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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS
PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING
Learning Unit 1b: CITATION AND REFERENCING
By the end of this session, you should be able to:

differentiate between citing and referencing.
cite and write references based on APA referencing style
This learning unit contains four sections:

A. Introducing Citation and Referencing
B. Citation styles
C. Referencing Styles
D. Citation Focus.
A. Introducing Citation and Referencing
Read the text and answer the questions that follow.
Malaysian Graduates Employability Skills
Gurvinder Kaur Gurcharan Singh (Universiti Tun Abdul Razak)

Sharan Kaur Garib Singh (Universiti Malaya)
A survey conducted by the Malaysian Government revealed that about 60,000 Malaysian
graduates were unemployed due to a lack of experience, poor English, poor communication
skills, and because they had pursued studies irrelevant to the market place (Zahratul, 2005).
The research further mentioned that the typical unemployed graduate was female, mainly
from the Malay ethnic group, and from the lower income group. Most unemployed graduates
had majored in business studies or information technology. A total of 81 percent of the
unemployed graduates had attended public universities where the medium of instruction in
many courses was the Malay Language. According to Wong and Zainol (2005), 70 percent
of graduates from public universities and institutions of higher learning are still unemployed.
This is in contrast with 26 percent from private institutions of higher learning and 34 percent
who are foreign graduates (Suresh, 2006).
The general consensus among Malaysian employers indicates that Malaysian graduates are
well trained in their areas of specialization but unfortunately they lack the soft skills (Nurita,
Shaharudin, & Ainon, 2004). This deficit in graduate skills has also been acknowledged by
the UK government with respect to its graduates (Dickinson, 2000). Lawrence (2002) adds
that America is also experiencing the same problem (p. 289). Studies of employers have
repeatedly stressed the priority which they give to personal transferable skills (Dearing
Committee, 1997). Employers today are looking for graduates not only with specific skills
and knowledge but with the ability to be proactive to identify and respond to problems. In
Malaysia, more employers are searching for graduates who not only have good academic
results but also possess communication, problem solving, and interpersonal skills as well as
the ability to be flexible (Nurita et al, 2004). These soft skills (also known as employability
skills) are foundation skills that apply across the board, no matter what job the employee is
performing (Lawrence, 2002).
Baxter and Young (1982) have indicated that employers need entry level workers who are
dependable and trustworthy, have basic communication, thinking and problem solving skills,
ARW-SEM2_2014/15-LU1b-CITATIONS-AND-REFERENCING
13
and have the desire to learn and advance their ability to work as part of a team, and
possess a proper attitude. These skills have been defined as those needed by todays
students in a report published by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO) (2006). Graduates are required to master employability skills, also
called foundation skills, and competencies in order to find meaningful work. Foundation
skills are basic skills, thinking skills, and personal qualities, while competencies include
resource, interpersonal, information, systems, and technology competencies (UNESCO,
2006).
(Excerpt adapted from Singh, G. K. G., & Singh, S. K. G. (2008). Malaysian graduates employability skills. Unitar E-Journal,
4(1), 15-45. Retrieved from http://www.teo-education.com/teophotos/albums/userpics/GurvinderMalaysianGraduate_1.pdf)
References
Baxter, M., &Young, J. L. (1982). What do employers expect from high school graduates?
New York, NY: Pearson.
Dearing Committee (1997). Higher education in the learning society. Report of National
Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education. London, UK: Oxford.
Dickinson, M. (2000). Giving undergraduates managerial experience. Education and

Training, 42(2), 159-169.
Lawrence, T. (2002). Teaching and assessing employability skills through skills in the USA.
In E. Meyer (Ed.) Proceedings of Research and Development in the Workplace. 7th
American Conference on Workplace Quality and Professional Development (pp. 285-
294). Hillsdale, NJ: New Jersey City University.
Nurita Juhdi, Shaharudin Ahmad, & Ainon Abdullah (2004). Perceived employability skills of
graduating students: Implications for SMEs. Journal of Human Resource Management,
4, 525-539.
Suresh, R. (2006). Employability of private domestic versus foreign educated Malaysian

graduates. Work, Employment & Society, 54, 243-256.
Wong, Y. S., & Zainol Hasim (2005). What next? Employability of Malaysian graduates in
the private and government sectors. Selangor, Malaysia: Pelanduk Publications.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (2006). Skills
for employment in the 21st Century. Bangkok, Thailand: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and
Pacific Regional Bureau for Education. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
images/0021/002157/215706e.pdf
Voss, R., Gruber, T., & Szmigin, I. (2007). Service quality in higher education: The role of
student expectations. Journal of Business Research, 60(9), 949-959.
Zahratul Abdul Rais (2005, November 10). 60,000 Malaysian Graduates Unemployed. New
Straits Times, pp. 3-4.
14
Task 1
Answer the questions that follow.
1. What is a citation?
2. What is a quotation?
3. What is a paraphrase?
4. How many citations are there in this text?
5. How many of the citations are mentioned twice?
6. How many of the citations are quotations and how many are paraphrases?
7. How are the references listed in the reference list - chronological order (by year) or
alphabetical order?
8. Do the second line and subsequent lines of each source listed in the references start
at the same position as the first line or indented?
9. Which reference(s) should be deleted from the reference list? Why?
Remember - when you use ideas from other sources in your

academic essays, you must acknowledge those sources. This is
intellectual honesty, giving credit to the person(s) who did the work.
Academia requires that such sources be acknowledged and
identified, and respected. If you use another writers ideas and you
do not acknowledge it, this is called plagiarism. It is equivalent to
cheating and is a very serious offence in academia. If you are
caught plagiarising, disciplinary action will be taken against you.
15
B. Citation Styles
The cartoonist stated that his

resolution this year is not to
work so hard.
To attribute information to authoritative sources, you can either quote directly or paraphrase
(write in your own words). This unit will describe the use of direct quotations while the next
unit (1c) will deal with paraphrasing.
For citations involving direct quotations, the amount of text quoted determines the style
used. When citing, ALWAYS provide the author, year, and specific page number(s). Study
the following examples of direct quotations.
(1) Short quotations
Quotations fewer than 40 words are incorporated into the paragraph. For example:
Marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have considerable purchase influence
and can successfully negotiate purchases through what marketers term the nag factor or
pester power (McNeal, 1999, p. 75).
OR
McNeal (1999) reported that marketers know that toddlers and preschool children have
considerable purchase influence and can successfully negotiate purchases through what
marketers term the nag factor or pester power (p. 75).
Reference
McNeal, J. (1999). The kids market: Myth and realities. Ithaca, NY: Paramount Market
Publishing.
The sample citation is taken from:
Story, M., & French, S. (2004). Food advertising and marketing directed at children and
adolescents in the US. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical
Activity, 1(3), 109-142.
16
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?

Note:
Double quotation marks are used.
The page number must be indicated. Use pp. if the quotation is found on two
pages. Leave a space after p. Or pp.
The full-stop is at the end of the sentence after the citation.
Long quotations
Long quotations of 40 words or more are placed in a paragraph, indented inch from the
left margin.
In the history of higher education research, one of the more intriguing ways of
dealing with context has been phenomenography, which by treating the data as a
single transcript consciously attempts to strip out context from the analysis. As
Ashwin (2009) explains
This research focuses on examining the qualitatively different ways of experiencing
these phenomena within a group. Thus it does not examine individuals conception of
these phenomena but rather examines the number of qualitatively different ways in
which a particular phenomenon is experienced within a group. (p. 32)
Reference
Ashwin, P. (2009). Analyzing teaching-learning interactions in higher education. London,
UK: Continuum.
The sample of the long quotation above is taken from:
Clegg, S., & Stevenson, J. (2013): The interview reconsidered: Context, genre, reflexivity
and interpretation in sociological approaches to interviews in higher education research,
Higher Education Research & Development, 32(1), 5-16.
OR
In forming multiple national identities, it is thought that transmigrants will also be better
equipped to withstand sometimes overwhelming social, economic and political pressures
encountered in their daily lives. Engaging in transnational practices may result in
an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin becomes
a source of identity, the country of residence a source of rights, and the emerging
transnational space, a space of political action combining the two or more countries.
(Kastoryano, 2000, p. 311)
17
Reference
Kastoryano, R. (2000). Settlement, transnational communities and citizenship. International
Social Science Journal, 52(165), 307-312.
The sample long quotation is taken from:

Lam, T., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2004). Negotiating home and national identity: Chinese-
Malaysian transmigrants in Singapore. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 45(2), 141-164.
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?

Note:
No quotation marks are used.
Begin the quotation on a new line from the text as indented block
paragraph ( inch from margin).
Text quoted is double-spaced.
The full-stop is at the end of the sentence before the citation.
(2) Citing same author(s) several times in the same paragraph
When the same author is cited multiple times in the same paragraph and the authors
name is part of the narrative, you do not have to include the year in subsequent author-
focus (non-parenthetical) citation. However, you must include the year in all parenthetical
citations. Example:
A study by Tunon and Brydges (2007) found that the quality of the two sets of citations were
comparable. The subjective rubric developed by Tunon and Brydges helped establish this.
The study went on to show a difference between academic programs. Their results indicated
clearly that some academic programs were better in highlighting the need to acknowledge
others works while some failed miserably (Tunon & Brydges, 2007).
(3) Citing two or more works within the same parentheses
When several research articles have similar information, you can write a general
statement that covers the results of those articles and put the studies in the same
parenthesis, as shown in the box below.
A survey of recent articles published on AIDS shows a growing interest in developing reliable
research methods to test high-risk groups, such as drug abusers and prostitutes (Broadhead
& Heckathorn, 1994; Carlson et al., 1994; Steiner, Lemke, & Roffman, 1994).
Note:
List the works by different authors in alphabetical order but do not change the
order of names for a particular article. E.g., Do NOT change Steiner, Lemke
and Roffman (1994) to Lemke, Roffman and Steiner (1994).
If the works are by the same author, you can write something like this:
18
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983) have been conducted on
(4) Citing and Referencing Malay names
The APA publication style does not specifically deal with Malay names but Malay
researchers who publish internationally usually follow APA conventions and use their
fathers name as the surname. Note that bt and bin are not included.
Wiantoro, S., Maryanto, I., & Abdullah, M. T. (2012). Phylogeny and phylogeography of
Myotis muricola (Gray, 1846) (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the West and East of
Wallaces Line inferred from partial MtDNA cytochrome b gene. Journal of Tropical
Agricultural Science, 35(2), 271-292.
*Abdullah, M. T. is actually Mohd Tajuddin bin Abdullah.
However, for some Malaysian publications, the Malaysian convention may be used. In this
case, cite the Malay names in full in the text and in the reference list.
In the text and the reference list, Mazmi Maarof would be written in full. She would be cited
as (Mazmi Maarof, 2012).
19
C. Referencing Styles
For APA style, the cited sources are listed alphabetically at the end of the article.
Each entry takes the form of hanging indent the first line of every entry is always aligned
with the margin. If the entry covers two (or more lines), the second (and subsequent) line(s)
are indented.
REFERENCE STYLE: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) 6thEdition

In this ARW course, the reference style is based on the American Psychological
Association Sixth (6th) edition. If you found references that are from previous editions,
you MUST change it to the 6th edition format.
Here are samples of how referencing and in-text citation are done using the APA style (6th
edition). Study each type carefully and think about the unique characteristics.
(a) Books
Variants Citations Reference List
(Used in the text) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
1 author The theory was first General format:

propounded in Author, A. (Year). Title of the book. Place of
1993 (Comfort, 1997). publication: Publisher name.
OR (Note: Only the first letter of the first word in the

title and subtitle are capitalised except for
Comfort (1997) claimed proper nouns or acronyms e.g. Malaysia, Asia,
that the theory was first AIDS)
propounded in 1993.
Places of publication MUST include city/town
and country spelled in full)
Joseph Ramanair. (2015). Academic or

academician? Kota Samarahan, Malaysia:
UNIMAS Publisher.
Two exceptions are:
1. For England (aka Britain or United

Kingdom), the country name is UK:
Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK:

Mitchell Beazley.
2. For the country of the United States (aka

US, United States of America, USA, or
America), ONLY the city/town and State
initial are required. Do NOT write the
country. The name of the state MUST be
abbreviated. For example CA(California),
20
TN (Tennesse), TX(Texas), FL (Florida)

For a list of the U.S. states and the
abbreviations please refer to:
http://www.50states.com/abbreviations.htm
#.UvB1eftJeJ6)
E.g.
Daft, R. L. (2012). New era of management
(12th ed.). Nashville, TN: Cengage
Learning.
2 authors Madden and Hogan (1997, Madden, R., & Hogan, T. (1997). The
p.17) stated that the definition of disability in Australia:
method should be used to Moving towards national consistency.
achieve consistency. Canberra, Australia: Australian Institute of
OR Health and Welfare.
The method should be
used to achieve
consistency (Madden &
Hogan, 1997, p. 45).
Cohen and Cohen (1983)

suggested that when the
missing pattern is non- Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied
systematic the missing rate multiple regression/correlation analysis
should be kept under 10% for the behavioural sciences. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Researchers should keep
the non-systematic
missing patterns below
10% (Cohen & Cohen,
1983, p. 25)
3 to 5 For citation (3 to 5 authors) For referencing 3 to 5 authors

authors
Cite all authors the first Guerin, M., Labor, K., Morgan, B., Reesman,
time the reference occurs. L., & Willingham, P. (2005). Introduction to
Guerin, Labor, Morgan, chemical engineering. New York, NY:
Reesman, and Willingham McGraw-Hill.
(2005) found
(List the last names of all the 5 authors)
OR
(Guerin, Labor,
Morgan, Reesman, &
Willingham , 2005)
21
In subsequent citations,
include only the surname
of the first author followed
by et al. and the year.
Guerin et al. (2005) found
Or
. (Guerin et al., 2005)
6 or more Immediately use et al. 6 or more authors [List the first six
authors without listing the authors. authors, and the last author No & is
used]
Rodgers et al. (1996)
Rodgers, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L.,
OR Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S.
T., . . . Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site
(Rodgers et al., 1996, p. usability for the blind and low-vision user.
35) Mason, OH: Thomson South Western.
No author (Employment the Employment the professional way: A guide to

Professional Way, understanding the Australian job search
2000) process for professionally qualified
migrants. (2000). Carlton, Australia:
OR Australian Multicultural Foundation.
the book Employment the (When no author is present, the title of the book
Professional Way (2000) replaces the authors place. The title should be
written in full in the reference list)
(Choose maximum the first
5 words of the title and it
should be italicised the
letters of main words are
capitalised)
Author - Foo (1983) Foo, V. H. K. (1983). Sarawak: Mini episodes

Chinese of the past. Selangor, Malaysia: Fajar Bakti.
and E.g.
English Name: Vincent Foo Hiap
names Khian.
Cite the surname only
22
Author - Chu (1995) Chu, C. N. (1995). Simulated counter-current

Chinese adsorption processes: A comparison of
Names E.g. modeling strategies. Oxford, UK: Oxford
Name: Chu Chin Ning University Press.
Cite the surname only
Multiple University research Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn

works by (Brown, 1982, 1988) has group. Rockhampton, Australia: Central
same author indicated that Queensland University.
cited at the
same time Brown, P. (1988). The effects of anchor on
corals. Rockhampton: Central Queensland
University.
Order chronologically in the reference list (the

older comes first).
Multiple In recent reports (Napier, Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney,

works 1993a, 1993b) Australia: Allen & Unwin.
published in
the Use a/b etc. to differentiate Napier, A. (1993b). Survival at sea. Sydney,
same year between works in same Australia: Allen & Unwin.
by the year.
same author Order alphabetically by title in the reference list
(e.g. F comes first before S).
Author as Berndt (1999) Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends influence on

sole author students adjustment to school. New York,
in one Berndt and Keefe (1995) NY: Pearson.
citation, and
first author of Berndt, T. J., & Keefe, K. (1995). Friends
a group in influence on adolescents adjustment to
another school. New York, NY: Pearson.
citation
List the entry with one author first.
Authors with (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, E. (2001). Important rules in

the same last Johnson, 1998) negotiating. Chicago, IL: University of
name but Chicago Press.
different Use first initials with the
works last names to prevent Johnson, L. (1998). The new Grove dictionary
confusion. If same last of music and musicians. New York, NY:
name but belongs to the Grove.
same work, the initials are
not needed.
23
Kastenbaum (1993)
Kastenbaum, R. (Ed.). (1993). Encyclopedia of
Books with OR adult development. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx
Editor(s) Press.
(Kastenbaum, 1993)
(If multiple editors, use Eds. Note: E is
capitalised)
Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good

Different Renton (2004) writing (3rd ed.). Milton, Canada: John
Editions Wiley & Sons.
OR
(Note: No full stop after the title. The full stop
(Renton, 2004) comes after the edition. The edition should be
in number format and not spelled out)
Article or General Format:

chapter As discussed by Blaxter Author, A., & Author, B. (Year of publication).
in an edited (1976) Title of chapter. In F. Editor & G. Editor
book (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter).
Location: Publisher.
(Different
chapters Blaxter, M. (1976). Social class and health
written by inequalities. In C. Carter, & J. Peel (Eds.),
different Equalities and inequalities in health (pp.
authors) 120-135). London, UK: Academic Press.
Take note of the list of names of editors for the

edited book. The initial comes before the last
name. E.g., C. Carter.
For authors, the initial comes after the last

name, as usual. e.g. Blaxter, M.
The italics is used to highlight the important

information. The title of the edited book is
italicised, not the book chapter because if the
edited book can be found, then the chapter can
be easily located.
The page number of the chapter is provided

after the title with p. (single page) or pp.
(multiple pages).
Electronic DeHuff (2011) mentions DeHuff, E. W. (2011). Taytays tales:

Book that Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved
(eBooks) OR from http://digital.library.upe
DeHuff (2011) nn.edu/women/dehuff/taytay/taytay.html
24
Ensure the link to the eBook is provided.

EBooks should be in proper format with pages
and not merely a webpage.
Book by Ministry of Health Malaysia Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2011). AIDS

Organisation (2011) reported that. prevention manual. Putrajaya, Malaysia:
s or OR Pelanduk Publication.
Institutions (Ministry of Health
Malaysia, 2011). Department of Statistics Malaysia, Sarawak
(2012). Monthly statistical bulletin
(The name of the Sarawak: May 2012. Kuching, Malaysia:
organisations or Department of Statistics Malaysia.
institutions is used as the
author) American Psychological Association (2009).
Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: The American
Psychological Association
Are the following references for books accurate?
(a) W. R Leonard. & M. H. Crawford (Ed.). (2002). Human biology of pastoral populations.
New York NY. Cambridge University Press.
(b) O'Neil, J. M. and Egan, J. (2002), Men's and women's gender role journeys: A metaphor
for healing, transition, and transformation (pp. 107-123). B. R. Wainrib (Ed.), Gender
issues across the life cycle. Oxford, UK: Springer.
(c) National Fire Protection Association. (2009). Fundamentals of fire fighting skills (Second
Edition). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett
25
(b). Journals

Journal - Whitmeyer (2000) General format:

Article in OR Author, A. (2000). Title of the article. Journal
print version (Whitmeyer, 2000) Name, Volume(Number), pages of the
article.
(Note: the
listing of Whitmeyer, J. M. (2000). Power through
multiple appointment. Social Science Research,
authors is 29(3), 535-555.
the same as
books) Note: For journal articles, Journal Name and
Volume are italicised and not the title of the
article. As for the journal number, not all
journals provide number, in such case, provide
volume only.
Journal - Potter (2000) Potter, H. (2000). Marketing principles

Article in OR International Economics, 29, 535-555.
print and (Potter, 2000)
electronic
version
Journal - (Sopensky, 2002) Sopensky, E. (2002). Ice rink becomes hot
Internet- OR business. Austin Business Journal, 3(4).
Only Sopensky (2002) Retrieved from http://www.bizjournals.
Article com/austin/stories/2002/10/14/small b1.html
Article no Its a growing problem in Anorexia nervosa. (1969). British Medical

Author the U.K. Journal, 1, 529-530.
(Anorexia Nervosa,
1969)
When no author, cite the

title with quotation marks.
26
Are the following references for journals accurate?
(a) Fearon, J. D., & Laitin, D. D. (2003). Power Balance Of Ethnicity In Civil Wars.
International politics review, 97(4), pp. 256-276.
(b) Delfabbro, P., Winefield, T., Trainor, S., Dollard, M., Anderson, S., Metzer, J.,
Williams, S., Bachman, D., & Hammarstrom, A. (2006). Peer bullying in
international primary and secondary schools: Prevalence and
psychosocial profiles. International Journal of Educational
Psychology, 76(1), 71-90.
(c) C., Xu, & Y., Ding, (2014) An exploratory study of pauses in computer-
assisted EFL writing. Language Learning & Technology, 18(3). Retrieved 16th
January 2015 from http://llt.msu.edu/issues/october2014/xuding.pdf
27
(c) Secondary Sources

Book including neuralgia Thibodeau, G. A., & Patton, K. T. (Eds.).

(Carini & Hogan as cited (2002).The human body in health and
in Thibodeau & Patton, disease. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Publishing.
2002, p. 45)
OR Record the book that you actually sourced and

Carini and Hogans study NOT the reference for the secondary sources.
(as cited in
Thibodeau & Patton, 2002,
p. 45)
Journal Carini and Hogans study Patton, K. T. (2002). Neuralgia and

article (as cited in Patton, 2002). headaches. Science, 400, 2153-2155.
OR
origins of neuralgia
(Carini & Record the journal that you actually sourced.
Hogan as cited in Patton,
2002, p. 2154).
(d). Encyclopaedias

Printed Ho (1993) Ho, R. (1993). Singapore. In The new
OR encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-
(Ho, 1993) 508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.
Online Feminism (n.d.) Feminism. (n.d.) In Encyclopedia Britannica

OR online. Retrieved from http://www.
(Feminism, n.d.) britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/
724633/feminism
(n.d. is used for documents
without publication date)
28
(e). Dictionary

Sadie (1980)
Printed OR Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove
(Sadie, 1980) dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed.,
Vols. 1-20). London, UK: Macmillan.
Wiki Accuracy of information in

Wikis (e.g. Wikipedia) OLPC Peru/Arahuay. (n.d.). Retrieved from the
cannot be verified OLPC Wiki: http://wiki.laptop.org/go/
OLPC_Peru/Arahuay
Citation from Wiki is
discouraged.
(f). Thesis.

Thesis from (Biswas, 2008) Biswas, S. (2008). Dopamine D3 receptor: A

online OR neuroprotective treatment target in
Database Biswas (2008) Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from
ProQuest Digital Dissertations. (AAT
3295214)
Unpublished (Santini, 2008) Santini, S. N. (2008). Research methods for

Thesis OR business: A skill building approach.
Santini (2008) (Unpublished masters thesis). University of
Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Healey, D. (2005). Attention

deficit/hyperactivity disorder and
creativity: An investigation into their
relationship. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). University of Canterbury,
Christchurch, New Zealand.
29
(g). Magazines.

1 author Posner (1993) Martinez-Conde, S., & Macknick, S. L. (2007,

OR August). Windows on the mind. Scientific
(Note: listing (Posner, 1993) American, 297(2), 56-63.
of multiple
authors is (Do not provide Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the
the same as month/date as given in the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.
books) reference list)
For magazines that are published MONTHLY,
the date of publication consists only of year
and month
For magazines that are published WEEKLY,

the exact date of publication is provided.
In the case when exact date is not given,

provide the year and the month. If volume is
not given (e.g. 262 in the example above) then
you can omit it.
(h). Newspapers

1 author Scultz (2005) Scultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to

strengthen state energy policies. The
(Note: listing Country Today, pp.1A-2A.
of multiple
authors is Note: pp. is used for multiple pages and p. is
the same as used for single page.
books)
No author New drug appears (1993) New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death
from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The
(Choose the title of the Washington Post, p. A12.
article as author, maximum
the first 5 words)
Online Parker-Pope (2008) Parker-Pope, T. (2008, May 6). Psychiatry

handbook linked to drug industry. The New
York Times. Retrieved from http://www.
nytimes.com
30
(i). Reports

Government Malaysia Department of Malaysia Department of Health. (1992). The
report Health (1992) health consequence of smoking. Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia: Jabatan Percetakan
Negara.
Report from American Psychiatric American Psychiatric Association. (2000).

a private Association (2000) Practice guidelines for the treatment of
organisation patients with eating disorders (2nd ed.).
Washington, DC: APA.
Report from Dearing Committee (1997). Dearing Committee (1997). Higher education
a special in the learning society. Report of National
committee Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education.
London, UK: Oxford
Online Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM

curriculum specification. Retrieved from
http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html
Lecture or Ministry of Education (n.d.) Ministry of Education. (n.d.). KBSM

publicly curriculum specification. Retrieved from
delivered http://www.moe. edu.my/kbsmcs.html
paper
(j) World Wide Web documents.

General Format:
Document (Dawson, Smith, Deubert,
with author, & Grey-Smith, 2002). Author. (Year). Title of the webpage.
published OR Retrieved from http://www.website.
date and Dawson, Smith, Deubert com/fullpage.html
title. and Grey-Smith (2002)
mentioned
Pease that Dawson, J., Smith, L., Deubert, K., & Grey-
ensure Smith, S. (2002). Trek 6: Referencing, not
validity and (United Nations plagiarism. Retrieved from http://www.
reliability of Educational, Scientific and academicworld.com/ referencing-not-
information. Cultural Organisation plagiarism.html
(UNESCO) (2012)
Html OR United Nations Educational, Scientific and
addresses According to United Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) (2012).
31
that end with Nations Educational, Graduate employability in Asia. Bangkok,

.edu, .org. Scientific and Cultural Thailand: UNESCO Bangkok Asia and
are generally Organisation (UNESCO) Pacific Regional Bureau for Education.
more reliable Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/
When citing organisations images/0021/002157/215706e.pdf
with official abbreviations
to the title for the first time,
state the full name of the
organisation with the
abbreviation in
parentheses (followed by
the year of publication). In
the subsequent citations
state the abbreviation only.
In the example of United

Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural
Organisation (UNESCO)
(2012), state UNESCO
(2012) the second time.
Document (Royal Institute of British Royal Institute of British Architects. (n.d.).

with no Architects, n.d.) Shaping the future: Careers in
published OR architecture. Retrieved from http://www.
date Royal Institute of British careersinarchitecture.net/articles/124.html
Architects (n.d.)
(k). Conference Papers

Published in Gibson (2005) Gibson, C. C. (2005). Impact of the larger

proceedings OR social context on the distance learner. In S.
(Gibson, 2005) Allsop (Ed.), International Conference on
(Note: Distance Education: One world many
Similar to voices: Quality in open and distance
Chapter in a learning (pp. 279-282). Chicago, IL: Milton
book) Keynes.
Armstrong, D. B., Fogarty, G. J., & Dingsdag,

D. (2007). Scales measuring characteristics
of small business information systems. In
Tan, W-G (Ed.), Proceedings of Research,
Relevance and Rigour: Coming of age: 18th
Australasian Conference on Information
Systems (pp. 163-171). Toowoomba,
32
Australia: University of Southern

Queensland.
Unpublished Portman (2000) General Format:

conference OR Author, A. (Year, Month). Title of the paper.
paper. (Portman, 2000) Paper presented at the Conference Name,
Location, Country.
Portman, J. (2000, May). Teaching learners

English using video games. Paper
presented at the 3rd International
Conference on Computer-Assisted
Language Learning, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia.
If the paper is taken from online source,

Include the URL/web address after the
location.
Taylor, J. A. (2006). Assessment: A tool for

development and engagement in the first
year of university study. Paper presented at
the 9th Pacific Rim in Higher Education
Conference, Griffith, Australia. Retrieved
from http://www.fyhe.com.au/
past_papers/2006/Papers/Taylor.pdf
33
(l). Figures
Variants Caption (in text) Reference List

(Placed under the figure) (Appears at the end in alphabetical order)
Book General Format
Figure X. Descriptive
phrase that serves as title
and description. Reprinted
[or adapted] from Book
Title (page number), by
Author First Initial. Second
Initial. Surname, Year,
Place of Publication:
Publisher. Copyright [Year]
by the Name of Copyright
Holder. Reprinted [or
adapted] with permission.
Example: Pike, K. M. (2008). Short-term memory loss.

Figure 1. Short-term New York, NY: Mackerlin Press.
memory test involving
pictures. Reprinted from
Short-term Memory Loss
(p. 73), by K. M. Pike,
2008, New York, NY:
Mackerlin Press.
Copyright 2008 by the
Association for Memory
Research. Reprinted with
permission.
Journal General Format

article
[or adapted] from Title of
Article, by Author First
Initial. Second Initial.
Surname, Year, Journal
Title, Volume (issue), page
number. Copyright [Year]
34
Example:
Figure 1. Schematic
drawings of a bird's eye Wang, S. H., & Kohne, L. (2007). Visual
view of the table (a) and experience enhances Infants' use of task-
the test phase of the relevant information in an action task.
choice task (b). Numbers Developmental Psychology, 43(3), 1510 -
represent the dimensions 1524
in centimeters. Adapted
from Visual Experience
Enhances Infants' Use of
Task-Relevant Information
in an Action Task," by S.-h.
Wang and L. Kohne, 2007,
Developmental
Psychology, 43, p. 1515.
Copyright 2003 by the
American Psychological
Association.
Website General Format
[or adapted] from Title of
Website, by Author First
Initial. Second Initial.
Surname, Year, Retrieved
from URL. Copyright [year]
Example:
Figure 1. An example of
the cobra yoga position.
Reprinted from List of
Yoga Postures, by D. K. Dawson, D. K. (2000). List of yoga postures. ,
Dawson, 2009, Retrieved Retrieved from
from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yoga_po
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ stures
List_of_yoga_postures.
Copyright 2007 by
Pearson. Reprinted with
permission.
35
References
American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological
Association.
American Psychological Association. (2015). APA website. Washington, DC: American

Psychological Association. Retrieved from: http://www.apastyle.org/
Copies of the APA manual are available at CAIS, UNIMAS (Level 1) [call No: BF76.7 .P976 2010].
Task 2
The passage below contains TEN (10) errors in citation. Choose the correct answer from the
options provided below.
Internet use during childhood is meaningfully organized in terms of common online activities
such as playing games, communicating, and visiting websites. 1Marie Johnson (2005)
explained that child development refers to the processes by which children becoming
increasingly capable of complex social, emotional and cognitive behaviours. Findings from
several studies2(Simon, 2003; Jason & Adams, 2004; Yamamoto, 2008) indicated that
children who used the Internet more had higher scores on standardized tests of reading
achievement and higher grade point averages than the children who used the Internet less.
Alternatively, a recent survey that correlated behavioural and psychological aspects of
childrens life with the number of hours spent online, found that those who used the Internet
the most had the weakest interpersonal connections 3 (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008).
Approximately one-third of the time that children are online, they report playing games 4
(Livingston & Bober 2002, as cited in Rider, 2004). Highly proficient 10- and 11-year-old
video gamers were noted to possess extremely high levels of self-monitoring, pattern
recognition, and visual memory. DeBell, Henry, and Chapman (2006) concluded that
Internet use promotes cognitive development in children, specifically in the area of visual
intelligence where certain computer activities particularly games may enhance the ability to
monitor several visual stimuli at once, to read diagrams, recognize icons, and visualize
spatial relationships.
Apart from playing games, children are using communication tools such as email, chat, and
instant message frequently when they are online 5(DeBell, Henry, & Chapman, 2006).
Socially anxious children were found to communicate online less than nonsocially anxious
respondents. In addition, a qualitative analysis of adolescent second language learning
using real-time text-based practice revealed that adolescents, who communicated online,
compared to those who did not, used more complex sentences or sentencing involving
auxiliaries beyond expected grammar levels 6(Jason, 1994; 1995). Based on interviews with
girls and analysis of chat room archives, 7Michael, Wong, Kim, Langston, Ang and Hunt
(2001) concluded that female adolescent use of popular electronic communication is
resulting in linguistic innovation within new, virtual social networks in a way that reflects
more wide-reaching changes in the communication landscape.
36
Several studies have concluded that context (i.e., home, school, and community
characteristics) mediates the developmental impact of Internet use during childhood. For
example, 8Cho and Cheon (a2005, b2005) surveyed families and found that parents
perceived control reduced childrens exposure to negative Internet content. Following
detailed interviews and repeated observations, 9Burnett & Andy (2005) concluded that
creative problem solving was evident in home-based, but not necessarily school-based, use
of the Internet. Hence, the paths of influence between Internet use and child development
appear complex and mediated by ecological forces. There is a need to devise a model to
uncover those forces clearly.
(adapted from Johnson, 2008)
1. A. Johnson (2005)
B. Johnson, M. (2005)
C. Marie (2005)
D. Marie, J. (2005)
2. A. (Adams & Jason, 2004; Simon, 2003; Yamamoto, 2008)

B. (Adams & Jason, 2004; Simon, 2003; & Yamamoto, 2008)
C. (Jason & Adams, 2004; Simon, 2003; Yamamoto, 2008)
D. (Jason & Adams, 2004; Simon, 2003; & Yamamoto, 2008)
3. A. (Sanders, Diego, and Kaplan, 2008)

B. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008, p. 7)
C. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, p. 7, 2008)
D. (Sanders, Diego, & Kaplan, 2008, pp. 5)
4. A. (Livingston & Bober, cited in Rider, 2004)

B. (Livingston & Bober 2002 as cited in Rider)
C. (Livingston & Bober as cited in Rider, 2004)
D. (Livingston & Bober, as cited in Rider, 2004)
5. A. (DeBell, 2006)
B. (DeBell et al. 2006)
C. (DeBell et. al, 2006)
D. (DeBell et al., 2006)
6. A. (Jason, 1994, 1995)

B. (Jason, 1994; 1995)
C. (Jason, 1994 & 1995)
D. (Jason, 1994a,1995b)
7. A. Michael et al. (2001)

B. Michael (et al., 2001)
C. Michael...Hunt (2001)
D. Michael ... & Hunt (2001)
8. A. Cho and Cheon (2005ab)

B. Cho and Cheon (2005 & 2005)
C. Cho and Cheon (2005a; 2005b)
D. Cho and Cheon (2005a, 2005b)
37
9. A. Andy and Burnett (2005)

B. Andy, and Burnett (2005)
C. Burnett and Andy (2005)
D. Burnett, and Andy (2005)
Task 3
The following reference list contains errors (some more than one error).
(i) Identify the parts which are wrong
(ii) Correct each error.
Adams, M. (n.d.). What is SWOT analysis. Retrieved May 25, 2011, from
http://www.swotportal.com/info.html
Chatfield, C. (1993). Neural networks: Forecasting Breakthrough or Passing Fad.

International Journal of Forecasting, 9(1), 1-3.
Cohen, J. (1994). The earth is round. American Psychologist, 49(2), pp. 997-1003.
Jobber, D., Hooley, G., and Sanderson, S. (1985). Marketing in a hostile environment: The
British textile industry. Industrial Marketing Management, 14(2), 35-41.
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (2001). Expert opinions in forecasting role of the Delphi technique. In
Armstrong, J. S. (Ed.) Principles of forecasting: Handbook for researchers and
practitioners (125-144). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Stevie Gerard, Andy Carol, & Lionel Suarez. (2011). You will never walk alone again.
Blackwell Publishing: Nevada, Texas.
Tan, G., & Lewandowsky, S. (1996, May 26). A comparison of operator trust in humans
versus machines. Paper presented at 5th Cyber Ergonomics Conference, Los Angeles,
California.
NOTE: Always remember that the reference list should be listed in ALPHABETICAL
ORDER. E.g. Starts with Adams, M. (n.d.) and end with Rowe, G. (2001)
38
Task 4
Each of the reference below contains ONE (1) error. Circle the option with the error.
1. Rawlings, Carla. (2000). Imagining the impossible. Austin, TX: Blackwell Publishing.
A. (2000).
B. Austin, TX:
C. Rawlings, Carla.
D. Imagining the impossible.
2. Marvis, K. J., & Davis, M. (2008). Understanding the causes of posterior cortical anthropy.
Journal of Neurology, 13(4), 222-239.
A. 13(4),
B. 222-239.
C. Journal of Neurology,
D. Understanding the causes of posterior cortical anthropy.
3. Abdullah, S. (1997). Effect of buffer layer and and external stress on magnetic properties
of films. In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.), Recent research in applied
physics (pp. 167-280). Washington, DC: Springer.
A. (Eds.),
B. (pp. 167-280).
C. Washington, DC: Springer.
D. In Miller, H. L., Rice, C., & Pascal, D. (Eds.),
4. Letchumanan, H. (2012, December 20). No Child Left Behind: Words or Action? The Star
Online. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
A. The Star Online.
B. (2012, December 20).
C. Retrieved from http://thestar.com.my
D. No Child Left Behind: Words or Action?
5. Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A. (2010). Learning How To Use Technology In
The Classroom. Wellington, New Zealand: Blackwell Publishers.
A. Johnson, E. M., Ramanair, J., & Brine, A.
B. Learning How To Use Technology In The Classroom.
C. Wellington, New Zealand:
D. Blackwell Publishers.
39

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CENTRE FOR LANGUAGE STUDIES, UNIMAS

PBI 1032: ACADEMIC READING AND WRITING

Learning Unit 1b: CITATION AND REFERENCING

By the end of this session, you should be able to:

This learning unit contains four sections:

A. Introducing Citation and Referencing

Read the text and answer the questions that follow.

Malaysian Graduates Employability Skills

Gurvinder Kaur Gurcharan Singh (Universiti Tun Abdul Razak)

Dickinson, M. (2000). Giving undergraduates managerial experience. Education and

Suresh, R. (2006). Employability of private domestic versus foreign educated Malaysian

4. How many citations are there in this text?

5. How many of the citations are mentioned twice?

9. Which reference(s) should be deleted from the reference list? Why?

Remember - when you use ideas from other sources in your

The cartoonist stated that his

(1) Short quotations

The sample citation is taken from:

WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?

This research focuses on examining the qualitatively different ways of experiencing

which a particular phenomenon is experienced within a group. (p. 32)

The sample of the long quotation above is taken from:

an institutional expression of multiple belonging, where the country of origin becomes

(Kastoryano, 2000, p. 311)

The sample long quotation is taken from:

WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE QUOTATION ABOVE?

(2) Citing same author(s) several times in the same paragraph

(3) Citing two or more works within the same parentheses

(4) Citing and Referencing Malay names

*Abdullah, M. T. is actually Mohd Tajuddin bin Abdullah.

REFERENCE STYLE: AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) 6thEdition

1 author The theory was first General format:

OR (Note: Only the first letter of the first word in the

Joseph Ramanair. (2015). Academic or

Two exceptions are:

1. For England (aka Britain or United

Comfort, A. (1997). A good age. London, UK:

2. For the country of the United States (aka

TN (Tennesse), TX(Texas), FL (Florida)

Cohen and Cohen (1983)

3 to 5 For citation (3 to 5 authors) For referencing 3 to 5 authors

Guerin et al. (2005) found

No author (Employment the Employment the professional way: A guide to

Author - Foo (1983) Foo, V. H. K. (1983). Sarawak: Mini episodes

Author - Chu (1995) Chu, C. N. (1995). Simulated counter-current

Multiple University research Brown, P. (1982). Corals in the Capricorn

Order chronologically in the reference list (the

Multiple In recent reports (Napier, Napier, A. (1993a). Fatal storm. Sydney,

Author as Berndt (1999) Berndt, T. J. (1999). Friends influence on

Authors with (E. Johnson, 2001; L. Johnson, E. (2001). Important rules in

Renton, N. (2004). Compendium of good

Article or General Format:

Take note of the list of names of editors for the

For authors, the initial comes after the last

The italics is used to highlight the important

The page number of the chapter is provided

Electronic DeHuff (2011) mentions DeHuff, E. W. (2011). Taytays tales:

Ensure the link to the eBook is provided.

Book by Ministry of Health Malaysia Ministry of Health Malaysia. (2011). AIDS

Are the following references for books accurate?

Variants Citations Reference List

Journal - Whitmeyer (2000) General format:

Journal - Potter (2000) Potter, H. (2000). Marketing principles