Wood Chemical composition

Lignin (25-30%)
Polymers Cellulose (45-50%)
Wood Hemicelluloses (15-20%)

Extractives (5-10%) Fats and waxes

Terpenes
Phenolic compounds

Elemental composition : Carbon 50%, Oxygen 43%, Hydrogen 6%, Nitrogen 1%

 m mm cm dm m

10-10 m 10-6 m 10-3 m 10-2 m 10-1 m

Chemical Cell wall width 1-5m Tracheids length Annual ring
bond Tracheid diameter 20-40 m 3-4 mm
Localisation of polymers in wood cell walls

Development of the living cells to wood fibres

Transverse section

Macroscopic structure
 Transverse section of earlywood tracheids

Three dimensional structure

of wood cells

Delignified secondary wall (S2)

Middle lamella rich in lignin and pectin, S2 rich in cellulose

Cellulose

H CH2OH H H H CH2OH H H H CH2OH

H H OH H H OH H
O O O
O HO O HO O
H H H H H
HO O HO O HO OH
O OH O
OH OH
H H H CH2OH H H H CH2OH H H
n

-D-glucopyranose unit

cellobiose unit

-Homopolysacharide constituted of glucopyranose units linked together by1,4-

glycosidic bonds
-Linear polymer
-Polydispersity, native cellulose present in primary cell wall is polydisperse, while
native cellulose present in secondary cell wall is monodisperse
-DP degree of polymerization
-Mw Molecular weight
-DP=Mw/162 of about 10 000 glucose residues for wood, 15 000 for cotton
- Different kinds of cellulose in wood: amorphous and cristalline
Different kinds of cellulose in wood

free
H CH2OH
free H H H CH2OH rotation H H
H rotation OH H OH
H O H
O
HO O HO O
O
H H H
O H Unordered arrangement
HO O free HO
O OH O leading to amorphous
OH rotation
H CH2OH H H H CH2OH
H H cellulose

H CH2OH H H H CH2OH H H
H H H OH H H H OH
O O
O O O O O
H H H H
HO O O O Ordered arrangement due
O O O
O H
H H H H
CH2 H H H H
CH2 to H-bonds leading to
H O O
O H O H H H crystalline cellulose
H CH2 H H H H H H
CH2
H H O H
O H O - Cellulose I (native)
O
O HO O HO O - Cellulose II (after
H H H H
HO O HO O
O OH O swelling by alkali)
OH
H H H CH2OH H H H CH2OH

intramolecular H-bond
intermolecular H-bond

Cellulose microfibrils fibrils cellulose fibres

Hemicelluloses

- Heteropolysaccharides constituted of glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose,

xylose, rhamnose, 4-O-methylglucuronic acid, galacturonic acid
- neutral sugars and glucuronic acids, pentoses and hexoses
- Ramified structures
-DP of approximately 200 sugar units
-Amorphous
-higher chemical reactivity and susceptibility to degradation due to their higher
accessibility
-strong differences in chemical composition between hardwoods and softwoods and
also according to their origin in the plant
Difference in hemicelluloses composition between softwoods and hardwoods

Softwoods
- Galactoglucomannans (~ 20%)
- Arabinoglucuronoxylans (~ 5 to 10%)

Hardwoods
- Glucuronoxylans (~ 15 to 30%)
- Glucomannans (~ 2 to 5%)

O
H H H H OCCH3
H O OH H
H H H H H
O O
O H CH3CO
O HO O
HO H O H H
HO O H
O O
OH H H
H H H H O H H
H
HO
Partial structure of H
OH
H
arabino-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan O OCH3

(softwood) HOOC H

H COOH
O
H OH Partial structure of
H3CO H
HO
H
H HOH2C OH H O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan
OH O
H
H H (hardwood)
H H H H H H H
O H H
O OH
O O O
H
H O HO H O H HO H O H
HO H H O H H
O HO O O
OH H OH OH
H H H H
H H H H H
Lignin

- complex structure constituted of phenylpropane units

- biosynthesized from 3 monomers in plants
CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH
CH CH CH

CH CH CH

OCH3 H3CO OCH3

OH OH OH

p-coumarilyc alcohol coniferilic alcohol synapylic alcohol

guaiacyl unit (G) syringyl unit (S)

- three-dimensional phenolic structure obtained by polycondensation

- different kinds of linkages
- some linkage with hemicelluloses (Lignin carbohydrates complexes)
- difficult to extract from wood
- differences between softwoods (G) and hardwoods (G and S)
 CH2OH
HC-O-
Potential structure of sofwood CHOH
lignin
(Alder 1977) [CH2OH]
CH2OH CH2OH
CH3O HC-O- HC -O-
HC =O
O CH CH2OH CHOH OH
CH
CH CH OCH3
CHOH
CH3O
CH3O
OH O
CH3O CH2OH H
CH2OH OCH3 HOH2C- C-C=O
O CH H
CHOH CH O O
H2C CH
CHOH
HC CH
CH2OH
HC O CH2
CH2OH HO CH
O CH CH3O OCH3 CHOH
CH O CH3O
OCH3
CH2OH CH2OH O
CH3O
CH
OCH3 CH O
CH O CHOH

CH2OH CH O
CH3O CH2OH 3

O CH CH O
CHOH C=O

CH3O OCH3
OH OH [O-Cl]
Potential structure of beech
lignin (Nimz)
CH2OH
CH2OH HC
O CHO
HC CH2 CO
CH
CH2OH HC CH CH CH2OH
CH HC CH2OH HC
OCH3
CO CH3O OCH3 HC O
HC
OCH3
CH2OH CH3O OCH3
CH2OH OCH3 HC O
HC O OH CH2OH
CH3O CH3O
HC O CH
OCH3 O CH
O CH CH2OH CH2OH
OCH3 OCH3 O CH
HC O CH OCH3
CH3O
CH2OH OCH3 CHOH HC O
CH3O OCH3 HC OCH3
O
O O OCH3
CH2OH CHO H2C CH
CH2OH CH3O OCH3 OCH3 OH
CH2OH HC CH
CH HC O O
CH2OH CH CO HC O CH2
HC O CH CO
OCH3
CH CH2OH O CH2
OCH3
CH2OH C O CH CH3O OCH3
CH3O
CH HC O
O O CH OCH3
CH3O
CH2OH- CH-CHO CO
OH
CH2OH OCH3 CH3O
CH3O HC O O
O CH CH2OH- CH-CHO

CH3O OCH3
OH
Facteurs biologiques de dgradation du bois

1. Micro-organismes

1.1. Bactries
1.2. Champignons
1.2.1.Champignons de pourriture
1.2.2.Champignons de coloration

2. Insectes

2.1. Insectes de bois frais

2.2. Insectes de bois sec

3. Les trbrants marins

 Prsentation du matriau bois
Structure macroscopique

Reprsentation schmatique
des diffrentes couches
constituant la paroi cellulaire

- Cellulose (50%)
- Hmicelluloses (25%)
- Lignine (25%)

Importance de lanisotropie du matriau et de son htrognit

De la planche la molcule
 Classes Situation en service Exemples d'emplois Risque biologique
Les techniques de I Bois toujours sec A l'abri de l'humidit Insectes
prservation Bois sec dont la surface Charpente, Insectes
1
II est humidifie ossatures (termites) ,
temporairement ou correctement champignons de
Dterminer la classe demploi
accidentellement. ventiles en service surface
de l ouvrage en fonction des risques Humidit des bois en
auxquels il va tre soumis moyenne infrieure 18
%
Choisir l essence et vrifier sa Toutes pices de
durabilit III Bois soumis des construction ou de Pourriture,
alternances menuiseries insectes (termites)
1
Dfinir le traitement de prservation humidit/scheresse extrieures verticales
soumises la pluie
(bardage)
Bois horizontaux en
IV Bois d'humidit toujours extrieur (balcons, Pourriture,
suprieure 20 %, en coursives...) et bois insectes
1
tout ou partie de son en contact avec le y compris termites
volume sol ou en
humidification
prolonge ou
permanente
V Bois en contact Piliers, pontons, Pourriture,
permanent bois immergs insectes,
avec l'eau de mer trbrants marins

Octobre 1992 - Norme NF EN 335-2 Durabilit du Bois et des Matriaux drivs

du Bois - Dfinition des classes de risques
devient compter de
Janvier 2007 - Norme NF EN 335-2 Durabilit du Bois et des Matriaux drivs
du Bois - Dfinition des classes demploi
Extrait de la norme NF EN 335-1 rvise (janvier 2007)
Imprgnabilit

- Nature de l essence

Pntration d un fluide Pntration d un fluide

dans un feuillu dans un rsineux

- Teneur en humidit
bois vert /bois sec
eau lie / eau libre
point de saturation des fibres

eau libre point de bois sec

+ eau lie saturation
des fibres
Techniques de traitements

Techniques de faibles cots faciles mettre en oeuvre

- schage
- badigeonnage
- aspersion
- dplacement de sve
- diffusion

Techniques ncessitant des installations

plus coteuses
- trempage
- mthodes vide / pression

Efficacit du traitement diffrente en

fonction du mode dimprgnation