CARBON COMPOUNDS

1. Compounds that contain the element carbon are called carbon compounds
2. carbon compounds can be divided into two major group
a) organic compound carbohydrates, lipid, proteins, alcohol, carboxylic acids etc
b) inorganic compounds carbonate ions, carbon dioxide gas, cyanide ions, carbides ( C 4
).

HYRDOCARBON, Hc
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain the element carbon and hydrogen
only.
2. All the carbon hydrogen elements are bonded via covalent bonds, either
a) single covalent bond or

Methane chloroethane
 b) double covalent bond

Ethene ethanoic acid

c) triple covalent bonds

Ethyne methyl cyanide

3. Saturated hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons that contain purely single covalent
bonds.
4. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are those hydrocarbons that has at least one double or triple
covalent bond
5. hydrocarbons also can be classified as
a) aliphatic chain linear chain
b) aromatic chain ring form
6. Single covalent bond tetrahedron structure
angle between the covalent bond is 109 28

7. Double covalent bond planar structure

angle between the bonds is 120
requires at least 2 carbon atoms

8. Triple covalent bonds linear structure

angle between the covalent bonds is 180
requires at least 2 carbon atoms
 9. The main sources of hydrocarbons are
a) Natural gas
b) Petroleum ( crude oil )
c) Coal
10. Petroleum consists of a complex hydrocarbon .
11. Only via fractionating column, those mixture can be
separated based on their boiling point.

Fragments Number of carbon Boiling point range ( C ) Uses

atom/s
Natural gas 14 30 Fuel for cooking
Petrol 4 10 40 75 Fuel for car engines
Kerosene 10 16 150 230 Fuel for jet engines & oil stove
Diesel 16 20 230 250 Fuel for diesel engine
Lubricating oil 20 30 250 300 Lubricants
Fuel oil 30 40 300 350 Fuel for ships & power station
Bitumen (asphalt ) 50 350 As tar for road surface
Combustion of Organic Compound
1. During combustion of organic compound,
a) the element carbon in the organic compound combines with oxygen in the air to
form carbon dioxide.
C + O2 CO2
b) The element hydrogen in the organic compound combines with the oxygen in the
air to form water vapour which condense in test tube.
H + O2 H2O
When Hc is burnt in excess oxygen, carbon dioxide gas and water will be produced.

ALKANE
1. it is a saturated hydrocarbon .

2. General formula : CnH2n+2 where n = 1,2,3 ..

3. Each carbon atom in alkane is bonded to four other atoms ( C or H ) by four single
covalent bonds.

Naming Alkanes / IUPAC Nomenclature

1. For straight chain of alkanes
a) identify number of carbon atoms exist
b) use the correct prefixes to indicate the number of carbon atoms
c) add the suffix ane at the end of the prefixes

2. For a branched chain of alkanes

a) identify number of carbon atoms exist in the base chain
b) identify the branches / substituents

i. 1 carbon methyl

ii. 2 carbon ethyl

iii. 3 carbon propyl

iv. 4 carbon butyl

v. Fluorine fluoro

vi. Chlorine chloro

vii. Bromine bromo

viii. Iodine iodo

 c) Number the carbon atoms. The numbering starts from the chain end that gives the
lowest number for the first substituent on the chain.
d) Use the number to recognize the location of all the substituents .
e) When naming an alkane, name the substituent first based on the alphabetical order
and follow by the main chains name.
f) Prefixes di, tri or tetra is used if the substituents exist a few times in the same
molecule.

a) ISOMERISM of ALKANE
1. Isomerism is the existence of two or more molecules with the same molecular formula.
2. It is also can be said that isomerism is a phenomenon where the compounds has a same
molecular formula but different structural formula.

b) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of ALKANE

c)
1. Alkanes are colourless hydrocarbons
2. The melting point and boiling point will increase as the RMM increases because of the
strength of the Van der Waals forces increases.
3. The density will increase as the RMM increases because the molecules are arrangement
too close to each other. Yet its density is lower that water.
4. All alkanes do not dissolve in water but they will dissolve in organic solvent.
d) Nam f) Molec h) Relati j) Meltin l) Boilin n) Ph p) Den
e of ular ve g g ysi sity
alka formu molec point point cal q) (g
3
ne
s) Meth la 4
u) CH w) ular
16 y) (C) aj) (C) sta
au) ax) cm
ane
bi) Etha bk)v)C2H4 bm)x) 3 z) ak) av) Ga ay)
ne aa) al) s az)
bs) Prop bl) 3H8
bu)C bw) 0 4
ane ab) am) aw) ba)
cc) Buta ce)bv)
C4H10 4
ch) 58
ne ac) an) bb)
cn) Pent cp)cf)
C5H12 ci)72
cs) cw)
ane ad) ao) bc)
dc) Hex cq)6H14
de)C ct)
dh)86 cx)
ane ae) ap) bd)
dn)Hept df)7H16
dp)C di)100
ds)
ane
dq) dt)
 dy) Octa ea)C8H18 ed)114 af) aq) cy) Liq be)
ne
ej) Non el) eb)
C9H20 ee)
eo)128 ag) ar) uid bf)
ane ah) as) cz) bg)
eu)Dec em)
ew) C ep)
ez) 142
ane Increas Increas da) Incre
ff) 10 H22 fa)

fg) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ALKANE

1. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, thus it is not that reactive.
2. it does not react with reagent such as dilute acids, alkaline, oxidation agents or reducing
agents
fh)
fi) Test fj) Observation
fk) Shaken with NaOH solution fl) No changes
fm)Shaken with acidified KMnO4 fn) Violet colour of the mixture remain unchanged
solution
fo) Shaken with bromine water fp) Brownish colour of the mixture remain
unchanged
fq) Shaken with dilute HCl
solution fr) No changes
fs)
3. Alkane goes through 3 types of reactions only
a) Combustion
Complete combustion
Non complete combustion

ft)
b) Halogenation
With chlorine
With bromine

fu)
c) Cracking
fv)
 fw) COMBUSTION
1. all alkane burn in excess oxygen ( complete combustion ) to produce CO2 and H2O

fx) CXHY + (X + Y ) O2 X CO2 + Y H 2O

fy)
fz)
2. If combustion is in-complete C or CO will be produced together with water molecule.

ga) 2 C2H6 + 3 O2 4 C (s) + 6 H2O

gb) 2 C2H6 + 5 O2 4 CO (g) + 6 H2O
gc)

gd) HALOGENATION
1. Halogen : Cl2, Br2
2. Alkanes reacts with Halogens ( X2 ) when the mixture is exposed to ultraviolet light /
sunlight or when heated to high temperatures ( 200C 400 C ).

ge)
3. This reaction is known as substitution reaction
gf) CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl Chloromethane
gg) CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl dichloromethane
gh) CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCl3 + HCl trichloromethane
( chloroform )
gi) CHCl3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl tetrachloromethane
gj)

gk) MECHANISM of HALOGENATION

gl)
gm)
 gn) CRACKING PROCESS
1. If Alkane is heated with the absent of oxygen and with the present of catalyst it will go
through cracking process and produces smaller fragments of alkane and alkene .

go) C15 H32 C6H14 + C9 H18

gp) Alkane alkene
2. Catalyst : Al2O3 , SiO2 or porous pot
3. Application of this process
a) Alkane molecules with large sizes and less applications can be converted into smaller
alkanes which has more commercial values
b) More petrol can be produced
c) More alkenes can be produced
gq)
gr)
gs)
gt)

gu) ALKENES
5. It is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
gv) due to the existence of one double covalent bond between carbon atoms .
6. General formula : CnH2n where n = ,2,3 ..
7. The functional group : double covalent bond
gw)

gx) Naming Alkenes / IUPAC

Nomenclature
3. For straight chain of alkanes
a) Steps for aliphatic chain :
gy) First step
identify the number of carbon atoms in the longest chain which contain double
covalent bond .
 choose the correct prefixes
gz) second step
start numbering the carbon atoms from the end that is nearest to the double
covalent bond.
ha) Third step
identify the position of the double covalent bond.
add the double bonds position number together with the suffix ene at the end of
the prefixes
hb)
hc)
hd)
he)Steps for branched aliphatic chain
4. The first 3 steps are the same
hf) Fourth step identify the branch /es [subsituents]
hg) name the branch /es
hh) arrange the branches if more than one in alphabetical
order in
hi) front of its main name.
i. 1 carbon methyl

ii. 2 carbon ethyl

iii. 3 carbon propyl

iv. 4 carbon butyl

v. Fluorine fluoro

vi. Chlorine chloro

vii. Bromine bromo

viii. Iodine iodo

hj) Prefixes di, tri or tetra is used if the substituents

repeats a
hk) few times in the same molecule.
 hl)

hm) ISOMERISM of ALKENE

3. Isomerism is a phenomenon where the compounds has a same molecular formula but
different structural formula.

hn)
ho)
hp)
hq)
hr)
hs)
ht)
hu)
hv)

hw)

hx) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of ALKENE

hy)
4. Alkenes are colourless hydrocarbons
5. The melting point and boiling point will increase as the RMM increases because of the
increament of the Van der Waals forces
hz) size increase by CH2
6. The density will increase as the RMM increases because the molecules are arrangement
too close to each other. Yet its density is lower that water.
ia) the mass increases by 14 units from one member to the adjacent member in the
ib) homologous series
8. . C2 C4 gas,
ic) C5 C15 liquid ,
id) C15 solid
9. all alkenes do not dissolve in water but they will dissolve in organic solvent.
ie)
 if) Nam ih) Molecu ij) Relativ il) Melting in) Boiling ip) Ph ir) Den
e of lar e point point ysic sity
alken formul molecu (C) (C) al is) (g
e a lar im) io) stat cm3
iu) iv) iw) ix) jh) jr) ju)
ke) Ethen kf) C2H4 kg) 28 iy) ji) js) Ga jv)
e
kl) Prope km) C3H6 kn) 42 iz) jj) s jw)
ne
ks) Buten kt) C4H8 ku) 56 ja) jk) jt) jx)
e
jb) jl) jy)
kz) Pente la) C5H10 lb) 70 le)
ne jc) jm) jz)
lf)
lk) Hexe ll) C6H12 lm) 84
ne jd) jn) lg) Liqui ka)
lr) Hepte ls) C7H14 lt) 98
ne je) jo) d kb)
ly) Octen lz) C8H16 ma)112 lh)
e jf) Increas jp) Increas kc) Incr
mf) None mg)C9H28 mh)126 li)
ne es es eas
mm) mn)C10H20 mp)140
jg) jq) es
Decene
mo)
mu)

mv) CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of ALKENE

1. Alkenes are neutral
2. Types of reaction in alkenes
a) Combustion
b) Addition reaction
mw)

mx) COMBUSTION

my) Alkene + oxygen (excess ) carbon dioxide +

water
mz) C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) +
2H2O (ce)
na) C3H6 (g) + 9/2 O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 3H2O (ce)
nb)
1. Alkenes burn with a yellow flame.
2. The flame is more smoky that the corresponding alkanes because the % by mass of carbon
in alkene is higher than that of the correspond alkanes .
3. example :
nc) Hexene [ C6H12 ] Hexane [ C6H14 ]
nd)
ne)
4. Incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen supply will produce either carbon & water or
carbon monoxide with water.
nf)

ng) ADDITION REACTION

1. Only will take place at the double covalent bond
nh) H H H H
ni) H C=C H + XY H CC H
nj) X Y
2. Examples :
a) Hydrogenation
when a mixture of alkene ( gas) and hydrogen is passed over nickel / platinum
catalyst at 180 200C, an alkane is produced.
this process is to convert unsaturated hydrocarbon to saturated hydrocarbon.

nk) H H H H
nl) H C=C H + HH H CC H

nm) H H
nn) Ethene Ethane
no)
this process is mainly used in the industry to produce margarine from vegetable oils
b) Halogenation
When alkene is passed into liquid bromine, the brown colour of bromine is
decolourised immediately and a colourless liquid is formed.
 this reaction can be used to identify unsaturated hydrocarbon from saturated one
( alkane & alkene)
np) H H H H
nq) H C=C H + Br Br H CC H

nr) Br Br
ns) Ethene
1,2dibromoethane
nt)
c) Hydrogen halides
all alkenes react at room temperature with hydrogen halides and produces
halogenaklanes or haloaklanes .
examples of hydrogen halides: HCl, HBr, HI
nu)
nv)
nw)
nx) H H H H
ny) HC=CH + H Cl H C C H

nz) H Cl
oa) Ethene chloroethane

ob)
d) Hydration
aklenes do not react with water under normal condition
when a mixture of ethane and steam is passed over phosphoric (V) acid, H 3PO4 as
a catalyst at 300C and at a pressure of 60 atm, ethanol can be produced.
oc) H H H H
od) H C=C H + H OH H CC H
 oe) H OH
of) Ethene steam ethanol

og)
e) acidified KMnO4
When alkenes reacts with acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution , the purple
colour of potassium manganate (VII) is decolourised immediately and an organic
compound called diol is formed.
diol is a saturated alcohol with two hydroxyl ( OH) groups

oh) H H H H
oi) HC = CH + H2O + [O] HC CH

oj) HO OH
ok) Ethene ethane 1,2
diol
ol)
om)
on)
oo)
f) Polymerization of alkene
type of polymerization : addition
Ethene polyethene
Temperature : 200C and pressure 1200 atm
op)
 oq)

or)
os)
ot)

ou) Alcohols
1. Alcohols are organic compounds that contain minimum one hydroxyl (OH ) as the
functional group.
2. Smaller size alcohols are usually colourless liquid at room temperature.
3. All alcohols are neutral
ov)

ow) Homolog Series Of Alcohol

1. General formula of alcohol is CnH2n+1OH. ( where n = 1, 2, 3,. )
2. Alcohol contain C, H and O elements
3. The functional group of alcohol is hydroxyl group ( OH ).
4. One member is different from the adjacent member by a CH2 group (RMM 14).
5. When the size of the alcohol increases,
a) The boiling point will increase,
b) The density will increase
c) The solubility in water decreases.
 ox) Physical Properties of Alcohol
1. Melting point and boiling point as the number of carbon , C
a) C1 C12 liquid ,
b) C12 solid at room temperature
2. Simple alcohols dissolve in water
3. All alcohols dissolve in organic solvent
4. Alcohols are less dense than water so it floats in water

oy)
oz)
pa)
pb)
pc) Numb pd)Name pe)Mol pf) RMM pg)De ph)M pi) Solu
er of of ecu nsi P bility
carbo alcohol lar ty & in
pr)
pj) 1 pl) Methan pn)CH3 pp)32

qe)

qp)
pk)2
qs) ol
qu)Ethanol qw) OH pq)
qy) 46
increases

increases

Decreases
ps)

qf)
qt) 3
rd) qv)
rf) Propan C2HC53O
rh) H rj)qz)60

qq)
re)4
ro) -1-ol
rq) Butan- rs) 7COH
4H
rk)74
ru)
rp)5
rz) 1-ol
sb) Pentan- sd) 9COH
5H
rv)88
sf)
pv) pu) pt)

qh) qg)

sa)6
sk) sm) 1-ol H so) CnO
6H
sg)
sq) 102 qr)
sl) exan-1- 13 O sr)
sv)

sw) Nomenclature
1. The longest hydrocarbon chain that contain OH is determined
2. Parental name of the chain is based on the number of the carbon exist.
3. The letter e at the end of the corresponding alkane is replaced with ol
4. Number the carbon based on the end which is closer to the hydroxyl group OH.
5. Name any substitution that exist ( methyl , ethyl , prophyl , chloro , bromo, iodo etc )
6. Name of the substitution is arranged based on alphabetical order
sx)
sy)
sz) Methanol td) Ethanol te) Propanol tf) Butanol
ta)
tb)
tc)
tg) Pentanol tl) Hexanol tm)3-hexanol tn) Hex-2-ol
th)
ti)
tj)
tk)
to) 2-methyl tt) 2,2-dimethyl tu) 2,3-dimethyl tv) 2-chlorobutanol
propanol butanol butanol
tp)
tq)
tr)
ts)
tw) 3-iodo pentanol ub)2-bromohexanol uc) 2-bromo-3- ud)2-bromo-3-iodo
tx) chloro pentanol hexanol
ty)
tz)
ua)
ue)
uf)

ug) Isomerism In Alcohol

1. The first two member of the alcohol do not show isomerism
2. Isomerism in alcohol is caused by
a) The difference in the carbon chain that is straight chain or branched chain
b) The position of the hydroxide group
uh)

ui) Isomers of butanol ( = four )

uj)

uk) uo)

ul)

um)

un)
up)

uq)

ur)

us) Isomers of pentanol ( = eight )

ut) uy) uz)

uu)

uv)

uw)

ux)
va)

vb) Production of Alcohol

vc) Procedure : Fermentation & distillation
vd)

Glucose solution + zymase Carbon dioxide gas

enzymes
ve)
vf)
vg)
1. Fermentation process : yeast is added to glucose and left in a warm place at about 35 C

vh) C6H1206 (aq) 2 C2H5OH +

2 CO2 (g)
vi)
vj)
2. Alcohol produced is only with a concentration of 11 - 13 % higher % of alcohol can
killed yeast.
3. Fractional distillation is carried out to concentrate the ethanol and produce ethanol of 96
% purity
4. Dried ethanol can be obtain by adding calcium oxide ( drying agent ) to the distillate.

vk)

vl) Hydration of Ethene ( in

industry )
1. Hydration of ethene : catalyst phosphoric acid , 300C and 60 atm.
vm) CH2 = CH2 + H2O CH3CH2OH
2. Ethanol produced is washed with NaOH to remove the excess H3PO4
vn)

vo) PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of ETHANOL

vp)
1. Colourless liquid and has a characteristic odour
2. less dense than water.
3. Boiling point : 78C, thus volatile.
4. Dissolve in water and produce homogen liquid .
5. Can act as solvent : chlorophyll , nail polish, ink etc.
6. Neutral .
vq)
vr)
vs)
vt)
vu)
vv)
vw)
vx)
vy)
vz)
wa)

wb) Carboxylic Acid

1. Contain the element carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
2. it is an organic and a weak acid
3. Examples of weak acids
a) methanoic acid : red ants
b) ethanoic acid : vinegar
c) malic acid : apple
d) citric acid : lemon
e) lactic acid : yoghurt

wc) Homolog Series of Carboxylic Acid

1. General formula : CnH2n+1COOH where n = 0, 1, 2, ..
2. Functional group : carboxylic group (-COOH)
3. functional group must be placed at the end carbon.
 wd) Nomenclature
1. Name starts as in alkane but the term e is replaced with prefixes of oic and ends with
the term acid
2. The location of the branch need to be numbered ( chloro, methyl, hydroxyl ) on the
parental chain.
3. numbering starts from the end that is nearest to the carboxyl group (-COOH).

we) Physical Properties of Carboxylic

Acid
1. It is colourless liquid ( 10 C )

2. Has a strong / sharp odour

3. boiling point is higher than equivalent alkane, alkene or alcohol.

4. Short chain carboxylic acid do dissolve in water.

5. The solubility in water decreases as the number of carbon increases.

wf) Preparation of ETHANOIC ACID

wg)

wh) Preparation of ethanoic acid in Lab

1. Ethanol is oxidized [O] ethanoic acid.

2. Oxidation agent , [O] : acidified KMnO4 & acidified Potassium dichromate ( VI), K2Cr2O7.
3. The mixture of ethanol, potassium dichromate (VI) solution and dilute sulphuric acid is
heated under reflux.
4. Heating under reflux will make sure all the ethanol will react completely with the oxidizing
agent solution.
wi)
 wj) Preparation of ethanoic acid in Industry
1. Raw material used
a) Natural gas ( methane gas )
b) Petroleum
c) glucose
2. From petroleum, butane can be obtain via cracking process.
3. Then the Butane is oxidized into ethanoic acid.

wk) CH3CH2CH2CH3 ( l ) + 5 [O] 2 CH3COOH ( l ) + H2O( l )

4. Ethanol obtained from fermentation process also can easily be oxidized to ethanoic acid

wl) CH3CH2OH + 2 [O] CH3COOH ( l ) + H2O( l )

Water out

Liebig
Condenser
Water in

Ethanoic acid
Ethanol +
K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4

Heat
wm)
 wn)

wo) Physical Properties of Ethanoic Acid

1. colourless and has a characteristic vinegar smell
2. Dissolve in water and has a sour taste

3. M/P 16.7 C and B/P 118C

4. Pure or dried ethanoic acid is known as glacial ethanoic acid because in cold
weather, the acid will freeze to form colourless crystal which look like ice.
5. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid because it undergoes partial ionization in water

wp) CH3COOH (aq) CH3COO ( aq ) + H+ (aq) /

H3O+(aq)
6. It changes litmus blue to red
7. pH is less than 4

wq) Chemical Properties of Ethanoic

Acid
1. Can react with base, alkaline, metal carbonate and reactive metals to produce
salt
2. With base : MgO, CuO, ZnO

wr)2 CH3COOH + MgO( s) ( CH3COO )2Mg (aq) + H2O( l )

ws)
3. With alkali: KOH, NaOH, NH4OH

wt) CH3COOH + NaOH ( aq) CH3COONa ( aq) + H2O(ce)

 wu)
wv)
4. With metal carbonate : Na2CO3, K2CO3, MgCO3, CaCO3,

ww) 2 CH3COOH + Na2CO3 (aq) 2 CH3COONa (aq) + H2O( l ) + CO2 (g)

With metal carbonate:
The metal carbonate dissolve
Effervescence occurs

Gas release + lime water

Gas turns lime water cloudy
wx)
5. With reactive metal : Ca, Mg, Al, Zn

wy) 2 CH3COOH + Mg ( CH3COO)2 Mg (aq) + H2 (g)

With reactive metal :

The reactive metal dissolve
Bubbles of gas given off

Gas release + lighted splinter

Gas burns with a pop sound

wz)
6. Esterification will take place when a mixture of ethanoic acid and ethanol is heated

under reflux with the present of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid as the
catalyst.
7. The product of the reaction will be ester and water
xa)
xb)CH3COOH ( l ) + CH3CH2OH CH3COOCH2CH3 ( l ) + H2O( l )

Odour :
Sweet, fruity odour
Colour :
Colourless

Solubility in water
Insoluble
Floats on the water surface

xc) Forms a layer on top of the

water surface.
xd)