EG2102

Midsummer Examinations 2016

DO NOT OPEN THE QUESTION PAPER UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO BY

THE CHIEF INVIGILATOR
Department
Engineering
Module Code
EG2102
Module Title
Thermodynamics and Fluid Dynamics
Exam Duration (in words)
TWO AND A HALF HOURS
CHECK YOU HAVE THE CORRECT QUESTION PAPER
Number of Pages
9
Number of Questions
6
Instructions to Candidates
Answers are expected to four questions, one from part A and three from part B. Answers to
only four questions will be marked. Attempted solutions which you do not wish to submit
should be crossed out. If you do attempt more than four questions, and do not identify which
four you want to be marked, only the first four in the answer book will be marked. For each
question, the distribution of marks out of 20 is indicated in brackets.

FOR THIS EXAM YOU ARE ALLOWED TO USE THE FOLLOWING:

Calculators
Permitted calculators are the Casio FX83 and FX85 models Engineering
Data Book
Are students permitted to bring their own Books/Statues/Notes?
No
Additional Stationery
No

PART A (Fluid Dynamics) ANSWER ONE QUESTION FROM PART A

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1. Part A Question 1 [20 marks]

(i) A two-dimensional steady incompressible boundary layer develops over the
photovoltaic panel under a zero pressure gradient. Let u be the streamwise velocity,
U the free-stream velocity, y the normal distance from the panel and the
boundary layer thickness. Use the boundary layer streamwise momentum equation

u u dU 2 u
u +v =U + 2
x y dx y
to show that at y=0
2
u
2
y U ( )
=0

[4 marks]

(ii) Assume that the velocity profile is streamwise self-similar and of the form
u
=a3 3 +a2 2 +a1 +a 0 ,
U
where = y / , and determine the unknowns ( a 0 , a1 , a2 , a3 ) by imposing appropriate
boundary conditions.
[6 marks]

(iii) Using the results from part (b) or otherwise, determine the momentum to
displacement thickness ratio / and compare your results against the ones from
Blasius reported in the Engineering Data Book.
With reference to a practical engineering application, state the importance of a low or
high momentum thickness in engineering design.
[10 marks]

2. Part A Question 2 [20 marks]

The stream function for uniform flow over a circular cylinder of radius R in polar co-ordinates is
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 EG2102

given by the equation

R2
(
=V r sin 1
r2 )
where V is the freestream velocity.

(i) Obtain expressions for the velocity components Vrand V.

[3 marks]

(ii) Determine the locations of the stagnations points on the cylinder surface.
[3 marks]

(iii) The forces acting on the cylinder in the horizontal and vertical directions are given by

2
F x = pR cos d
0

2
F y = pR sin d
0

respectively. Calculate the forces acting on the cylinder.

[10 marks]

(iv) State dAlemberts paradox for a circular cylinder potential flow. How is the paradox
reconciled in a real fluid flow?
[4 marks]

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PART B (Thermodynamics) ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS FROM PART B

3. Part B Question 3 [20 marks]

Use the ideal gas cycle with constant-volume combustion to describe the operation of spark
ignition (SI) engine with a compression ratio of 9, assuming that the ambient pressure P 1 = 100
kPa, ambient temperature T1 = 310 K, maximum cycle pressure P max = 7500 kPa, constant
specific heat capacity cv = 946 J kg-1 K-1 and heat capacity ratio = 1.3.

(i) Sketch the cycle as a pressure-volume (Pv) diagram.

[4 marks]

(ii) Calculate the temperatures and pressures at the ends of the compression stroke, the
combustion process and the power stroke.
[8 marks]

(iii) Calculate the heat rejected from the cycle.

[4 marks]

(iv) Calculate the work output of the cycle.

[4 marks]

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 EG2102

4. Part B Question 4 [20 marks]

Generator engine operates on a simple ideal Brayton cycle. On the basis of an air standard
analysis and assuming the following:
Compressor pressure ratio = 9;
Ambient pressure = 1 bar;
Ambient temperature = 17 C;
Turbine inlet temperature = 1050 K;
Air mass flow rate = 5 kg s-1;
Specific heat cp = 1005 J kg-1 K-1;
Specific heat ratio k = cp/cv = 1.4.

(i) Sketch the cycle on the T-S diagram.

[2 marks]

(ii) Calculate the temperatures at the end of each process.

[4 marks]

(iii) Calculate the specific net work output and power output.
[4 marks]

(iv) Calculate the back work ratio.

[4 marks]

(v) Calculate the Carnot cycle efficiency and the thermal efficiency of the Brayton cycle.
[6 marks]

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5. Part B Question 5 [20 marks]

A simple ideal Rankine cycle uses water as a working fluid. The boiler is operated at 4000 kPa,
and the condenser at 100 kPa. The temperature at the turbine entrance is 500 C. The mass
flow rate of steam is 3 kg s-1.

(i) Sketch the cycle on a temperature entropy (T-s) diagram, assuming that the
expansion is carried out isentropically.
[4 marks]

(ii) Determine the dryness fraction of the expanded steam if the expansion is carried out
isentropically.
[4 marks]

(iii) Determine the rate of heat supply in the boiler and the net power output of the plant,
assuming that the pump work is negligibly small.
[8 marks]

(iv) Estimate the pump power, assuming that the water is incompressible fluid.
[4 marks]

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6. Part B Question 6 [20 marks]

A heat pump operates on the ideal vapour-compression refrigeration cycle and uses refrigerant
R-134a as the working fluid. The temperature of the evaporator is 4 C. The condenser
pressure is 1600 kPa.

(i) Sketch the hardware connection diagram and the temperature-entropy (T-s) diagram
for this heat pump.
[4 marks]

(ii) Calculate the specific work for the compressor.

[6 marks]

(iii) Calculate the heat transfer rate in the condenser and evaporator if the mass flow
rate of the refrigerant is 0.5 kg s-1.
[6 marks]

(iv) Determine the Coefficient of Performance (COP) of the heat pump.

[4 marks]

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Water properties

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Refrigerant R-134a properties

END OF PAPER

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