Barbary pirates

A Sea Fight with Barbary Corsairs by Laureys a Castro, c. 1681

A man from the Barbary states

Mediterranean. In addition to seizing ships, they engaged

in Razzias, raids on European coastal towns and villages,
mainly in Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, but also in
the British Isles, the Netherlands and as far away as Ice-
land. The main purpose of their attacks was to capture
Christian slaves for the Ottoman slave trade as well as the
general Muslim slavery market in North Africa and the
Middle East.[2]
British sailors boarding an Algerine pirate ship While such raids had occurred since soon after the Mus-
lim conquest of the region, the terms Barbary pirates
The Barbary pirates, sometimes called Barbary cor- and Barbary corsairs are normally applied to the raiders
sairs or Ottoman corsairs, were pirates and privateers active from the 16th century onwards, when the fre-
who operated from North Africa, based primarily in quency and range of the slavers attacks increased. In
the ports of Sal, Rabat, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli. that period Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli came under the
This area was known in Europe as the Barbary Coast, sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire, either as directly
a term derived from the name of its Berber inhabitants. administered provinces or as autonomous dependencies
Their predation extended throughout the Mediterranean, known as the Barbary States. Similar raids were under-
south along West Africa's Atlantic seaboard and even taken from Sal and other ports in Morocco.
South America,[1] and into the North Atlantic as far north Corsairs captured thousands of ships and repeatedly
as Iceland, but they primarily operated in the western raided coastal towns. As a result, residents abandoned

1
2 1 HISTORY

A Barbary pirate, Pier Francesco Mola 1650
1 History
Piracy by Muslim populations had been known in the
Mediterranean since at least the 9th century and the short-
lived Emirate of Crete. The Provence was plagued by
Saracen slave raids in the Carolingian era; in 869, arch-
bishop Rotlandus of Arles was captured, and died be-
fore he could be released after the payment of a ran-
som in weapons, treasure and slaves. The level of Mus-
lim pirate activity was relatively low, but in the 13th and
14th centuries pirates from Christian states, particularly
Catalonia, were a constant threat to merchants who traded
by sea.
In 1198 the problem of Berber piracy and slave-taking
was so great that a religious order, the Trinitarians were
founded to collect ransoms and even to exchange them-
selves as ransom for those captured and pressed into slav-
ery in North Africa. In the 14th century Tunisian cor-
sairs became enough of a threat to provoke a Franco-
Genoese attack on Mahdia in 1390, also known as the
"Barbary Crusade". Morisco exiles of the Reconquista
and Maghreb pirates added to the numbers, but it was not
until the expansion of the Ottoman Empire and the arrival
of the privateer and admiral Kemal Reis in 1487 that the
Barbary corsairs became a true menace to shipping from
European Christian nations.[4]

their former villages of long stretches of coast in Spain

and Italy. The raids were such a problem coastal set-
tlements were seldom undertaken until the 19th cen-
tury. From the 16th to 19th century, corsairs captured
an estimated 800,000 to 1.25 million people as slaves.[2]
Some corsairs were European outcasts and converts such
as John Ward and Zymen Danseker.[3] Hayreddin Bar-
barossa and Oru Reis, Turkish Barbarossa Brothers,
who took control of Algiers on behalf of the Ottomans
in the early 16th century, were also notorious corsairs.
The European pirates brought advanced sailing and ship-
building techniques to the Barbary Coast around 1600,
which enabled the corsairs to extend their activities into British captain witnessing the miseries of Christian slaves in Al-
giers, 1815
the Atlantic Ocean.[3] The eects of the Barbary raids
peaked in the early to mid-17th century. The Barbary pirates had long attacked English and other
The scope of corsair activity began to diminish in the lat- European shipping along the North Coast of Africa. They
ter part of the 17th century, as the more powerful Euro- had been attacking English merchant and passengers
pean navies started to compel the Barbary States to make ships since the 1600s. Regular fundraising for ransoms
peace and cease attacking their shipping. However, the was undertaken generally by families and local church
ships and coasts of Christian states without such eective groups, who generally raised the ransoms for individuals.
protection continued to suer until the early 19th cen- The government did not ransom ordinary persons. The
tury. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the Congress English became familiar with captivity narratives written
of Vienna in 181415, European powers agreed upon by Barbary pirates prisoners and ransomed captives, as
the need to suppress the Barbary corsairs entirely and so many people were taken. After English colonists began
the threat was largely subdued. Occasional incidents oc- to go to North America and be taken captive by Native
curred, including two Barbary wars between the United Americans, both the colonists and people in England had
States and the Barbary States, until nally terminated by some basis for considering the meaning of captivity for a
the French conquest of Algiers in 1830. Christian in an alien society.[5]
1.1 16th century
During the American Revolution the pirates attacked
American ships. But, on December 20, 1777, Sultan
Mohammed III of Morocco declared that American mer-
chant ships would be under the protection of the sul-
tanate and could thus enjoy safe passage into the Mediter-
ranean and along the coast. The Moroccan-American
Treaty of Friendship stands as the U.S.'s oldest non-
broken friendship treaty[6][7] with a foreign power. In
1778 Morocco became the rst nation to recognize the
new United States.[8]
As late as 1798, an islet near Sardinia was attacked by
the Tunisians, and more than 900 inhabitants were taken
away as slaves.[9] Throughout history, geography was on
the pirates side on the Northern coast of Africa. The
coast was ideal for their wants and needs. With natural
harbours often backed by lagoons, it provided a haven for
guerrilla warfare, such as attacks on shipping vessels ven-
turing through their territory. On the coast, mountainous
areas provided ample reconnaissance for the corsairs as
well. Ships were spotted from afar; the pirates had time
to prepare their attacks and surprise the ships.
1.1 16th century
Battle of Preveza, 1538
Spanish Moors and Turkish adventurers from the Levant,
of whom the most successful were Hzr and Oru, natives
of Mitylene, increased the number of raids around the
turn of the 15th century. In response, Spain began to con-
quer the coastal towns of Oran, Algiers and Tunis. But
after Oru was killed in battle with the Spanish in 1518,
his brother Hzr appealed to Selim I, the Ottoman sultan,
who sent him troops. In 1529, Hzr drove the Spaniards
from the rocky, fortied island in front of Algiers, and
founded the Ottoman power in the region. From about
1518 till the death of Ulu Ali in 1587, Algiers was
the main seat of government of the beylerbeys of north-
ern Africa, who ruled over Tripoli, Tunisia and Algeria.
From 1587 to 1659, they were ruled by Ottoman pashas,
sent from Constantinople to govern for three years; but
in the latter year a military revolt in Algiers reduced the Even at this early stage, the European states fought
pashas to nonentities.
From 1659, these African cities, although nominally part century victories against the Barbary corsairs won by
3
of the Ottoman Empire, were in fact military republics
that chose their own rulers and lived by war booty cap-
tured from the Spanish and Portuguese. There are sev-
eral cases of Sephardic Jews, including Sinan Reis and
Samuel Pallache, who upon eeing Iberia turned to at-
tacking the Spanish Empires shipping under the Ottoman
ag, a protable strategy of revenge for the Inquisition's
religious persecution.[10][11]
During the rst period (15181587), the beylerbeys were
admirals of the sultan, commanding great eets and con-
ducting war operations for political ends. They were
slave-hunters and their methods were ferocious. After
1587, the sole object of their successors became plun-
der, on land and sea. The maritime operations were con-
ducted by the captains, or reises, who formed a class or
even a corporation. Cruisers were tted out by investors
and commanded by the reises. Ten percent of the value
of the prizes was paid to the pasha or his successors, who
bore the titles of agha or dey or bey.[12]
The Barbary pirates frequently attacked Corsica, resulting in
many Genoese towers being erected.
In 1544 Hayreddin captured the island of Ischia, taking
4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 2,000-3,000 inhabi-
tants of Lipari.[13] In 1551 Turgut Reis enslaved the entire
population of the Maltese island of Gozo, between 5,000
and 6,000, sending them to Ottoman Tripolitania. In
1554 corsairs under Turgut Reis sacked Vieste, beheaded
5,000 of its inhabitants, and abducted another 6,000.[14]
In 1555 Turgut Reis sacked Bastia, Corsica, taking 6,000
prisoners. In 1558, Barbary corsairs captured the town
of Ciutadella (Minorca), destroyed it, murdered many in-
habitants, and took 3,000 to Constantinople as slaves.[15]
In 1563 Turgut Reis landed on the shores of the province
of Granada, Spain, and captured coastal settlements in
the area, such as Almucar, along with 4,000 prison-
ers. Barbary corsairs often attacked the Balearic Islands,
and in response many coastal watchtowers and fortied
churches were erected. The threat was so severe that res-
idents abandoned the island of Formentera.
back: Livorno's monument Quattro Mori celebrates 16th-
4 1 HISTORY

the Knights of Malta and the Order of Saint Stephen,

of which the Grand Duke of Tuscany Ferdinando I de'
Medici was Grand Master. Another response was the
construction of the original frigates; light, fast and ma-
neuverable galleys, designed to run down Barbary corsairs
trying to get away with their loot and slaves. Other mea-
sures included coastal lookouts to give warning for people
to withdraw into fortied places and rally local forces to
ght the corsairs. This latter goal was especially dicult
to achieve as the corsairs had the advantage of surprise; Battle of a French ship of the line and two galleys of the Barbary
the vulnerable European Mediterranean coasts were very corsairs
long and easily accessible from the north African Bar-
bary bases, and the corsairs were careful in planning their
raids.

1.2 17th century

A French Ship and Barbary Pirates by Aert Anthonisz., c. 1615

The work of the Mercedarians was in ransoming Christian slaves
held in Muslim hands, Histoire de Barbarie et de ses Corsaires,
During the rst half of the 17th century, Barbary raid- 1637
ing was at its peak. This was due largely to the contribu-
tion of Dutch corsairs, notably Zymen Danseker (Simon
de Danser), who used the Barbary ports as bases for at- Canary Islands, Sardinia, Corsica, Elba, the Italian Penin-
tacking Spanish shipping during the Dutch Revolt. They sula (especially the Tyrrhenian coast), Sicily and Malta.
cooperated with local raiders and introduced them to the They also occurred on the Atlantic northwest coast of the
latest Dutch sailing rigs, enabling them to brave Atlantic Iberian Peninsula as in 1617, when the North African cor-
waters.[16] Some of these Dutch corsairs converted to Is- sairs launched their major attack in the region. They de-
lam and settled permanently in North Africa. Two ex- stroyed and sacked Bouzas, Cangas do Morrazo and the
amples are Sleyman Reis, "De Veenboer", who became churches of Moaa and Darbo.
admiral of the Algerian corsair eet in 1617, and his quar- Occasionally coastal raids reached farther aeld. Iceland
termaster Murat Reis, born Jan Janszoon. Both worked
was subject to raids in 1627. Jan Janszoon, (Murat Reis
for the notorious Dutch corsair Zymen Danseker. the Younger) is said to have taken 400 prisoners; 242 of
A notable counter action occurred in 1607, when the the captives later were sold into slavery on the Barbary
Knights of Saint Stephen (under Jacopo Inghirami) Coast. The corsairs took only young people and those
sacked Bona in Algeria, killing 470 and taking 1,464 in good physical condition. All those oering resistance
captives.[17] This victory is commemorated by a series were killed, and the old people were gathered into a
of frescoes painted by Bernardino Poccetti in the Sala church which was set on re. Among those captured was
di Bona of Palazzo Pitti, Florence.[18][19] In 1611 Span- lafur Egilsson, who was ransomed the next year. Upon
ish galleys from Naples, accompanied by the galleys of returning to Iceland, he wrote an account about his expe-
the Knights of Malta, raided the Kerkennah Islands o rience. Such captivity narratives by Europeans who had
the coast of Tunisia and took away almost 500 Muslim been held in Muslim states eventually constituted a liter-
captives.[20] Between 1568 and 1634 the Knights of Saint ary genre.
Stephen may have captured about 14,000 Muslims, with Ireland was subject to a similar attack. In June 1631 Mu-
perhaps one-third taken in land raids and two-thirds taken rat Reis, with corsairs from Algiers and armed troops of
on captured ships.[20] the Ottoman Empire, stormed ashore at the little harbor
Barbary corsair attacks were common in southern village of Baltimore, County Cork. They captured al-
Portugal, south and east Spain, the Balearic Islands, the most all the villagers and took them away to a life of slav-
1.3 18th19th centuries 5

ery in North Africa.[12] The prisoners were destined for against France. By the second half of the 17th century,
a variety of fates some lived out their days chained to the greater European naval powers were able to strike
the oars as galley slaves, while women spent long years back eectively enough to intimidate the Barbary States
as concubines in harems or within the walls of the sul- into making peace with them. However, those countries
tans palace. Only two of these captives ever returned to commercial interests beneted by the pirates continuing
Ireland.[21] attacks on their competitors. As a result, they did not
More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in cooperate to impose a more general cessation of corsair
Algiers alone. The rich were often able to secure release activity.
through ransom, but the poor were condemned to slavery. England was the most successful of the Christian states
Their masters would on occasion allow them to secure in dealing with the corsair threat. From the 1630s on-
freedom by professing Islam. A long list might be given wards England had signed peace treaties with the Barbary
of people of good social position, not only Italians or States on various occasions, but invariably breaches of
Spaniards, but German or English travelers in the south, these agreements led to renewed wars. A particular bone
who were captives for a time.[12] While the chief victims of contention was the tendency of foreign ships to pose as
were the inhabitants of the coasts of Sicily, Naples and English to avoid attack. However, growing English naval
Spain, all traders of nations which did not pay tribute for power and increasingly persistent operations against the
immunity or force the Barbary States to leave them alone corsairs proved increasingly costly for the Barbary States.
were liable to be taken at sea. Religious orders the During the reign of Charles II a series of English expe-
Redemptorists and Lazarists worked for the redemp- ditions won victories over raiding Barbary squadrons and
tion of captives, and in many countries the wealthy left mounted attacks on their home ports; these actions per-
legacies to support such redemptions. manently ended the Barbary threat to English shipping. In
1675 a Royal Navy squadron led by Sir John Narborough
negotiated a lasting peace with Tunis and, after bombard-
ing the city to induce compliance, with Tripoli. Peace
with Sal followed in 1676.
Algiers, the most powerful of the Barbary States, re-
turned to war the following year, breaking a treaty made
in 1671. After suering defeats at the hands of an En-
glish squadron under Arthur Herbert, Algiers made peace
again in 1682, in a treaty that lasted until 1816. France,
which had recently emerged as a leading naval power,
achieved comparable success soon afterwards. It bom-
barded Algiers in 1682, 1683 and 1688 to secure a lasting
peace, and forced Tripoli to sue for peace by bombard-
ment in 1686.

An action between an English ship and vessels of the Barbary

Corsairs 1.3 18th19th centuries
See also: First Barbary War and Second Barbary War

Piracy was enough of a problem that some states entered

into the redemption business. In Denmark, At the be-
ginning of the 18th century money was collected sys-
tematically in all churches, and a so called slave fund
(slavekasse) was established by the state in 1715. Funds
were brought in through a compulsory insurance sum for
seafarers. 165 slaves were ransomed by this institution
between 1716 and 1736.[22] Between 1716 and 1754
19 ships from Denmark-Norway were captured with 208
men; piracy was thus a serious problem for the Danish
merchant eet.[22]
Lieve Pietersz Verschuier, Dutch ships bomb Tripoli in a punitive
expedition against the Barbary pirates, c. 1670 In the late 18th century piracy began to arise again. In
1783 and 1784 the Spanish bombarded Algiers to end
Barbary piracy thrived on the competition among Eu- piracy. The second time Admiral Barcel damaged the
ropean powers. France encouraged the corsairs against city so severely that the Algerian Dey asked Spain to ne-
Spain, and later Britain and Holland supported them gotiate a peace treaty. From then on Spanish vessels and
6 2
Captain William Bainbridge paying tribute to the Dey of Algiers,
circa 1800
coasts were safe for several years. Separately, the Danish
attacked Tripoli in 1797.
Until the American Declaration of Independence in
1776, British treaties with the North African states
protected American ships from the Barbary corsairs.
Morocco, which in 1777 was the rst independent na-
tion to publicly recognize the United States, in 1784 be-
came the rst Barbary power to seize an American ves-
sel after the nation achieved independence. The Bar-
bary threat led directly to the United States founding the
United States Navy in March 1794. While the United
States did secure peace treaties with the Barbary states, it
was obliged to pay tribute for protection from attack. The
burden was substantial: in 1800 payments in ransom and
tribute to the Barbary states amounted to 20% of United
States federal governments annual expenditures.[23] The
United States conducted the First Barbary War in 1801
and the Second Barbary War in 1815 to gain more favor-
able peace terms; it ended the payment of tribute. But,
Algiers broke the 1805 peace treaty after two years, and
refused to implement the 1815 treaty until compelled to
do so by Britain in 1816.
The Congress of Vienna (18145), which ended the
Napoleonic Wars, led to increased European consensus
on the need to end Barbary raiding. The sacking of Palma
on the island of Sardinia by a Tunisian squadron, which
carried o 158 inhabitants, roused widespread indigna-
tion. Britain had by this time banned the slave trade
and was seeking to induce other countries to do like-
wise. States that were more vulnerable to the corsairs
BARBARY SLAVES
complained that Britain cared more for ending the trade
in African slaves than stopping the enslavement of Euro-
peans and Americans by the Barbary States.
Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth in August 1816,
Thomas Luny
In order to neutralise this objection and further the anti-
slavery campaign, in 1816 Britain sent Lord Exmouth to
secure new concessions from Tripoli, Tunis, and Algiers,
including a pledge to treat Christian captives in any fu-
ture conict as prisoners of war rather than slaves. He
imposed peace between Algiers and the kingdoms of
Sardinia and Sicily. On his rst visit, Lord Exmouth ne-
gotiated satisfactory treaties and sailed for home. While
he was negotiating, a number of Sardinian shermen who
had settled at Bona on the Tunisian coast were brutally
treated without his knowledge. As Sardinians they were
technically under British protection, and the government
sent Exmouth back to secure reparation. On August 17,
in combination with a Dutch squadron under Admiral
Van de Capellen, Exmouth bombarded Algiers. Both Al-
giers and Tunis made fresh concessions as a result.
The Barbary states had diculty securing uniform com-
pliance with a total prohibition of slave-raiding, as this
had been traditionally of central importance to the North
African economy. Slavers continued to take captives by
preying on less well-protected peoples. Algiers subse-
quently renewed its slave-raiding, though on a smaller
scale. Europeans at the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle in
1818 discussed possible retaliation. In 1820 a British eet
under Admiral Sir Harry Neal bombarded Algiers. Cor-
sair activity based in Algiers did not entirely cease until
France conquered the state in 1830.[12]
2 Barbary slaves
See also: Arab slave trade and Barbary slave trade
While Barbary corsairs looted the cargo of ships they cap-
tured, their primary goal was to capture people for sale
as slaves or for ransom. Those who had family or friends
who might ransom them were held captive but not obliged
to work; the most famous of these was the author Miguel
2.1 Galley slaves
de Cervantes, who was held for almost ve years. Oth-
ers were sold into various types of servitude. Attractive
women or boys could be used as sex slaves and was con-
sidered the original fate worse than death. Captives Although the conditions in bagnios were harsh, they were
who converted to Islam were generally freed, since en-
slavement of Muslims was prohibited; but this meant that
they could never return to their native countries.[24][25]
Historian Robert C. Davis estimated that between 1530 were exceptions: galley slaves of the Ottoman Sultan in
and 1780, 11.25 million Europeans were captured and Constantinople would be permanently conned to their
taken as slaves to North Africa, principally Algiers, Tunis, galleys, and often served extremely long terms, averag-
and Tripoli, but also Constantinople and Sal.[26]
Sultan of Morocco, by Eugne Delacroix
Captives often suered from privation on voyages to
North Africa if taken at a distance. Those who survived
the journeys were often forced to walk through town as
they were taken to slave auctions. The slaves typically had
to stand from eight in the morning until two in the after-
noon while buyers viewed them. Next came the auction,
where the townspeople would bid on the captives they
wanted to purchase and once that was over, the gover-
nor of Algiers (the Dey) had the chance to purchase any
slave he wanted for the price they were sold at the auction.
During the auctions the slaves would be forced to run and
jump around to show their strength and stamina. After
purchase, the captives would either be held for ransom,
or be put to work. Slaves were used for a wide variety
of jobs, from hard manual labor to housework (the job
assigned to most women slaves). At night the slaves were
put into prisons called 'bagnios' (derived from the Italian
word bagno for public bath, inspired by the Turks use
of Roman baths at Constantinople as prisons),[27] which
were often hot and overcrowded. However, these bagnios
began improving by the 18th century. Some bagnios had
chapels, hospitals, shops, and bars run by captives, though
such amenities remained uncommon.
7
2.1 Galley slaves
better than those endured by galley slaves. Most Bar-
bary galleys were at sea for around eighty to a hundred
days a year, but when the slaves assigned to them were
on land, they were forced to do hard manual labor. There
ing around nineteen years in the late seventeenth-century
and early eighteenth-century periods. These slaves rarely
got o the galley but lived there for years.[28] During
this time, rowers were shackled and chained where they
sat, and never allowed to leave. Sleeping (which was lim-
ited), eating, defecation and urination took place at the
seat to which they were shackled. There were usually ve
or six rowers on each oar. Overseers would walk back
and forth and whip slaves considered not to be working
hard enough.
2.2 Freedom for slaves
Barbary slaves could hope to be freed through payment of
a ransom. Despite the eorts of middlemen and charities
to raise money to provide ransoms, they were still very
dicult to come by. As European communities increased
their charity funding for ransoming slaves, North African
states increased the amount of ransom required. Lack of
money to pay a ransom was not the only problem. Persons
taken captive needed to notify their families of their status
and tell them the ransom price. Mail charges were often
beyond the reach of ordinary captive slaves, and it could
take several months for the mail to be delivered.
After payment of a ransom, slaves were often taken to a
port to wait for the ransom to be nalized. In some cases
in the 17th and 18th centuries, slaves were kept under
quarantine due to fear of the plague threatening the life
of the slave and payment of the ransom.
Not many Barbary slaves could depend on being ran-
somed by their communities. They had to be deemed
worthy of it and many poor people were never ransomed.
The tribute prices for the slaves usually varied based on
their usefulness on a ship. So a ship master would cost
more than a common seaman. Escaping was another pos-
sibility, but rarely successful; Cervantes, future author of
Don Quijote, made four unsuccessful attempts to escape
from slavery, and was eventually ransomed by his family.
Thomas Pellow was a successful escaped slave who pub-
lished his story in 1740. After several failed attempts, in
which he was nearly killed, Pellow had nally escaped to
Gibraltar in July 1738.
8 3
French bombardment of Algiers by Admiral Dupper, 13 June
1830
Almucar's coat of arms, which shows the turbaned heads of
three Barbary pirates oating in the sea, was granted to the town
by King Charles V in 1526
3 Famous Barbary corsairs
According to historian Adrian Tinniswood, the most no-
torious corsairs were English and European renegades
who had learned their trade as privateers, and who moved
to the Barbary Coast during peacetime to pursue their
trade. These outcasts brought up-to-date naval expertise
to the piracy business, and enabled the corsairs to make
long-distance slave-catching raids as far away as Iceland
and Newfoundland.[3] The English corsair Henry Main-
FAMOUS BARBARY CORSAIRS
waring later returned to England after gaining a royal par-
don. He was knighted, elected to Parliament, and ap-
pointed a vice admiral of the Royal Navy.[3]
3.1 The Barbarossa brothers
3.1.1 Oru Barbarossa
Main article: Aruj
The most famous of the corsairs in North Africa were
brothers Oru and Hzr Hayreddin. They, and two less
well-known brothers, all became Barbary corsairs; they
were called the Barbarossas (Italian for Redbeards) af-
ter the red beard of Oru, the eldest. Oru captured
the island of Djerba for the Ottoman Empire in 1502 or
1503. He often attacked Spanish territories on the coast
of North Africa; during one failed attempt in 1512 he lost
his left arm to a cannonball. The eldest Barbarossa also
went on a rampage through Algiers in 1516, and captured
the town with the help of the Ottoman Empire. He ex-
ecuted the ruler of Algiers and everybody he suspected
would oppose him, including local rulers. He was nally
captured and killed by the Spanish in 1518, and put on
display.
3.1.2 Hzr Hayreddin Barbarossa
Main article: Hayreddin Barbarossa
Oru, based mainly on land, was not the best-known of
Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa
the Barbarossas. His youngest brother Hzr (later called
Hayreddin or Kheir ed-Din) was a more traditional cor-
sair. He was a capable engineer and spoke at least six
languages. He dyed the hair of his head and beard with
henna to redden it like Oru's. After capturing many cru-
cial coastal areas, Hayreddin was appointed admiral-in-
chief of the Ottoman sultans eet. Under his command
the Ottoman Empire was able to gain and keep control of
the eastern Mediterranean for over thirty years. Barbaros
Hzr Hayreddin Pasha died in 1546 of a fever, possibly
the plague.
3.4 Other famous Barbary corsairs 9

3.2 Captain Jack Ward

Main article: Jack Ward

English corsair Jack, or John, Ward was once called be-

yond doubt the greatest scoundrel that ever sailed from
England by the English ambassador to Venice. Ward
was a privateer for Queen Elizabeth during her war with
Spain; after the end of the war, he became a corsair. With
some associates he captured a ship in about 1603 and
sailed it to Tunis; he and his crew converted to Islam. He
was successful and became rich. He introduced heavily
armed square-rigged ships, used instead of galleys, to the Mulai Ahmed er Raisulis Headquarter in Tangier, Morocco.
North African area, a major reason for the Barbarys fu-
ture dominance of the Mediterranean. He died of plague
in 1622.

3.3 Sayyida al-Hurra

Main article: Sayyida al Hurra

Sayyida al-Hurra was a female Muslim cleric, merchant,

governor of Ttouan, and later queen of Morocco.[29][30]
She was born around 1485 in the Emirate of Granada,
but was forced to ee to Morocco when she was very
young to escape the Reconquista. In Morocco, she gath-
ered a crew largely of exiled Moors, and launched pirate
expeditions against Spain and Portugal to avenge the Re-
conquista, protect Morocco from Christian pirates, and
seek riches and glory. She co-founded the Barbary Cor-
sairs with her allies the Barbarossa brothers, who divided
the Mediterranean between themthe Barbarossas and
their Ottoman eet operating in the east, and Sayyida al-
Hurra and her Moorish and North-African pirates oper-
ating in the west. Sayyida al-Hurra became wealthy and
renowned enough for the Sultan of Morocco, Ahmad al-
Wattasi to make her his queen. Notably, however, she
refused to marry in his capital of Fez, and would not get
married but in Ttouan, of which she was governor. This
was the rst and only time in history that a Moroccan
monarch had married away from his capital.
Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli, the last of the Barbary Pirates.
3.4 Other famous Barbary corsairs
Salih Reis (c. 14881568)
Kemal Reis (c. 14511511)
Gedik Ahmed Pasha (died 1482) Seydi Ali Reis (14981563)

Sinan Reis (died 1546) Piyale Pasha (c. 15151578)

Piri Reis (died 1554 or 1555) Ras Hamidou (17731815)

Turgut Reis (14851565) Ulu Ali Reis (15191587)

Sinan Pasha (died 1553) Ali Bitchin (c. 15601645)

Kurtolu Muslihiddin Reis (1487c. 1535) Simon de Danser or Simon Reis (c. 1579c. 1611)

Kurtolu Hzr Reis Salomo de Veenboer or Sulayman Reis (died 1620)

10 6 NOTES

Murat Reis the Elder (c. 15341638) corsairs and sold as a slave in Algiers. He is freed when
his master dies. He becomes a merchant and buys the
Murat Reis the Younger (c. 1570after 1641)
freedom of another English slave girl.

4 In ction
5 See also
Anglo-Turkish piracy

Barbary Slave Trade

Barbary treaties

Ghazw

Islamic views on slavery

List of Ottoman sieges and landings

Morisco

OttomanHabsburg wars
The Quattro Mori (Four Moors) by Pietro Tacca; Livorno, Italy Ottoman Navy

Barbary corsairs are protagonists in Le pantere di Al- Republic of Bou Regreg

geri (the panthers of Algiers) by Emilio Salgari. They
were featured in a number of other noted novels, in- Romegas
cluding Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe, The Count of
Sack of Baltimore
Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, pre, The Wind in
the Willows by Kenneth Grahame, The Sea Hawk and Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
the Sword of Islam by Rafael Sabatini, The Algerine Cap-
tive by Royall Tyler, Master and Commander by Patrick Turkish Abductions
O'Brian, the Baroque Cycle by Neal Stephenson, The
Walking Drum by Louis Lamour, Doctor Dolittle by Hugh
Lofting, Corsair by Clive Cussler and Anglique in Bar- 6 Notes
bary by Anne Golon. Miguel de Cervantes, the Spanish
author, was captive for ve years as a slave in the bagnio
[1] A 44-gun Algerian corsair appeared at Ro de la Plata in
of Algiers, and reected his experience in some of his
1720. Cesreo Fernndez Duro, Armada espaola desde
ctional (but not directly autobiographical) writings, in- la unin de los reinos de Castilla y de Len, Madrid, 1902,
cluding the Captives tale in Don Quixote, his two plays set Vol. VI, p. 185
in Algiers, El Trato de Argel (The Treaty of Algiers) and
Los Baos de Argel (The Baths of Algiers), and episodes [2] British Slaves on the Barbary Coast.
in a number of other works. In Mozart's opera Die Ent-
[3] Review of Pirates of Barbary by Ian W. Toll, New York
fhrung aus dem Serail (a Singspiel), two European ladies
Times, 12 Dec. 2010
are discovered in a Turkish harem, presumably captured
by Barbary corsairs. Rossini's opera L'Italiana in Algeri is [4] Pryor (1988), p. 192
based on the capture of several slaves by Barbary corsairs
led by the bey of Algiers. [5] Linda Colley (2004) Captives: Britain, Empire, and the
World, 16001850, Anchor Books Edition, New York
Barbary corsairs were also featured in many pornographic ISBN 978-0-385-72146-2
novels, such as The Lustful Turk (1828), as the abduc-
tion of white women into sexual slavery was an abiding [6] Roberts, Priscilla H. and Richard S. Roberts, Thomas
interest.[31] Barclay (17281793: Consul in France, Diplomat in Bar-
bary, Lehigh University Press, 2008, pp. 206223.
One of the stereotypical features of a pirate as portrayed
in popular culture, the eye patch, was derived from the [7] Milestones of American Diplomacy, Interesting Histor-
Arab corsair Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah, who wore a ical Notes, and Department of State History. U.S. De-
patch after losing an eye in battle in the 18th century.[32] partment of State. Retrieved 2007-12-17.

The Little Johnny England song, Lily of Barbary, tells [8] Cohen Renews U.S.-Morocco Ties (mil). U.S. Depart-
the story of an English man who is enslaved by Barbary ment of Defense. Retrieved 2009-03-12.

[9] Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the
Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 15001800.
Robert Davis (2004). p.45. ISBN 1-4039-4551-9.
[10] Kritzler, Edward (November 3, 2009). Jewish Pirates of
the Caribbean. Anchor. pp. 5960. ISBN 978-0-7679-
1952-4. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
[11] Plaut, Steven (October 15, 2008). Putting the Oy Back
into 'Ahoy'". Retrieved 2010-04-27.
[12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barbary Pirates".
Encyclopdia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge Univer-
sity Press.
[13] Her Majestys Commission, State Papers (1849). King
Henry the Eighth Volume 10 Part V Foreign Correspon-
dence 1544-45. London.
[14] Mercati, Angelo (1982). Saggi di storia e letteratura, vol.
II. Rome.
[15] History of Menorca.
[16] Alfred S. Bradford (2007), Flying the Black Flag, p. 132.
[17] John B. Hattendorf and Richard W. Unger (2003). War
at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Boydell
Press.
[18] Curators comments on a draft study by Bernardino Poc-
cetti. The British Museum.
[19] Palazzo Pitti.
[20] Jamieson, Alan (2012). Lords of the Sea: A History of the
Barbary Corsairs. London.
[21] Ekin, Des (2006). The Stolen Village - Baltimore and the
Barbary Pirates. OBrien. ISBN 978-0-86278-955-8.
[22] Peter Madsen, Danish slaves in Barbary, Islam in Euro-
pean Literature Conference, Denmark Archived Novem-
ber 10, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.
[23] Oren, Michael B. (2005-11-03). The Middle East and
the Making of the United States, 1776 to 1815. Re-
trieved 2007-02-18.
[24] Diego de Haedo, Topografa e historia general de Argel, 3
vols., Madrid, 1927-29.
[25] Daniel Eisenberg, "Por qu volvi Cervantes de
Argel?", in Ingeniosa invencin: Essays on Golden
Age Spanish Literature for Georey L. Stagg in Honor
of his Eighty-Fifth Birthday, Newark, Delaware,
Juan de la Cuesta, 1999, ISBN 9780936388830,
pp. 241-253, http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/
obra/por-qu-volvi-cervantes-de-argel-0/, retrieved
11/20/2014.
[26] Davis (2003), pp. 326
[27] Denition of bagnio from the Free Merriam-Webster Dic-
tionary. Accessed 23 February 2015
[28] Ekin, Des (2006). The Stolen Village - Baltimore and the
Barbary Pirates. OBrien. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-86278-
955-8.
11
[29] Mernissi, Fatima (July 30, 1997). The Forgotten Queens
of Islam. Univ Of Minnesota Press. pp. 1819, 115, 193.
ISBN 978-0-8166-2439-3.
[30] Park, Thomas Kerlin; Boum, Aomar (2006). Historical
dictionary of Morocco. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 317.
ISBN 978-0-8108-5341-6.
[31] Steven Marcus (2008) The Other Victorians: A Study
of Sexuality and Pornography in Mid-Nineteenth-Century
England. Transaction Publishers, ISBN 1-4128-0819-7,
pp. 195217
[32] Charles Belgrave (1966), The Pirate Coast, p. 122,
George Bell & Sons
7 References
Clissold, Stephen. 1976. CHRISTIAN RENE-
GADES AND BARBARY CORSAIRS. History
Today 26, no. 8: 508-515. Historical Abstracts.
Davis, Robert C., Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters:
White Slavery in the Mediterranean, The Barbary
Coast, and Italy, 15001800. Palgrave Macmillan,
New York. 2003. ISBN 0-333-71966-2
Earle, Peter. The Pirate Wars. Thomas Dunne.
2003
Forester, C. S. The Barbary Pirates. Random
House. 1953
Konstam, Angus A History of Pirates.
Kristensen, Jens Riise, Barbary To and Fro rby
Publishing. 2005.
Leiner, Frederick C. The End of Barbary Terror:
Americas 1815 War against the Pirates of North
Africa. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 2006
Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars: American In-
dependence in the Atlantic World. Hill & Wang,
2005
Lloyd, Christopher. 1979. Captain John Ward: Pi-
rate. History Today 29, no. 11; p. 751.
Matar, Nabil. 2001. The Barbary Corsairs, King
Charles I and the Civil War. Seventeenth Century
16, no. 2; pp. 239258.
Pryor, John H., Geography, Technology, and
WarStudies in the Maritime History of the Mediter-
ranean, 6491571. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge. 1988. ISBN 0-521-34424-7
Severn, Derek. The Bombardment of Algiers,
1816. History Today 28, no. 1 (1978); pp. 3139.
12 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

Silverstein, Paul A. 2005. The New Barbarians: 9 External links

Piracy and Terrorism on the North African Fron-
tier. CR: The New Centennial Review 5, no. 1; pp.
179212.
Travers, Tim, Pirates: A History. Tempus Publish-
ing, Gloucestershire. 2007.
World Navies
Hitchens, Christopher (Spring 2007). Jeerson
Versus the Muslim Pirates. City Journal. Retrieved
2007-04-28.
Knights Hospitaller of St. John - Order of St John
of Jerusalem Malta

To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth of the U.S. The Barbary Pirates
Navy and Marines.Annapolis, MD : Naval Insti-
tute Press, 1991, 2001. New book reopens old arguments about slave raids
on Europe

Barbary Warfare
8 Further reading
The Barbary Wars at the Clements Library:An on-
Adrian Tinniswood, Pirates of Barbary: Corsairs, line exhibit on the Barbary Wars with images and
Conquests and Captivity in the Seventeenth-Century transcriptions of primary documents from the pe-
Mediterranean, 343 pp. Riverhead Books, 2010. riod.
ISBN 978-1-59448-774-3. NY Times review American Barbary Wars
White Gold: The Extraordinary Story of Thomas
Pellow and North Africas One Million European
Slaves by Giles Milton (Sceptre, 2005)
London, Joshua E. Victory in Tripoli: How Amer-
icas War with the Barbary Pirates Established the
U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation. New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. ISBN 978-0-471-44415-
2
The pirate coast : Thomas Jeerson, the rst marines
and the secret mission of 1805 by Richard Zacks.
Hyperion, 2005. ISBN 1-4013-0849-X
Christian slaves, Muslim masters : white slavery in
the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy,
15001800 by Robert C. Davis. New York : Pal-
grave Macmillan, 2003. ISBN 978-0-333-71966-4
Piracy, Slavery and Redemption: Barbary Captiv-
ity Narratives from Early Modern England by D. J.
Vikus (Columbia University Press, 2001)
The Stolen Village: Baltimore and the Barbary Pi-
rates by Des Ekin ISBN 978-0-86278-955-8
Skeletons on the Zahara: A True Story of Survival by
Dean King, ISBN 0-316-15935-2
Oren, Michael. Early American Encounters in the
Middle East, in Power, Faith, and Fantasy. New
York: Norton, 2007.
Boot, Max (2002). The Savage Wars of Peace:
Small Wars and the Rise of American Power. New
York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00720-1.
Lambert, Frank. The Barbary Wars. New York:
Hill and Wang, 2005.
Whipple, A. B. C. To the Shores of Tripoli: The Birth
of the U.S. Navy and Marines. Bluejacket Books,
1991. ISBN 1-55750-966-2
 13

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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Morn, Joy, Millosh, Khalid hassani, Paedia, Kingal86, Rich Farmbrough, Rama, Baron von Chickenpants, LindsayH, Dbachmann, Ben-
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Naraht, Guliolopez, Bgwhite, Kauner, Anders.Warga, Aftermath, Haranoh, Moe Epsilon, Paaskynen, .marc., Blue Danube, Closedmouth,
SmackBot, Eperotao, Haymaker, Larry Doolittle, Jagged 85, Zaqarbal, Cool3, Peter Isotalo, Hmains, Binot~enwiki, Jprg1966, Roscelese,
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Andy Dingley, Piratedan, StAnselm, Jauerback, Il Castrato, IdreamofJeanie, Randy Kryn, ClueBot, XPTO, Zburh, Boing! said Zebedee,
Parkwells, Excirial, Sun Creator, Arjayay, Ouedbirdwatcher, Takabeg, SchreiberBike, Askahrc, Alcherin, Bellroth, Yozer1, Against the
current, XLinkBot, Fastily, Mitch Ames, Mahmudss, Addbot, Altetendekrabbe, Some jerk on the Internet, Ronhjones, Jncraton, Lemon-
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Samer154, Duniyaduniya, Wei75631, Ithinkicahn, Thrub, Tttt, Sietecolores, Agilulf2007, Caravaggista, SovalValtos, 115ash, Andos55,
TheBanterIsReal, MB298, Eram Leonidas, ComradeDaryl, JustHelping614, Talleyrand20, Qzd, Labtek00, Tandude0, Starkiller1257,
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14 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

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