.14 10 6 m3
c 2
c = 0.02585 m = 25.85 m

d = 2c = 51.7 mm

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Stresses Under Combined Loadings

Wish to determine stresses in slender
structural members subjected to
arbitrary loadings.

Pass section through points of interest.

Determine force-couple system at
centroid of section required to maintain
equilibrium.

System of internal forces consist of

three force components and three
couple vectors.

Determine stress distribution by

applying the superposition principle.

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Stresses Under Combined Loadings

Axial force and in-plane couple vectors
contribute to normal stress distribution
in the section.

Shear force components and twisting

couple contribute to shearing stress
distribution in the section.

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Stresses Under Combined Loadings

Normal and shearing stresses are used to
determine principal stresses, maximum
shearing stress and orientation of principal
planes.

Analysis is valid only to extent that

conditions of applicability of superposition
principle and Saint-Venants principle are
met.

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Sample Problem 8.5

SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section
EFG.

Evaluate normal stress at H.

Evaluate shearing stress at H.

Calculate principal stresses and

maximum shearing stress.
Three forces are applied to a short
Determine principal planes.
steel post as shown. Determine the
principle stresses, principal planes and
maximum shearing stress at point H.

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Sample Problem 8.5

SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section EFG.
Vx = 30 kN P = 50 kN Vz = 75 kN
M x = (50 kN )(0.130 m ) (75 kN )(0.200 m )
= 8.5 kN m
M y = 0 M z = (30 kN )(0.100 m ) = 3 kN m

Note: Section properties,

A = (0.040 m )(0.140 m ) = 5.6 103 m 2
1 (0.040 m )(0.140 m )3 = 9.15 10 6 m 4
I x = 12
1 (0.140 m )(0.040 m )3 = 0.747 10 6 m 4
I z = 12

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Sample Problem 8.5

Evaluate normal stress at H.
P Mz a Mx b
y =+ +
A Iz Ix

=
50 kN
+
(3 kN m )(0.020 m )
5.6 10-3 m 2 0.747 106 m 4

(8.5 kN m )(0.025 m )
9.15 106 m 4
= (8.93 + 80.3 23.2 ) MPa = 66.0 MPa

Evaluate shearing stress at H.

Q = A1 y1 = [(0.040 m )(0.045 m )](0.0475 m )

= 85.5 106 m3

yz =
Vz Q ( (
75 kN ) 85.5 106 m3 )
I xt
=
( )
9.15 106 m 4 (0.040 m )
= 17.52 MPa
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Sample Problem 8.5

Calculate principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress.
Determine principal planes.

max = R = 33.02 + 17.522 = 37.4 MPa

max = OC + R = 33.0 + 37.4 = 70.4 MPa
min = OC R = 33.0 37.4 = 7.4 MPa
CY 17.52
tan 2 p = = 2 p = 27.96
CD 33.0
p = 13.98

max = 37.4 MPa

max = 70.4 MPa
min = 7.4 MPa
p = 13.98

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