GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 1

Gentrification: Effects on the Residents of Echo Park

Gabriela Hernandez

Senior Research Seminar

Mr. Tempinski

March 11, 2016

Abstract
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 2

This research project examined how gentrification had an effect on the residents of Echo Park.

Previous research stated that gentrification has economic, societal, and public health

repercussions for poor communities of color. The method used in the study was both qualitative

and quantitative and the interviewees were residents from Echo Park in Los Angeles. The data

shows that gentrification has an effect on the residents who have a low-income since they can not

afford paying high rent costs. The implications that my data has is that gentrification in

neighborhoods has an affect on the residents either for good or bad.

Gentrification: The Effects on the Residents of Echo Park

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 3

Gentrification is the purchasing and renovation of houses and stores in deteriorated

urban neighborhoods; it helps improve the property value but this often causes the displacement

of low- income families and small businesses. Gentrification has been occurring since the

1960s, and so on, in all parts of the world. Gentrification is a controversial topic due to the

unequal effect that it has on the residents which experts do not take in consideration. The purpose

of the study is to find out the effects that gentrification plays on the residents of Echo Park. As

well, as making sure that the residents know who is responsible for of all the changes occurring

in the neighborhood. In order to find the effects I spoke with residents of the area to see how

gentrification has affected them. As well, as doing research.

Regarding the article of (Lopez, 2015), on gentrification, it appears that the

Sanchez family who have been living in Echo Park for 31 years are being affected by

gentrification. One day the landowner of the property where the Sanchez family live decided to

sell the property without letting the Sanchez family know of what was going on. The Sanchez

family found out that the property of where they live had been sold when one day they found a

letter stick to the door saying that the property had been sold and that they only had few days to

evacuate. The Sanchez family was stressing out because they only get pay the minimum and they

did not have a place to go. The problem was that the cost of rent in Echo Park has risen and they

were not going to be able to afford living in Echo Park any longer. The Sanchez were forced to

leave the neighborhood.

The article, of ( Kelly,2016), talks about Echo Park loosing its Latino roots due to

gentrification. Residents that have been living in the neighborhood for so long are complaining

that Echo Park is turning into a hipster area. The article also talks about how many new
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 4

American stores are taking over the Latino stores. Residents say that the heritage of Echo Park is

changing because of Gentrification. Many residents that had live in Echo Park for so many years

had no choice but to live the neighborhood due to the rise of the rent cost.

This article by (Gerber, 2014), talks about the good that gentrification brings to the

neighborhood of Echo Park. Due to gentrification the gang members of Echo Park are

disappearing due to the addition of coffee shops as well as of boutiques. Gang members can not

keep up with the rent cost, so they have no other choice but to leave. This article talks about

gentrification being good because it does not only makes the neighborhood look better, but it

also builds a safer community. Residents say that with no gang members they feel safe to go out

for walk without having to walk with fear or thinking that a gang member could do something to

them.

The article by (Gold, 2008), indicates, that the members who form the Greater Echo Park

Elysian Neighborhood Council started accusing one another about racism, and cultural

insensitivity. The article also implies the dispute over gentrification. This council was created

nine years ago and it was meant for helping the people of the community of Echo Park as well as

for improving the community. The disagreement between the councils started because they are

not all agreeing to the ideas that each of them have. Some members of the community only care

about improving how Echo Park looks. Whereas, the other members of the council care about the

effect that their ideas could bring to low-income families.

In this article by (Simpson, 2015), points out the pros and cons about gentrification. This

article suggest why gentrification is good as well as of why gentrification is bad for the

communities. The points are that gentrification improves the economy since gentrification makes

the neighborhood look nice then the rent costs increase. It talks about gentrification being unjust
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 5

since the residents that are affected are the low-income families. This article also mentions of

how gentrification is good because it helps create a safer neighborhood. The article also implies

that gentrification is good because it brings change. The article also talks about gentrification

making the neighborhood loose its culture.

The study that was conducted relates to the present study by describing the term

gentrification . As well, as explaining on how families have been affected. The study also relates

to the description of how the community of Echo Park has changed by talking about the change

the community has had throughout the years. Surveying and interviewing residents from the area

of Echo Park also makes the present study relatable to previous studies.

My research question is important and relevant because it is something that has been

going on for years.The effect that gentrification has on residents is not look as a priority as it

should be. Also because it has been happening in many different areas and not just in Echo Park.

In addition, many people are affected by gentrification.

Methodology

Participants

The participants who participated in my study were both low-income hispanic as well as

middle-class hispanics and asians that I once knew and know that live within the community of

Echo Park. Over all, they were twelve people in total who I surveyed and interviewed. In total, I

interviewed four people and surveyed eight. The reasons for this was because only four out of

twelve people had the time to be able to meet up and have a live interview whereas, the rest of

the participants had to be surveyed, The participants were also around the ages of seventeen,
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 6

eighteen and early forties. The participants were mostly hispanics. What I did to encourage

everyone to be part of my research was asking them politely if they could take a bit of their time

to be part of the research that I was working on for my senior project, which is based on

gentrification in Echo Park. To add on, with the help of Census Bureau Area Manager, Al

Fontenot, The Eastsider focused on the census tract in Echo Park that did not have any boundary

changes between the 2000 and 2010 censu. Yet during the decade, the central neighborhood,

which runs from Sunset Boulevard on the South to Avalon Street on the north, happened to grew

less populated with the population decreasing by about 15% to about an estimate of 3,500

people. Though Latinos remained the majority, the population decrease from nearly 70% to

below 60%. Meanwhile, the white population grew about 13% in the year of 2000 to about 23%

in the last five years in 2011. And the Asian population stayed in about 13%.

Materials

The materials that were used in my study were paper and pencil to write down the

answers of the people that I interviewed in person, and my phone to get the answers of the

people that I surveyed.

Procedure

The process of conducting surveys and interviews by using qualitative and quantitative

research were chosen because it was a great way in which the opinion of the residents of Echo

Park could be seen. What was difficult about this project was being able to manage school work
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 7

while also being able to research about my topic. As well as, by puting time management into

practice by making time in order to have live interviews with some of the residents from the area

of Echo Park.

The first week, I started making the questions that I was going to use to interview and

survey the residents. At that point what I was basically doing was brainstorming. I was also

debating about who I wanted the participants to be. In addition, I was also determining which

methods I was going to use in order to ask my questions which were either by phone, text

message or in person.

The second week, I contacted a person that I know who works in El Centro del Pueblo,

which is in the area of Echo Park. He works once in awhile as a staff by getting involved with the

community and working with students who live in the area and who come from low-income

households. The reason of why I contacted him was in regard of me asking him if he could be

my mentor. Gladly, he said yes, that he would help me throughout my project. Another reason of

why I decided to have him as my mentor was because he has knowledge on what gentrification is

and what it has done to the community of Echo Park. He has also witnessed the changes that

have occur throughout the years.

The third week, I was getting in contact with one of the interviewers that I interviewed.

She was a friend of mine that I have known since third grade. Yet due to school it is hard to be

able to communicate with one another at times. Once, I was finally to get a reach of her I asked

her if she could be part of my interview and she said yes. After that we schedule a day in where

we both were free in order for me to conduct the interview.

By the fourth week, I was figuring out on how I could of made my survey questions

better. I was also finding ways in which I could have conducted my interviews. Another thing
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 8

that I was doing was making sure that I went step-by-step in project. In order to have what I

needed to be done actually done. By this time, I was actually initiating my project and doing

research.

During the fifth week, I had started doing more research in regard to my topic about

gentrification. I also started analyzing the information that I had and started to see ways in how

gentrification could of benefit everyone in the community. Another thing that I started to do was

finding pictures on how Echo Park look years ago and of how it looks like in present day in order

to use in my presentation. I was continuing to do progress by this time.

By the sixth week, I had started to revise my questions, with the feedback that I had

gotten from Mr. Tempinski. Another thing that I was doing was making sure that my questions

were asked in order. I had also gotten into contact with the people that I asked if I could

surveyed. I had also started to plan out what I was going to do after I had the responses of the

people that I had surveyed. The questions were as follows:

Interview/Survey Questions

1. What does the term gentrification mean to you?

2. Have you seen an impact on Echo Park due to gentrification? If so how?
3. What impact do you think gentrification has had on corporations?
4. What are some points that you do not find suitable about gentrification?
5. Are you satisfied with the changes that have occurred during the past two weeks?
6. If it was in your hands in what ways would you improve gentrification in Echo

Park?
7. In your point of view does gentrification help a community prosper?
8. In your community are you aware of who takes action relating to gentrification?
9. In lieve gentrification affects the low-class?
10. How has gentrification impacted you?

The seventh week, I had started to analyze the surveys that I had gotten back. At this

point I was also waiting on some of the people that I surveyed to give me back their responses.
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 9

With the answers that I had I started to create my data. And once I have everyone's data I will

improvise the data that I have already.

During the eighth week, I started analyzing the new information that I had . Then I started

working with the information that I had gather. I also started putting it in the order that it had to

be in. At this point I had also started to revise some of my work that had been given back to me

with feedback.

On the ninth week, I started revising my methodology. Then, I started analyzing the

change that had occurred throughout the years. At this point, I was also revising the rest of my

rough drafts. And just getting everything in order. As well, as making sure that I had everything

done and finishing what still had to be done.

Results

The surveys and interviews were used to see what the residents of Echo Park think about

their community being gentrified. As well, as knowing how they have been affected by

gentrification. As well, as seeing where their understanding towards gentrification is. Also by

seeing if the residents are against or for gentrification and of what they think the pros and cons of

gentrification are. And of me being able to analyze their responses and seeing in what ways

gentrification has impacted their lives either for good or bad. Over all, every single question that

was asked to the residents who took part in my research were important because it is important to

know how individuals feel about their community being gentrified.

Table 1 Interviews

Tiffany, Hispanic, 18 years old, middle-class 1. Gentrification is the process of

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 10

rebuilding
2. No glady my family and I have

not been affected by gentrification in

my community
3. The impact that I belief

gentrification has had on corporations

is people either losing their businesses

or having to relocate somewhere else

4. Um well points that I do not

find suitable about gentrification is

people losing special memories and

the things they own in their

neighborhood due to living cost being

to high for them

5. Yes I feel satisfied with the

changes that have occurred within the

last two
6. years I feel as if my

neighborhood has become more safer

as well as being able to have healthy

stores near me like Lassens

7. It was in my hands I would

improve gentrification by offering

different methods in were both low-

income and middle class families

could be able to afford living in the

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 11

same community
8. It varies because it might even

cause problems between people or it

could bring them closer

9. I actually have no idea of who

takes action in relation to

gentrification in my community
10. People who have money or

influences can be benefited by

gentrification and not affected, but

low-income families have no other

option than to accept their conditions

and move out

11. I feel gentrification has

impacted me by being able to live in

an area has been modified to look

better as in better conditions

Jack, Hispanic, 17 years old. low-income 1. It is a trend where big

businesses take over low-income

families
2. I have not really seen a drastic

impact happening
3. It includes more money and

opportunities
4. It is either removing or

relocating low-income families

5. I am satisfied that my family
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 12

and I are able to stay where we are

6. I would ensure that it does not

involve low-income families or small

businesses
7. I surrounds a community with

income for any improvements

8. I honestly do not know
9. It takes away their homes and

customers
10. It has not impacted me, good

thing, I but I sympathize those who

have been

Teddy, Hispanic, 40, middle-class 1. When a community gets

modified look better

2. Yes it has changed a lot from

when I was growing up in that area

3. Not much corporations are still

being manage through a book of rules

4. I am not sure
5. I am not satisfied
6. I would improve gentrification

by lowering the cost of living

7. I believe it does help a

community prosper but at the same

time I believe it does not

8. In a way I feel I am
9. It closes a lot of doors to low-

income families
10. He way that it has impacted

me is by restaurants that I use to go

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 13

with my family have shut down

John, Hispanic, 17, low-income 1. The renewing of deteriorated

areas
2. Yes it has become more of a

hipster area when before the

community use to consist mostly of

hispanics
3. Well due to gentrification some

businesses have had to close down

4. Some points that I do not find

suitable are the prices of living go up

really high when the apartments arent

big
5. I am satisfied with being able

to live in an area that is more clean,

attractive, and healthier shopping

stores like Lassen's which is across the

street
6. I would try making the living

cost no to high
7. I think gentrification makes a

community more beautiful but it

definitely does not help low-income

people prosper
8. No I am not sure
9. Gentrification affects the low

class because living prices increase

10. Gentrification has impacted me
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 14

in the sense that my rent has increased

Table 2 Surveys

Question 1 8 participants knew what the term

gentrification means

Question 2 5 participants said they had seen a good

impact on Echo Park due to gentrification

3 participants said they had not seen an impact

Question 3 7 participants said that due to gentrification

small businesses have been affected

1 participant said that due to gentrification

better corporation have been added in the

neighborhood

Question 4 8 participants said low-income families

having to relocate somewhere else

Question 5 4 participants said that they were satisfied

with the changes that had occurred

4 participants said that they were not fully

satisfied

Question 6 6 participants said lowering rent prices

1 participant said adding more healthy grocery

stores
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 15

1 participant said adding better schools near

the area

Question 7 4 participants said yes gentrification makes a

community prosper

4 participants said no gentrification does not

make a community prosper

Question 8 8 participants said they were not aware of who

takes action relating to gentrification in their

community

Question 9 8 participants said families having to move

out of the area

Question 10 6 participants said gentrification has not

impacted them
1 participant said some of his close friends
had to move due to gentrification
1 participant said gentrification had impacted
her family's rent

For question number 1 about 95% of the residents that were either interview are surveyed

said that Gentrification is the processes of rebuilding/modifying. For question number 6 about

a 98% of the residents said that If gentrification was in my hands I would lower the rent

prices. For question number 8 about 99% of the residents said I do not know who is in charge

of the changes in my community due to gentrification. And approximately a 94% of the

residents said that gentrification affects small businesses as well as low-income families.

Discussions and Conclusions

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 16

The purpose of my research was to show the effect that gentrification has on the

Residents of Echo Park. As well as bringing awareness to the ones who are not being affected by

gentrification or who do not consider gentrification important as it should be. My research also

shows the pros and cons in regard to gentrification.

This results suggest that gentrification is an important topic to pay attention to since it has

proceed throughout the years and has been majorly affecting residents from different

neighborhoods and not just Echo Park. After interviewing and surveying some of the residents of

the Echo Park community, the results show the impact that gentrification has had on them.

To begin, almost all of the residents that were part of my research do not know who takes

action upon the changes in their community. Many of the responses that I got back regarding

this question were, eight participants, I honestly do not know. Some of the participants said

that restaurants were they used to go with their family got shut down. John said, Places where I

and my family used to go eat had to shut down due to gentrification, and rent prices have gone

up. Low-income families have to relocate because rent prices increase. Even though some of the

participants said they had not been affected by gentrification economically some of their family

traditions have.

. Overall, due to the results that were found in the interview and surveys that were held it

was shown that gentrification has a positive and negative effect on the residents as seen from the

results that were shown in the tables. The positive effect that gentrification has on the residents is

that they feel glad that their community looks nice, clean and most importantly safer as you can
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 17

see in the tables in the result section. The residents also feel glad that more and more people each

time are attractive to visit their community due to the Echo Park being renewed, which is also

shown in the previous pages. On the other side, the negative effect that gentrification has on the

residents is that some families and businesses are being relocated due to the prices on rent

increasing due to gentrification.

Reflections

As a researcher, I feel like if I did everything that was on my hands to try to find an

answer to my research question. From interviewing and surveying residents from Echo Park, and

I was able to have a special connection with the residents, as I was able to see the expressions

they had while answering the questions. It felt great to see how the residents appreciate and are

grateful gentrification has not affected their families to the point where they had to move to a

different area. There were also unfortunate residents that actually had to move to another area

due to gentrification, which was upsetting to me.

Even though I feel satisfied with the results of my project, yet I feel that If I would have

surveyed random people, my project would of had been more successful. More interviews would

have given me more data to work with and answered my question more thoroughly. This was

one of the limitations that I had regarding my research project were the number of people that I

had survey and interview since I was only able to survey and interview the residents who I know

live within the area of Echo Park as well as people who I know lived in the area but now do not
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 18

due to different circumstances of having to move but who still go back once in a while to the

community of Echo Park to visit family members who live there.

Regarding my time management over all, I did not use the time that I was given wisely. I

felt as if I started working more on my project when I realised I only had 6 months left before my

project was actually completed. As a result, I rushed my research in order to have everything

done on time. In the end, I did have all of my work done, and I was able to complete it all

accurate and specific.

Suggestions I would give to future researchers would be to make out a plan first of what

they would like to specifically know about as well as being able to manage their time wisely and

not procrastinate. Another suggestion in regard to this topic would be having a larger group to

survey in order to have more opinions from the residents in regard to how gentrification has

affected them. What I was able to achieve from my project was able to know how people feel

about gentrification taking over their communities. As well, as being able to analyze that

gentrification can actually be a good thing when it comes to improvising an area for good and

opening more opportunities to the residents.

In addition, I believe that my research question requires years and more work to be done

in order to be able to answer it thoroughly and be able to have the right solution to fix the

problem. So far what I can do is see and analyze how the community feels regarding

gentrification. As well as seeing the impact that gentrification has on the community. And how it

affects the people living within that community.

GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 19

References

Administrator, Esperanza. ( June 27, 2008) Gentrification divides Echo Park community in Los
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 20

Angeles. Esperanza Community Housing. Retrieved from:

http://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-outthere27-2008jun27-story.html#page=1

Gerber, Marisa. ( February 3,2014) With gentrification Echo Park gang members move outside

their turf. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from:

http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/03/local/la-me-echo-park-gang-20140126

Kelly.( December 7th, 2010) Echo Park reacts to LA Times hipster hysteria. Echo Park Now.

Retrieved from: http://www.echoparknow.com/

Lopez, Steve.( March 14, 2015) After 31 years in Echo Park, victims of displacement by

gentrification. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved from:

http://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-0315-lopez-echo-20150313-

column.html#page=1

Simpson, Isaac.( January 29,2015) Is Gentrification Ruining Los Angeles Or Saving It? Pick A

Side. La Weekly. Retrieved from:

http://www.laweekly.com/news/is-gentrification-ruining-los-angeles-or-saving-it-pick-a-

side-5342416
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 21

Rubric rating submitted on: June 5, 2016 at 8:51:19 AM PDT by

jason.tempinski@larchmontcharter.org
Expert Proficient Apprentice Novice
4 3 2 1

Introduction Clearly identifies Limited discussion Minimal discussion Little or no

[Abstract, and discusses of research focus of research focus discussion of
introduction, research focus and and question. and question. research focus and
literature review, question. Research Research focus is Research focus is question.
reasoning for focus is clearly less well-grounded not well-grounded Research focus not
research, and grounded in in previous research. in previous research. grounded in
research question] previous research. Significance of the Significance of the previous research.
Expert4 Significance of the research is not as research is not Significance of the
research question is clearly identified clearly identified research is not
clearly identified (how it adds to (how it adds to identified (how it
(how it adds to previous research). previous research). adds to previous
previous research). Hypotheses/predicti Hypotheses/predicti research).
Hypotheses or ons are described ons are not well Hypotheses/predicti
predicted outcomes but not as well articulated. ons are poorly
are clearly articulated. articulated or are
articulated. absent.

Methodology Provides accurate, Description of how Description of how Description of how

Expert4 thorough description the data was the data was the data was
of how the data was collected, what/how collected, what/how collected, what/how
collected, what/how many data sources many data sources many data sources
many data sources were analyzed, plan were analyzed, plan were analyzed, plan
were analyzed, plan of analysis or of analysis or of analysis or
of collection and measurement measurement measurement
analysis (qualitative instrument, research instrument, research instrument, research
or quantitative), context is adequate context is somewhat context is very
research context. but limited. confusing/not confusing/not
Clearly and Research context clearly articulated. articulated
accurately describes and Research context sufficiently.
research context and subject(s)/populatio and Research context
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 22

subject(s)/populatio n description is subject(s)/populatio and

n. Reflections on adequate but n is not clearly subject(s)/populatio
positionality/reflexi limited. Reflections articulated. n is severely limited
vity and how it may on social Reflection on social or absent.
influence data positionality/reflexi positionality/reflexi Reflection on social
collection and vity and how it may vity and how it may positionality/reflexi
results. influence data influence data vity and how it may
Interpretation is collection and collection and influence data
thorough and interpretation is interpretation is collection and
insightful. adequate but limited and lacks interpretation is
limited. insight. severely limited,
lacks insight, or is
absent.

Results [Data Results are clearly Results are Results are not very Results are not
Synthesis, explained in a explained but not as clearly explained, clearly explained,
Descriptions, and comprehensive level clearly, level of level of detail is level of detail is
Analysis] of detail and are detail is not as insufficient, and severely
Expert4 well-organized. sufficient, and there there are more insufficient, and
Tables/figures are some organizational there are serious
clearly and organizational issues. organizational
concisely convey issues. Tables/figures are issues.
and describe the Tables/figures are not clear/concise in Tables/figures are
data. Statistical not as clear/concise conveying and not clear/concise in
analyses (if used) in conveying and describing the data. conveying and
are appropriate and describing the data. Statistical analyses describing the data.
are accurately Statistical analyses (if used) are Statistical analyses
interpreted. (if used) are inappropriate tests (if used) are
appropriate tests but and/or are not inappropriate tests
are not accurately accurately and/or are not
interpreted. interpreted. accurately
interpreted.

Conclusions Interpretations/analy Interpretations/analy Interpretations/analy Interpretations/analy

[Conclusion, sis of results are sis of results are sis of results lacking sis of results
Research thoughtful and sufficient but in thoughtfulness severely lacking in
Reflections] insightful, are somewhat lacking in and insight, are not thoughtful ness and
Proficient3 clearly informed by thoughtfulness and clearly informed by insight, are not
the studys results, insight, are not as the studys results, informed by the
and thoroughly clearly informed by and do not studys results, and
address how they the studys results, adequately address do not address how
supported, refuted, and do not as how they supported, they supported,
and/or informed the thoroughly address refuted, and/or refuted, and/or
hypotheses/predicte how they supported, informed the informed the
d outcomes. refuted, and/or hypotheses/predicte hypotheses/predictio
Insightful discussion informed the d outcome. ns.
of how the study hypotheses/predicte Discussion of how Discussion of how
relates to and/or d outcome. the study relates to the study relates to
GENTRIFICATION AND ECHO PARK 23

enhances the present Discussion of how and/or enhances the and/or enhances the
scholarship in this the study relates to present scholarship present scholarship
area. Suggestions and/or enhances the in this area is in this area is
for further research present scholarship limited. severely limited
in this area are in this area is Suggestions for and/or absent
insightful and adequate. further research in altogether.
thoughtful. Self- Suggestions for this area are very Suggestions for
Reflections are further research in limited. further research in
thorough and this area are Self-reflections are this area are
meaningful. adequate. Self- very limited. severely limited
reflections are and/or absent.
adequate. Self-reflections are
severely limited
and/or absent.

Documentation of Cites all data Cites most data Cites some data Does not cite
Sources, Quality of obtained from other obtained from other obtained from other sources.
Sources sources. APA sources. APA sources. Citation Sources are
Proficient3 citation style is citation style is used style is either disproportionately
accurately used in in both text and inconsistent or non-scholarly and
both text and bibliography. incorrect. do not clearly relate
bibliography. Sources are Sources are not to the research
Sources are all primarily scholarly primarily scholarly focus.
scholarly and clearly and relate to the and relate to the
relate to the research research focus. research focus but
focus. only in minor ways.

Spelling, No spelling, Minimal spelling, Noticeable spelling, Excessive spelling

Punctuation, & punctuation, or punctuation, or punctuation, and and/or grammar
Grammar grammar mistakes. grammar mistakes. grammar mistakes. mistakes.
Proficient3

Format Title page has Title page Title page deviates a Title page
Expert4 proper APA approximates APA bit more from APA completely deviates
formatting. Uses formatting. Uses formatting. from APA
correct headings & correct headings & Headings & formatting
subheadings subheadings almost subheadings less Headings and
consistently. consistently. consistent subheadings
completely deviate
from suggested
formatting or are
absent altogether.

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