iF?

Architects'Data
Ernstand PeterNeufert

Architects'Data
Third Edition

Editedby

B o u s m a h aB a i c h e
DipArch, MPhil, PhD
School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University
and

N i c h o l a sW a l l i m a n
DipArch, PhD, RIBA
School of Architecture, Oxford Brookes University

Blackwell
Science
@ 2 0 0 0E n g l i s hl a n g u a g ee d i t i o n F i r s tE n g l i s hl a n g u a g ee d i t i o np u b l i s h e db y
by BlackwellScienceLtd, Crosby LockwoodStaples1970
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Copyright,Designsand PatentsAct 1988. (35th edition)

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by the UK Copyright,Designsand PatentsAct 1988, Architects'Data/Ernstand PeterNeufert- 3rd ed./ ed by
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D .C m .
Includesbibliographicalreferencesand index
ISBN 0-632-03776-8 (hb) - tSBN 0-832-05771-s (pbk.)
1 . B u i l d i n g- H a n d b o o k sm , t c . 2 . B u i l d i n g-
, a n u a l se
Planning- Handbooks,manuals,etc. 3. Architecture-
Handbooks,manuals,etc. l. Neufert,Peter. ll. Baiche,
B o u s m a h a .l l l W a l l i m a n ,N i c h o l a s .l V .T i t l e

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 CONTENTS
About This Book viii Suspendedfloors 93
Acknowledgements IX Flooring oi

lntroduction Heating and Ventilation

Introduction 1 Heating 95
Heating:oil storagetanks 100
Draughting Guidelines Solar architecture 101
U n i t sa n d s y m b o l s 2 S o l a re n e r g y 104
Documentationand drawings 4 Ventilatioa nnd airconditioning 105
Constructiondrawings 7 Cold storagerooms 109
Constructiondrawings:CAD 10
Constructiondrawings:symbols 12 Thermaland Sound lnsulation
T h e r m a li n s u l a t i o nt :e r m i n o l o g ya n d m e c h a n i s m s 111
Measurement Basis Thermal insulation:water vaDourdiffusion 112
Man: the universalstandard 15 Thermalinsulation:types of construction 113
Man: dimensionsand spacerequirements to Thermalinsulation:exteriorwalls and roofs 114
M a n : s m a l ls p a c e s '18
S o u n di n s u l a t i o n 117
Manand his housing 1A
Vibrationdamping 121
Room climate 20 Room acoustics 122
B u i l d i n gb i o l o g y zl
The eye: perception 24 Fire Protection and Means of Escape
Man andcolour 26 Fire detection 't25
D i m e n s i o n arle l a t i o n s h i p s 27 Firespread 126
Basicmeasurements JI Smoke and heat extractionsvstems 127
Modular system 34 Extinguishersystems 128
Coordinatesystem and dimensioning 35 Fire protection:closuresand glazing 130
Fire protection:glazing 131
Design Fire protection:water cooling 132
Buildingdetails:functionaluse of materials 36 Meansof escaoefrom fire 133
Form:the resultof construction 37 Accessfor firefighters 137
Form: modern constructiontechniquesand forms 38
The designof houses:expressionof the period 39 Lightning Protection and Aerials
Designmethod:working process 40 Protectionfrom lightning 138
Buildingdesign:preparatorywork 41 Aerials 140

Construction Management Artificial Lighting and Daylight

Constructionmanagement 43 Lighting:lamps and fittings 141
Lighting:provision 143
Building Components L i g h t i n ga: r r a n g e m e n t 144
The buildingsite:foundations,excavation,trenches Lighting:requirements 147
Excavations: site and building measurements 52 Daylight 151
Eanhworksand foundationsstructures 53 Daylight:insolation 164
B u i l d i n ga n d s i t e d r a i n a g e 55 Glass 166
Damp-proofingand tanking 59 Plastics 174
Masonry:naturalstone b2
Masonry:bricksand blocrs 63 Windows and Doors
Externalwalls: low-energybuildingconstruction oo Skylightsand dome rooflights I t3
Masonrybonds bt Windows:sizes Ito
Fireolaces 68 Windows:arrangement 177
C h i m n e y sa n d f l u e s AO
W i n d o w s :s h a d i n g 178
Ventilatiod nucting 70 Windows:types and dimensions 179
Services:connections 71 Loft windows 180
Roof structures tz Windows:construction 181
Roof forms and coverinqs 75 Windows:cleaning 183
Dormers 77 Doors:internal 184
Loft space 78 Doors:sizesand frames td3
Roof slooesand flat roofs 79 R e v o l v i n ga n d s l i d i n gd o o r s 186
Flat roofs:warm roof construction 80 Garage/warehouse doors 187
Flat roofs:cold roof construction 81 Lockingsystems 188
Roof gardens 82 S e c u r i t yo f b u i l d i n g sa n d g r o u n d s 189
Roof gardens:roof construction 84
Roof cultivation 85 Stairs, Escalatorsand Lifts
Tensileand inflatablestructures 86 Stairs 191
Cablenet structures 87 Rampsand spiralstaircases 194
Suspendedand tensionedstructures 88 Escalators |lrJ
Spaceframes:principles aq Travelators 196
Spaceframes:applications 90 Lifts 197
Multistoreystructures 92 Small goods lifts 199
 Hydrauliclifts 200 Accesscorridors/decks 296
Panoramicglass lifts 201 Steppedhousing 297
B u i l d i n gf o r d i s a b l e dp e o p l e 298
Refurbishment,Maintenanceand Change of Use Barrier-freeliving 301
Renovatioo nf old buildings 202 Old people'saccommodation 302
Maintenanceand restoration 207 L a un d r i e s 305
C h a n g eo f u s e 210
Educationaland ResearchFacilities
Roads and streets Schools 307
R o a dd i m e n s i o n s 212 Furthereducationcolleges 314
R o a dd e s i g n 213 Collegesand universities 315
Intersections 215 Drawingstudios 320
Roadsidepaths 216 Laboratories 321
Pathsand paving 217 Child daycarecentres 325
Bicycleparking 218 Playgrounds 326
Bicycleparkingand cycle paths 219 Libraries 327
Motorways 220 M u s e u m sa n d a r t g a l l e r i e s 333
Tramways/urbanlight railways 221 M u s e u m s e: x a m p l e s 334
Traffic layout 222
Traffic noise 225 Office Buildings
Securingembankments Principles 336
226
Principlesof typology 340
Gardens Calculations: construction 343
Gardenenclosures 227 Calculations: buildingtechnology 344
Pergolas,paths,steps,retainingwalls 229 Calculations: divisionof space 345
Earthworks 230 Calculations: floor area reouirements 346
Gardens:plantingmethods 231 Calculations: soacefor furniture 348
T e n d r i la n d c l i m b i n gp l a n t s 233 Calculations: archivesoace 350
Bankedand raisedbeds 234 Calculations: workstationswith computers 351
Greenhouses 235 Officebuildings:examples 352
Gardens:trees and hedges Banksand buildingsocieties 359
236
Gardenponds 237 Arcades
Gardens:use of rainwater 238 Glazedarcades:typology 363
G a r d e ne q u i p m e n t 239 Glazedarcades:historicalexamoles 364
G a r d e ns w i m m i n gp o o l s 240 Glazedarcades:appliedexamples 366
Privateswimming pools 242 Transparentroofs and canopies 367
Houses and ResidentialBuildings Retail outlets
Porches,entrancehallsand corridors 245 Shops 368
L a n d i n g sa n d h a l l w a y s 246 Food courts 370
Storagespace 247 Departmentstoresand supermarkets 371
Utility rooms 248 S upermarkets/hypermarkets 374
Pantries,lardersand storage 250
Kitchens 251 Workshops and Industrial Buildings
D i n i n gr o o m s 255 Workshops:woodworking 375
Bedrooms 257 Workshops:metalworking 379
Bathrooms 262 Workshops:showroomsand vehiclerepairs 381
Carports 268 Vehiclerepairshops 382
H o l i d a yh o m e s 269 Vehiclecompanyworkshops 384
Sheds/summerhouses 270 Workshops:bakeryetc. 385
Timber houses 271 Wholesalebutchers 387
Houseorientation 272 Meat processingcentre 388
Housingtypes 273 I n d u s t r i abl u i l d i n g sp: l a n n i n g 389
Terracedhouses 277 Warehousedesign 391
Semi-detachedhouses 278 High-baywarehouses 392
Courtyardhouses 279 Warehousingtechnology:planning/logistics 393
Detachedhouses 280 Warehousingtechnology:safetyregulations 394
Houseswith conservatories 281 Warehousingtechnology:racksystems 395
Three-levelhouses 282 Handling 396
Square,cubic and tent-shapeforms 283 I n d u s t r i abl u i l d i n g ss: h e d s 397
E c o l o g i c abl u i l d i n g 284 M u l t i s t o r e yi n d u s t r i abl u i l d i n g s 398
Housetypes:examples 285 Toiletfacilities 399
H o u s e so n s l o p e s 288 Washingfacilities 400
Largehouses 249 Sanitaryinstallations 401
Internationalexamples 290 Changingrooms, lockers 402
M u l t i s t o r e yh o u s i n g 292 Powerstations 403
Balconies 295 Hydro-electric power stations 404
Agricultural Buildings lndoor Ditches 499
S m a l la n i m a ls t a l l s 405 Athleticsfacilities 500
Poultryfarms 408 Conditioningand fitnessrooms 504
Pig sheds:fattening 409 Tennisfacilities 506
Pig sheds:breeding 411 Miniaturegolf 508
Stables/horses 412 Golf courses 5tu
Cattle 414 S a i l i n gy: a c h t sa n d m a r i n a s 512
Cattle:store bulls 415 S a i l i n gh: arbours/marinas 514
Buildingsfor farm vehicles 416 Rowing 515
Farm facilities 417 Water soorts 516
Ventilationsystems 421 R i d i n gf a c i l i t i e s 517
S k ij u m p s 519
Public Transport lce rinks 520
Railways:track installations 422 Roller-skate/skateboa rding 522
Railways:Europeanstructuregaugesand clearances 424 Cyclecross/BMX 523
Railways:UK structuregaugesand clearances 425 Shootingranges 524
Railwayfreight yards 427 lndoor soorts 526
Railwaystations 428 Skittleand bowling alleys 528
Bus stations 430 l n d o o rs w i m m i n gp o o l s 529
O p e na i r s w i m m i n gp o o l s 534
Designingfor Vehicles Indoor/openair swimming pools 535
V e h i c l ed i m e n s i o n s 432 Sauna 537
Loadingbays 434 Amusementarcades 540
T u r n i n ga n d p a r k i n g 436
Garagesand car-parking 439 HealthcareBuildings
Car-parks 440 Group practicesand healthcarecentres 541
Fillingstations 443 Hospitals:general 543
Servicestations 445 Hospitals:constructionplanning 544
Hospitals:planningconception 545
Airports Hospitals:forms of building 546
Airports:planning 446 Hospitals:dimensionalco-ordination 548
Airports:terminals 448 Hospitals:corridors,doors,stairs,lifts 550
Airports:runwaysand aprons 450 Hospitals:surgicaldepartment 551
Airports:examples 451 Hospitals:main surgicalrooms 552
Hospitals:post-operative facilities 553
Fire stations Surgerysafety requirements 554
Firestations 452 Hosoitals:demarcation 55s
Hospitals:intensivecare area 556
Restaurants Hospitals:care areas 557
Restaurants:spacerequirements 455 Hospitals:treatmentareas 30 1

Restaurants:a rrangements 456 Hospitals:laboratories;functionaldiagnosis 564

Restaurantcars nR1 Hospitals:supplementarydisciplines 565
Restauranttypes 458 Day clinics;outpatientsurgery 566
Restaurantkitchens 459 Hospitals:suppliesareas 567
Largekitchens +oz Hospitals:generalareas 571
Hospitals:teachingand research 572
Hotels/Motels A&E and outpatientsdepartment 573
Hotel layout and area requirements 464 Hospitals:maternityand neonatalcare 574
Hotel kitchens 467 Hospitals:mortuary,pathology,serviceyard 575
Hotels:examples 468 Specialhospitals 576
Motels 469 Specialcare area safety 5/aJ

Youth hostels 470

Placesof Worship
Zoos and Aquariums Churches 579
Z o o sa n d a q u a r i u m s 473 C h u r c ho r g a n s 581
Churches:bells,towers 583
Theatres/Cinemas Synagogues 584
Theatres:historicalsummary 476 Mosoues 585
Theatres:auditoriums 478
Stagesand secondaryareas 481 Cemeteriesand Crematoria
Cinemas 486 Cemeteriesand crematoria 586
Drive-incinemas 488 Cemeteriesand graveyards Ea7

Sport and Recreation Bibliography 589

Sports:stadiums 489 Related Standards 595
Sports halls 491 Conversion Factors/Tables 611
Outdoor pitches 497 Index 629

This book providesarchitectsand designerswith a concise
sourceof core informationneededto form a frameworkfor
the detailedplanningof any buildingproject.The objectiveis
t o s a v et i m e f o r b u i l d i n gd e s i g n e r sd u r i n gt h e i r b a s i ci n v e s -
tigations. The Information includes the principles of the
design process,basic informationon siting, servicingand
constructingbuildings,as well as illustrationsand descrip-
tions of a wide rangeof buildingtypes.Designersneedto be
well informedabout the requirementsfor all the constituent
parts of new projectsin order to ensure that their designs
satisfythe requirementsof the briefsand that the buildings
conform to acceptedstandardsand regulations.
The extendedcontents list shows how the book is orga-
nised and the order of the subjectsdiscussed.To help read-
ers to identify relevantbackgroundinformationeasily,the
Bibliography(page589)and list of relatedBritishand inter-
nationalstandards(page595)have beenstructuredin a way
that mirrors the organisationof the main sectionsof the
book.
To avoid repetitionand keep the book to a manageable
length,the differentsub.jectsare covered only once in full.
Readersshouldthereforereferto severalsectionsto gleanall
of the information they require. For instance,a designer
wantingto preparea schemefor a collegewill needto referto
other sections apart from that on colleges, such as -
d r a u g h t i n gg u i d e l i n e s ;m u l t i s t o r e yb u i l d i n g s ;t h e v a r i o u s
sectionson servicesand environmentalcontrol;restaurants
for the catering facilities;hotels, hostels and flats for the
student accommodation;office buildings for details on
working environments;libraries;car-parks;disableoaccess
(in the housingand residentialsection);indoor and outdoor
sportsfacilities; gardens;aswellas detailson doors,windows,
stairs,and the sectionon constructionmanagement,etc.
Readersshould note that the majority of the material is
from Europeancontributorsand this means that the detail
viii
ABOUT THIS BOOK
on, for example,climateand daylightis from the perspective
of a temperate climate in the northern hemisphere.The
conditions at the location of the proposed building will
always have to be ascertainedfrom specificinformationon
the locality.A similarsituationis to be seen in the sectionon
roads, where the illustrationsshow traffic driving on the
right-handside of the road.Again, local conditionsmust be
taken into considerationfor each individualcase.
The terminologyand styleof the text is UK Englishand this
clearlywill need to be taken into accountby readersaccus-
tomed to American English.These readerswill need to be
aware that, for example, 'lift' has been used in place of
'elevator'and 'ground floor'
is used instead of 'first floor'
(and 'first floor' for 'second',etc.).
The data and examplesincludedin the text are drawn from
a wide range of sources and as a result a combinationof
conventionsis used throughout for dimensions.The mea-
surementsshown are all metric but a mixture of metres,
centimetresand millimetresis usedand thev are in the main
not identified.
Readerswill also find some superscriptnumbers asso-
ciated with the measurements.Where these appear by
dimensions in metres with centimetres,for instance,they
representthe additionalmillimetrecomponent of the mea-
s u r e( e . g .1 . 2 6 5d e n o t e s1 m , 2 6c m , 5 m m ) . A n y b o d yf a m i l i a r
with the metric system will not find this troublesomeano
those peoplewho are lesscomfortablewith metric units can
use the ConversionTables given on pages 611 to 627 to
clarifyany ambiguities.
T h e p l a n sa n d d i a g r a m so f b u i l d i n g sd o n o t h a v es c a l e sa s
the purposehere is to show the generallayout and express
relationshipsbetweendifferentspaces,makingexactscaling
unnecessary. However,all relevantdimensionsare given on
the detaileddrawingsand diagramsof installations, to assist
in the designof specificspacesand constructions.

The Publisherswish to thank, in particular,Dr Bousmana
Baiche, of the PostgraduateResearchSchool, School of
Architecture,Oxford BrookesUniversity,for his enormous
effortsand patiencein overseeingthe final Englishlanguage
e d i t i o n .T h e y w o u l d a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k h i s c o l l e a g u e ,D r
Nicholas Walliman, also of the PostgraduateResearch
School,for his valuablecontributionon questionsof content
andterminology.
The Publishersare also especiallygratefulto paul Stringer
for his effortsin managingthe editorialand productionwork
on the new editionand for his exceptionalattentionto detail.
They would also liketo thank Mark Strakerof Vectorfor his
work on the illustrationsand te)d, RichardMoore for proof-
reading,and the following for their work on the translation:
BantransServices,Chris Charlesworth,Chiltern Language
Services,KatharinaHesse,Jeff Howell, Keith Murray, Amy
Newlandand Wordswoo.
Finally,they would like to thank the following for con-
tributing informationand illustrationsto this edition:
Martin Pugh,Trevor Fish,Group PropertyServices,Barclays
B a n kP l c
PeterJ. Clement,Group Property,NatWestGroup
Mary Heighway and members of staff, Public Relations,
E n v i r o n m e nAt g e n c y
Pick Everard,Graham Brown, Andrew Robinson.Pick Ever-
ard (Architects,Surveyors,and ConsultingEngineers)and
J. Sainsbury'P s lc
AsdaMCEC Architects
LesleyBaillie,Officeof HealthEconomics
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Simon Marshall,railwayexpert
StanleyPartnership, Architects,Cheltenham
Malcom Lee,NationalSmall-BoreRifleAssociation(NSRA)
BritishSteelStrip Products
Matthew Foreman,Katy Harris,Jo Olsen and members of
staff,Fosterand Partners,London
LizaKershawand colleaguesat RIBAPublications, the Royal
Instituteof the BritishArchitectsfor permissionto repro-
duceforms on page 48 (copyrightRIBAPublications1999)
Derek Wolferdale,PrincipalTrack and Gauge Engineerat
Railtrack,and membersof staff of Railtrack
GraemeLoudon,The Met. Office
Pam Beckley(CopyrightAdministrator),the Controller,and
members of staff of the Copyright Unit, HMSO for per-
missionto reproduceillustrations(Fig.1, page541 and Fig
8, page 542].from Health Building Note 36 (Crown copy-
right material is reproducedwith the permissionof the
Controllerof Her Majesty'sStationervOffice)
Addison-Wesley Longman for permission to reproouce
i l l u s t r a t i o n(sF i g .1 , p a g e 1 0 1 a n d F i g . 1 5 p a g e 1 5 4 )f r o m
The Climate of the British /s/es(Chandler& Gregory)
Dr Ray Ogden, Professor Mike Jenks, Margaret Ackrill,
PostgraduateResearchSchool, School of Architecture,
Oxford BrookesUniversity
Chris Kendrick,School of Architecture,Oxford BrookesUni-
versrty.
The iflustrationson pages 134-7 are reproducedfrom The
Building Regulations Explained and lllustrated (Powell-
S m i t h& B i l l i n g t o n )B, l a c k w e lSl c i e n c eL t d .
 INTRODUCTION
Throughout history man has created things to be of
s e r v i c et o h i m u s i n g m e a s u r e m e n t sr e l a t i n gt o h i s b o d y .
U n t i l r e l a t i v e l yr e c e n t t i m e s , t h e l i m b s o f h u m a n s w e r e
t h e b a s i s f o r a l l t h e u n i t s o f m e a s u r e m e n t .E v e n t o d a y
m a n y p e o p l e w o u l d h a v e a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n go f t h e
s i z eo f a n o b j e c ti f t h e y w e r e t o l d t h a t i t w a s s o m a n y m e n
h i g h , s o m a n y p a c e sl o n g , s o m a n y f e e t w i d e r o r s o m a n y
h e a d sb i g g e r .T h e s ea r e c o n c e p t sw e h a v e f r o m b i r t h ,t h e
s i z e so f w h i c h c a n b e s a i d t o b e i n o u r n a t u r e . H o w e v e r ,
t h e i n t r o d u c t i o no f m e t r i c d i m e n s i o n sp u t a n e n d t o t h a t
w a y o f d e p i c t i n go u r w o r l d .
Using the metric scale, architectshave to try to create
a mental picture that is as accurateand as vivid as
p o s s i b l e .C l i e n t sa r e d o i n g t h e s a m e w h e n t h e y m e a s u r e
r o o m s o n a p l a n t o e n v i s a g et h e d i m e n s i o n s i n r e a l i t y .
A r c h i t e c t ss h o u l d f a m i l i a r i s et h e m s e l v e sw i t h t h e s i z e o f
rooms and the objects they contain so that they can
p i c t u r e a n d c o n v e y t h e r e a l s i z e o f y e t - t o - b ed e s i g n e d
f u r n i t u r e ,r o o m s o r b u i l d i n g si n e a c h l i n e t h e y d r a w a n d
e a c h d i m e n s i o nt h e v m e a s u r e .
W e i m m e d i a t e l yh a v e a n a c c u r a t ei d e a o f t h e s i z eo f a n
o b j e c tw h e n w e s e e a m a n ( r e a lo r i m a g i n a r y )n e x t t o i t . l t
i s a s i g n o f o u r t i m e s t h a t p i c t u r e so f b u i l d i n g sa n d r o o m s
p r e s e n t e di n o u r t r a d e a n d p r o f e s s i o n ajlo u r n a l s a r e t o o
often shown without people present in them. From
Leonardo da Vinci: rules of ptoportion
p i c t u r e sa l o n e ,w e o f t e n o b t a i n a f a l s e i d e a o f t h e s i z e o f
these rooms and buildings and are surprised how
d i f f e r e n t t h e y a p p e a r i n r e a l i t y - f r e q u e n t l y ,t h e y s e e m
m u c h s m a l l e rt h a n e x p e c t e d .O n e o f t h e r e a s o n sf o r t h e
f a i l u r e o f b u i l d i n g s t o h a v e c o h e s i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p sw i t h book. Many questionsof principlewere examined,
o n e a n o t h e r i s b e c a u s et h e d e s i g n e r sh a v e b a s e d t h e i r d e v e l o p e da n d w e i g h e d a g a i n s to n e a n o t h e rf o r t h e f i r s t
w o r k o n d i f f e r e n ta r b i t r a r ys c a l e sa n d n o t o n t h e o n l y t r u e time.
s c a l e ,n a m e l yt h a t o f h u m a n b e i n g s . I n t h e c u r r e n t e d i t i o n u p - t o - d a t et e c h n i c a lo p t i o n s a r e
l f t h i s i s e v e r t o b e c h a n g e d ,a r c h i t e c t sa n d d e s i g n e r s i n c l u d e dt o t h e f u l l e s t e x t e n t a n d c o m m o n s t a n d a r d sa r e
must be shown how these thoughtlessly accepted taken into consideration.Description is kept to the
m e a s u r e m e n t sh a v e d e v e l o p e d a n d h o w t h e y c a n b e a b s o l u t e m i n i m u m n e c e s s a r ya n d i s a u g m e n t e d o r
a v o i d e d . T h e y h a v e t o u n d e r s t a n dt h e r e l a t i o n s h i p r e p l a c e da s f a r a s p o s s i b l eb y d r a w i n g s .C r e a t i v eb u i l d i n g
between the sizes of human limbs and what space a d e s i g n e r sc a n t h u s o b t a i n t h e n e c e s s a r yi n f o r m a t i o nf o r
p e r s o n r e q u i r e si n v a r i o u s p o s t u r e s a n d w h i l s t m o v i n g design in an orderly, brief, and coherentform, which
around. They must also know the sizes of objects, o t h e r w i s et h e y w o u l d h a v e t o c o l l e c tt o g e t h e rl a b o r i o u s l y
u t e n s i l s ,c l o t h i n g e t c . i n e v e r y d a y u s e t o b e a b l e t o from many referencesources or obtain by detailed
determine suitable dimensions for containers and m e a s u r e m e n to f c o m p l e t e d b u i l d i n g s . l m p o r t a n c e h a s
f u r n i t ur e . b e e na t t a c h e dt o g i v i n g o n l y a s u m m a r y ;t h e f u n d a m e n t a l
I n a d d i t i o n , a r c h i t e c t sa n d d e s i g n e r s h a v e t o k n o w d a t a a n d e x p e r i e n c e sa r e c o m p a r e d w i t h f i n i s h e d
w h a t s o a c eh u m a n s n e e d b e t w e e nf u r n i t u r e- b o t h i n t h e b u i l d i n g s o n l y i f i t i s n e c e s s a r yt o p r o v i d e a s u i t a b l e
h o m e a n d i n t h e w o r k p l a c e- a s w e l l a s h o w t h e f u r n i t u r e examDte.
c a n b e s t b e p o s i t i o n e dW . i t h o u t t h i s k n o w l e d g e t, h e y w i l l B y a n d l a r g e ,a p a r t f r o m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t so f p e r t i n e n t
b e u n a b l et o c r e a t ea n e n v i r o n m e n ti n w h i c h n o s p a c e i s s t a n d a r d s ,e a c h p r o j e c t i s d i f f e r e n t a n d s o s h o u l d b e
w a s t e d a n d p e o p l e c a n c o m f o r t a b l yp e r f o r m t h e i r d u t i e s s t u d i e d ,a p p r o a c h e da n d d e s i g n e da f r e s hb y t h e a r c h i t e c t .
o r e n j o y r e l a x a t i o nt i m e O n l y i n t h i s w a y c a n t h e r e b e l i v e l y p r o g r e s sw i t h i n t h e
F i n a l l y , a r c h i t e c t sa n d d e s i g n e r s m u s t k n o w t h e spirit of the times. However, executed projects lend
d i m e n s i o n sf o r m i n i m u m s p a c e r e q u i r e m e n t sf o r p e o p l e themselves too readily to imitation, or establish
moving around in, for example, railwaysand vehicles' c o n v e n t i o n sf r o m w h i c h a r c h i t e c t so f s i m i l a r p r o j e c t sm a y
T h e s e m i n i m u m s p a c e r e q u i r e m e n t sp r o d u c e s t r o n g l y find difficulty in detaching themselves. lf creative
f i x e d i m p r e s s i o n sf r o m w h i c h , o f t e n u n c o n s c i o u s l yo, t h e r a r c h i t e c t sa r e g i v e n o n l y c o n s t i t u e n t p a r t s , a s i s t h e
d i m e n s i o n so f s p a c e sa r e d e r i v e d . intention here, they are compelled to weave the
M a n i s n o t s i m p l y a p h y s i c a lb e i n g , w h o n e e d s r o o m . components together into their own imaginativeand
E m o t i o n a lr e s p o n s ei s n o l e s s i m p o r t a n t ;t h e w a y p e o p l e u n i f i e dc o n s t r u c t i o n .
feel about any space depends crucially on how it is F i n a l l y t, h e c o m p o n e n tp a r t sp r e s e n t e dh e r e h a v e b e e n
d i v i d e d u p , p a i n t e d ,l i t , e n t e r e d ,a n d f u r n i s h e d . systematically researchedfrom the literature to provide
S t a r t i n g o u t f r o m a l l t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n sa n d the data necessarV f o r i n d i v i d u a lb u i l d i n g t a s k s ,c h e c k e d
perceptions,Ernst Neufert began in 1926 to collect o u t o n w e l l - k n o w nb u i l d i n g so f a s i m i l a rt y p e a n d , w h e r e
m e t h o d i c a l l yt h e e x p e r i e n c e sg a i n e d i n a v a r i e d p r a c t i c e n e c e s s a r y ,d e t e r m i n e d f r o m m o d e l s a n d e x p e r i m e n t s .
a n d t e a c h i n g a c t i v i t i e s .H e d e v e l o p e d a ' t h e o r y o f T h e o b j e c t i v eo f t h i s i s a l w a y s t h a t o f s a v i n g p r a c t i s i n g
planning' based on the human being and provided a b u i l d i n g p l a n n e r sf r o m h a v i n g t o c a r r y o u t a l l o f t h e s e
f r a m e w o r kf o r a s s e s s i n gt h e d i m e n s i o n so f b u i l d i n g sa n d b a s i c i n v e s t i g a t i o n s t, h e r e b y e n a b l i n g t h e m t o d e v o t e
t h e i r c o n s t i t u e n to a r t s .T h e r e s u l t sw e r e e m b o d i e d i n t h i s t h e m s e l v e st o t h e i m p o r t a n tc r e a t i v ea s p e c t so f t h e t a s k .
 UNITS AND SYMBOLS
basrc unit definition Sl units in symbol name (unit) meaning and relationships
unrt symbol based on the definit
I ampere (A) currenr
I length metre m wavelength of y volt (V) potential differencet 1 V = I w/A
krypton radiation
R ohm(O) resistance:1o=1vlA
2 mass kilogram kg international
A coulomb(CI charge:lC=1As
prororype
P watt (W) power
3 time second s duration period of
6 siemens (S) conductance: 1 S = l/e
caesium radiation
F farad(F) capacitance:1F=lAs/au,
4 electrical ampere A electrodynamic power kg, m, s H henry(H) inductance:1H=1Vs/A
Current between two conductors
@ weber (Wb) magnetic flux: 1 Wb = j Vs
5 temperature kelvin K triple point of water I tesla (T) magnetic flux density: 1 T = 1 Wb/m2
6 luminous candela cd radiation from freezing kg, s
Inrensrry platinum

7 quantity of mole mol number of carbon atoms (! SVmbols and unit8: electromagnetism
kg
matter

symool (unit) meanrng

(, Sl basic units
{'c, K) temperature
{note: interuals in Celsius and kelvin are identical)
The statutory introduction of Sl Units took place in stages between 1g74 and 1977.
As from 1 January 1978 the International Measuremeni System became valid using AT (K) temperature differential
Sl Units (Sl = Systdme Internationale d,Un;t6s). q (J) quantity of heat
(also measured in kilowatt hours (kwh))

). (W/mK) thermalconductivity{k-value)
prefixes and their abbreviations are:
^: (w/mK) equivalentthermalconductivity
T (tera) = 1012 (billion) c (centi) = 1/100 (hundredth) {W/mrK) coefficient of thermal conductance (C-value}
G (giga) = 10e (US bittion) m (milli) = 10 3 {thousandth) (W/m2K) coefficient of heat transfer (U-value)
lM (mega) = 106 (mjllion) p (micro) = 10{ (millionrh)
k (Wm2K) coefficient of heat penetration
k (kilo) ='103 (thousand) n {nano) = 10-s (US billionth)
(m2K/W) value of thermal insuraron
h (hecro) = 100 (pico) = 1012 (billionth)
P
1/a (mr&W) heat transfer resistance (R-value)
da {deca} = 10 f (femto) = l0 .5 {us triilionth)
1lk (mrK/W) heatpenetrationresistance
d (deci) = 1l'10 (tenth) a {atto) = 10 18 (triilionth)
D' (m2K./W cm) coefficient of heat resistance
no more than one prefix can be used at the same time
c (Wh/kgK) specific heat value
(Wh/m3K) coefficient of heat storage
Oecimat multiptierg
@ B (1/K) coefficient of linear expansion
P (Pa) pressure
area 1mx1m='1 m2 (Pa) vapour pressure
velocrty 1mx1s1=1ms1=1m/s so {g) quantity of steam

acceleratlon lmxls2=1ms2-lm/s2 (S) quantity of condensed water

force l'kl relative atmospheric humidity

1 kg x 1 m x'1 s 2 = 1 kgms 2= 1 kgm/s2
(-) coefficient of diffusion resistance
density 1kg x 1m-3='1 kgm-3= 1kg/m3
pd (cm) equivalent atmospheric layer thickness

{g/m2hPa) coefficient of water vapour penetration

examptes of driving St units (m,hPa/g)
@ resistance to water vapour penetration
pl" (W/mK) layer factor
pL' (W/mK) layer tactor of atmospheric strata
unrt dimensions relationships P (f.$/kwh) heating cost
{symbol) (M = mass.
L = length,
T = time)
SVntots and unik: heat and moistule
Alea A m2 L2 @
volume Y m3 L3 symbol (unit) meaning
densrty p kgm-: M L-3 (m)
I wavelength
veloclty V mS-] LT-1 f (Hz) frequency
accelerataona ms-2 LT_2 lHz) limiting frequency
t,
momenlum p kgms-r MLT.1 fr (Hz) trequency resonance
moment of inertia /,J kgm2 ML2 Eau" (N/cm2) dynamic modolus of elasticity

angularmomentum L kgmzs t ML2T-1 S' (N/c.3) dynamic stiffness

lorce F R (dB) measurement of airborn noise reduction

neMon (N) MLT 2 1N=1kgm/s2
energy, wotk E, W joule (J) R- (dB) average measurement of noise reduction
ML2T 2 1J='lNm='lWs
1 kcal = 4186 J, R' (dB) measurement of airborn noise suppression In a
1 kwh = 3.6 lilJ building
power P watt (W) ML'T3 (dB)
L. impact noise level standard
pressure, stress p, o pascal (Pa) MLTT2 1Pa=1N/m2 a {-) degree of sound absorption

1 bar - 10s Pa A (m2) equivalent noise absorption area

surface tension I Na-, ML 1T.2 r (m) radius of reverberation
vrscosity 4 kgm rs 1 MLlT] AL {dB) noise level reduction

Qlj SummarV of main derived Sl units Symlots and uniis: sound

O
 UNITS AND SYMBOLS
quantity il unrt stalutoryunn old unit re ationships Mathematical symbols
rame lsymuots name I symuots name I symtots > g r e a t e rt h a n

I rad= 57.296'=63.662 gon > g r e a t e rt h a n o r e q u a lt o

normal 0 , 9 ,Y adran rad
peflgon pla 1 pla = 2fr tad < s m a l l e rt h a n
angle
right angle L 1t = 114pla = lnl2l tad
degree old degrees 1'= 1V90=1 plan60= ht180)rad < s m a l l e rt h a n o r e q u a lt o
t'= 1"/60
1"=1760=1'13600 I sum of
gon gon s 1 gon = 1 g = 1L/100= 1 Pla/400 z angte
= n1200tad
lc=10-2gon sin sine
1 cc = 10-2)c = 1fr1 gon
cos coslne
!m tncn tn 1 in = 25.4mm tan tangent
lengtn
millimete ft 1 ft = 30.48cm
centimetre fathom fathom 1 fathom= 1.8288m cotancotangent
dm mile mrl 1 mil = 1.609km
nautical mlle =
1 sm 1.852 km + on average
kilomte
= equals
atea:
squarefool (= 0.092m2); = i d e n t i c a l l ye q u a l
acre(0.405ha)stillin use
1a=102m * not equals
of land
plots hectare ha t h a= 1 0 1 m = r o u g h l Ye q u a l s ,a b o u t
. congruent
:ubicmetr
1l=1dm3=103m3
|rre - asymptoticallY equal
Nm3 1 Nm3 = 1 m3 in norm condltion
normal
c u b a cm e t r e cbm
( s i m i l a rt)o
infinity
ttme,
l min = 60s parallel
timespan,
th=60min=3600s
duration
d
'ld-24h=86400s e q u a la n d p a r a l l e l
1 a = ' , l y= 8 7 6 5 . 8=h3 . 1 5 5 7 x 1 0 r s
n o t i d e n t i c a l l ye q u a lt o
f henz nz 1Hz= 1/sfor expressrng m u l t i p l i e db y
equatrons
in dimensional
frequencles
d i v i d e db y
of duration

angular VS l- perpendicular

o=2rn v o l u m e ,c o n t e n t
angular radls
velocity o s o l i da n g l e
l/s root of
r.p.s.
speed of
rp.m A final increment
= congruent
neres pel m/s kilometres km/h 1 m/s = 3.6 km/h
second Der hour knots 1 kn = 1 sm/h= 1.852km/h A triangle
1l s a m e d i r e c t i o n ,P a r a l l e l
acceleration g metres per
gal
gal lgal=1cm/s2=102m/s2
ll o p p o s i t ed i r e c t i o nP
, arallel
gravity

mass: kilogram kg
g 1g=1o3kg Greek alphabet
weaght ias a 9ram
1r=1Mg=l03kg
tesull ol t A a ( a )a l P h a
1 lb = 0.45359237 kg
weighing
1 mekicpound= 0.5kg Bp (b) beta
1 ton = 2240lb = 1016kg
f y ( g )g a m m a
N N=1kgm/s2=1Ws/m=1J/m A6 (d) delta
thrust 6
dyn=1gcm/s2=1G"N
pond p p = 9.80665
x 1G3N E ( e )e p s i l o n
kilopond kp
megapond Mp Zl \ z lz e t a
kilogram lorce ksf HI (e) eta
rll
o 0 ( t h )t h e t a
stress (i) iota
persquare persquare 1 kp/cm2= 0.0980665N/mm2 Ir
strength
millimete kp/mm2 1 kp/mm2= 9.80565N/mm2 (k)kappa
metre Kr
ener9y W,E J lrr=tN.=1ws=1o7erg AI ( l )l a m b d a
kilowefr hour lrrwh=3.6.r06J=3.6MJ
h.p./h th.p/h=264780'106J Mp (mlmu
n.p. per nour
I
--
erg erg | 1erg 1r/J Nv ( n )n u
quantityol a J car lcar-4.1868J-1.163.10iWh
ioule I :g (X, xl
heat I
lorque Nm kilopond mete kpm I lkpm=9.80665J
M
Oo (o) omicron
benclang or joule J
momenl fl r (p) pi
| 1 W= 1 J/"= 1 Nm/s=1 kg m2ls3 Pp (r) rho
ener9y
h.p.
I
I th.p.=745.7kW
t 6 ( s )s i g m a

.K Tr (t) tau
f K deg. kelvin
deg. Rankine
.R.'Rk Y! ( u )u P s i l o n
degrees celsius I = r - I . ( 4 = 2 7 3 . 1K
5)
Celsius temp.
A0= Al: therefore o O ( p h )p h i
temperalUre Afor K
1K=l'C=1deg.
inieryal and a X ( c h )c h i
differential
Fahrenheit 0r deg. Fahrenheil gF= s/50 + 32 = e/sI- 459.67 Y V ( p s )p s i
temperature
deg, Reaumur 0r = 4/50, 1oR5/1'C O co (o)omega
R6aumur temp

Sf statutory units for the consiruction industry

@ "rA
 DOCUMENTATIONAND DRAWINGS
The format of documentation (whether in the form of
plans,reports,letters,envelopesetc.)has,apart from in the
U S A , g e n e r a l l y b e e n s t a n d a r d i s e dt o c o n f o r m t o t h e
Internationallyaccepted(lSO)seriesof paper sheetsizesin
t h e ' 4 , ' B ' , ' C ' a n d ' D ' r a n g e s .T h e s e s t a n d a r d p a p e r
I formats are derived from a rectangularsheet with an area

rrl o f 1 m 2 . U s i n gt h e ' g o l d e ns q u a r e , t, h e l e n g t h so f t h e s i d e s
a r e c h o s e na s x = 0 . 8 4 1m a n d y = 1 . 1 9 9 ms u c h t h a t :
x _______J
xxy=1
F_ F- x _-]
x : Y= 1 ' { 2
T h i s f o r m s t h e b a s i sf o r t h e A s e r i e s .M a i n t a i n i n gt h e s a m e
- Basis of paper tormars ratio of length to width, the sheet sizes are worked out by
O O
p r o g r e s s i v e l yh a l v i n g ( o r ,t h e o t h e r w a y r o u n d , d o u b l i n g )
format A series B series
the sheet area, as would happen if the rectangularsheet
C series
was repeatedlyfolded exactly in half - O _
0 841 1189 1 0 0 0x 1 4 1 4 917 1297
@
Additional ranges (8, C, and D) are provided for the
594 x 841 707x 1000 648x 917 associated products that require larger paper sizes, i.e.
2 420 x 594 500x 707 458 x 648 posters.envelopes,loose-leaffile binders,folders etc. The
3 297 \ 420 353x 500 324 x 458
formats of range B are designed for posters and wall-
210x 297 250x 353
charts. The formats in ranges C and D are the geometric
229 \ 324
m e a n d i m e n s i o n so f r a n g e s A a n d B a n d a r e u s e d t o
5 1 4 8x 2 1 0 176 x 250 t62 x 229
manufacturethe envelopesand folders to take the A sizes.
i05 x 148 125 > 176 1 1 4^ 162 - @ The extra size needed for loose-leafbinders,folders
7 74 x 105 88 \ 125 81 x 141 a n d b o x f i l e sw i l l d e p e n do n t h e s i z ea n d t y p e o f c l a m p i n g
8 52x74 62x88 5 7^ 4 1
device employed.
I
The strip or side margin formats are formed by halves,
44^62
'10 quarters,and eighths of the main formats (for envelopes,
31x44
'11
s i g n s ,d r a w i n g se t c . )+ @ * @ .
'18
x 26 22x31 P a d s a n d d u p l i c a t eb o o k s u s i n g c a r b o n l e s sp a p e r a t s o
13x18 '15 have standardformats but may have a perforatededge or
x 22
border, which means the resulting pages will be a
@ st"". "i."" c o r r e s p o n d i n ga m o u n t s m a l l e r t h a n t h e s t a n d a r d s h e e t
size + @.
formal a oDre mm
During book-binding,a further trim is usually necessary,
vtatton giving pages somewhat smaller than the standard format
half length 44 1/2 A4 105 x 291
size. However,commercial printers use paper supplied in
the RA or SRA sizes and this has an allowancefor
quarter length A4 1/4 A4 52 \ 297
t r i m m i n g . w h i c h a l l o w s t h e f i n a l p a g e s i z e st o m a t c h t h e
one eighth A7 1/8 A7 I x'105 standardformats.
half lengthC 1t2 C4 114 x 324

erc.

@ st.ip for-ata
l...=.+
1/81t8 1t4 u2A4
F--------44-

-/-7
-
. ,t\- @
for-ra strips in 44

v
(l Loosc-leaf bindel + layout width heaoer area J

T prcas

..<\
mm

f'' ii' I type area width 39.5 | 40.5 167 171

\2 f type width.-.1
| |' d type area, height (without header/footer) 247 250
I doubte ll I
5 space between columns 1 5
lco'|umnlll
ltLl max. width, singlecolumn

@ Pads (including carbonlessl max. width, double column 19 81

.g inside (gutter) margin, nominal 16

o 14
type width,
s i n g l ec o l u m n E o u t e r ( s i d e )m a r g i n , n o m i n a l 25
167
6 t o p ( h e a d )m a r g i n , n o m i n a l 20 19

footer area bottom (foot) margin, nominal 30 2a

@ Sorna and trimmed books

u, *4, (ii) Uyorat and type area with A4 standard format
 DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS
The use of standard drawing formats makes it easier for
architectsto lay out drawings for discussionin the design
officeor on the buildingsite,and also facilitatespostingand
filing.The trimmed, originaldrawing or print must therefore
uncut drawing sheet,
depending on requirement conform to the formats of the ISO A series.- @ - @
is 2-3cm wider than The box for written details should be the following
finaltrimmed original
drawing and print distancefrom the edge of the drawing:
for formats A0-A3 10mm
for formats 44-46 5mm
F o r s m a l l d r a w i n g s ,a f i l i n g m a r g i n o f u p t o 2 5 m m c a n b e
used, with the result that the usable area of the finished
f o r m a tw i l l b e s m a l l e r .
As an exception, narrow formats can be arrived at by
stringingtogethera row of identicalor ad.jacent formats out
of the format range.
(1 ) Standarddrawinq
v From normal roll widths, the following sizescan be used
sheet sizes in acc ISO AO I S OA lso A2 ISO A3 ISO A4 ISO A5
to give formats in the A series:
with ISO A series f o r d r a w i n gp a p e r t, r a c i n gp a p e r 1 5 0 0 ,1 5 6 0 m m
uncut blank 880x 1230 625x 880 450x625 330x450 240x 330 165x 240 (derivedfrom this 250, 1250,660,900mm)
paper (mm)
format trimmed, 841 1189 594x841 4 2 0 x 5 9 4 297x42O 21Or 291 lAA\210
for print paper 650, 900, 1200mm
finished sheet (mm) lf all the drawing formats up to A0 are to be cut from a
paperweb, a roll width of at least900mm will be necessary.
o Sheet rizes Drawingswhich are to be stored in A4 box files should
be folded as follows: - @
( 1 ) T h ew r i t i n g b o x m u s t a l w a y s b e u p p e r m o s t ,i n t h e
correct placeand clearlyvisible.
( 2 ) O n s t a r t i n gt o f o l d , t h e w i d t h o f 2 1 0 m m ( f o l d 1 )
m u s t a l w a y sb e m a i n t a i n e d a , n d i t i s u s e f u lt o u s e a
cutting line on drawing 2 1 Ox 2 9 7 m m t e m p l a t e .
cut Print
(3)Fold 2 is a triangularfold started297mm up from the
bottom left-hand corner, so that on the completely
culout ISO 42, 41, A0 folded drawing only the left bottom field, indicated
with a cross,will be punched or clamped.
(4)The drawing is next folded back parallel to side 'a'
u s i n g a 1 8 5x 2 9 8 m m t e m p l a t e .A n y r e m a i n i n ga r e a
is concertina-foldedso as to even out the sheet size
and this leavesthe writing box on the top surface.lf
it is not possibleto have even folds throughout,the
f i n a l f o l d s h o u l d s i m p l y h a l v e t h e a r e a l e f t ( e . 9 .4 1
fold 5, A0 fold 7). Any longer standardformats can be
f o l d e d i n a s i m i l a rw a y .
( 5 )T h e r e s u l t i n gs t r i p s h o u l d b e f o l d e d f r o m s i d e ' b ' t o
g i v e a f i n a l s i z eo f 2 1 0 x 2 9 7m m .
To reinforce holes and filing edges, a piece of A5 size
c a r d b o a r d( 1 4 8x 2 1 0 m m ) c a n b e g l u e d t o t h e b a c k o f t h e
punched part of the drawing.
@ ISO size A3
rl l------lll
tlllll
lr--ll
-qZQ+ wrtinsboxll i
il L__=!ll
L-l:'-..-:=J
C6) lso size as
divisions no. of identical fields bv sheet size
for Ao lnr laz lA3 lA4
a 1t I 8
b 12 I 6 6
!'ilr ir | | |
ni I | |
@ tso rize ll ,', I I
-;<-r-+--{--L-+--l--
i,f _t -t -t -t ol .l
,/ !t !t rl el el :l
*l *t -l -l
l*l
--A-f--l--l--f-

tltll
tllrl

@
@ wffi (pw
oi-"n"iots and scheme for tolding
 DOCUMENTATION AND DRAWINGS
Arrangement

ft
ffiffiffiffi
Leavea 5cm wide blankstrio down the left-
hand edge of the sheet for binding or
H stapling.The writing box on the extreme

#. right + @ should containthe following

details:
( 1 ) t y p e o f d r a w i n g ( s k e t c h p. r e l i m i n a r y

rTr design,design etc.)

(2)type of view or the part of the
building illustrated(layout drawing,

bil ground floor upper floor

plan view, section,elevation,etc.)
(3) scale
(4) dimensions,if necessary.
On drawings used for statutory approvals
(and those used by supervisors during
Irllr li:lr:l::I-:T_:f,
I.&l
L..-Ji;-jJ
l!;;iaur!:ijll
Iffi
+;aliiiiliiaiiiiiti+
{ii.i+a*i*ifr;+
+!n+ifiii'
c o n s t r u c t i o ni )t m i g h t a l s o c o n t a i n :
( 1 ) t h ec l i e n t ' sn a m e ( a n ds i g n a t u r e )

h{ 'l
{ I;.;t-:;l
liian::-,,4|
f!!itr---n::1if
*r+i{aqirt ( 2 ) t h e b u i l d i n gs u p e r v i s o r ' sn a m e ( a n d
f f i f f i
S;*i*+*a
@ . = -
+iiiiidili.di* signature)
layout of joists roof truss layout (3)the main contractor'ssignature
(4)the building supervisor'scomments
(r) Suitable arrangement of a construction drawing
a b o u t i n s p e c t i o na n d t h e b u i l d i n g
'r05010203040 permit (if necessaryon the back of
l| 'r' 'r' |r' 'r' l' |r| lr_r_r- l- -l _l l_ l_ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ | the sheet).
A north-point must be shown on the
(f) Suitatte arrangement ot scate detaits
drawingsfor site layouts,plan views etc.

Scales
The main scale of the drawing must be given in large type in the box for written
details.other scales must be in smaller type and these scales must be repeated
! next to their respectivediagrams.All objectsshould be drawn to scale;where the
-\ d r a w i n gi s n o t t o s c a l et h e d i m e n s i o n sm u s t b e u n d e r l i n e dA. s f a r a s p o s s i b l eu. s e
"g ll'.'"l j t h e f o l l o w i n gs c a l e s :
f o r c o n s t r u c t i odnr a w i n g s 1 : : 1 , 1 : 2 . 5 , 1 : 51,: 1 0 ,1 : 2 0 ,1 : 2 5 ,1 : 5 0 ,1 : 1 0 0 1, : 2 0 01, : 2 E O
f o r s i t e l a y o u t s :1 : 5 0 0 1
, : 1 0 0 01, : 2 0 0 01, : 2 5 0 01, : 5 0 0 01, : j 0 0 0 0 ,1 : 2 5 0 0 0 .
\56,
Measurement Figures and Other lnscriptions
@ In continental Europe, for structural engineering and architectural drawings,
d i m e n s i o n su n d e r 1 m a r e g e n e r a l l yg i v e n i n c m a n d t h o s e a b o v e 1 m i n m .
@ However,recentlythe trend has been to give all dimensions in mm, and this is
+ 0.0 standardpracticein the UK.
chimney stackflues, pressurisedgas pipes and air ducts are shown with their
internal dimensions as a fraction (width over length) and, assuming they are
circular,by the use of the symbol @ for diameter.
Squaredtimber is also shown as a fractionwritten as width over height.
The rise of stairs is shown along the course of the centre-line,with the tread
depth given underneath1+ p. 13).
window and door openingdimensionsare shown,as with stairs,alongthe central

o Standard method of dimensioning an

oddly rhaped plan (measurements
axis.The width is shown above,and the internalheight below,the line (+ p. 13).
Detailsof floor heights and other heights are measuredfrom the finishedfloor
l e v e lo f t h e g r o u n df l o o r ( F F L z: e r o h e i g h tt 0 . 0 0 ) .
given aae sttuctutal dimensionsl
Room numbers are written inside a circle and surfacearea details.in m2. are
displayedin a square or a rectanglej O.
s e c t i o n l i n e s i n p l a n v i e w s a r e d r a w n i n c h a i n d o t l i n e s a n d a r e l a b e l l e dw i t h
capital letters, usually in alphabeticalorder, to indicate where the sectron cuts
t h r o u g ht h e b u i l d i n g .A s w e l l a s s t a n d a r dd i m e n s i o n aal r r o w s- @ o b l i q u ea r r o w s
and extent marks + @ + @ are commonly used. The position of the dimensional
\-7
figures must be such that the viewer,standingin front of the drawing, can read the
d i m e n s i o n sa s e a s i l ya s p o s s i b l ew , i t h o u t h a v i n gt o t u r n t h e d r a w i n g r o u n d ,a n d
v t h e y m u s t b e p r i n t e di n t h e s a m e d i r e c t i o na s t h e d i m e n s i o nl i n e s .
In ground plans

@ +6250++

@ *__ 62so_* F
/:\ | 6250
@ Heights
elevations
as shown in sections and
\1,/
- 5250- h