Saladin: Anatomy & End Matter Appendix A Periodic Table The McGrawHill

Physiology: The Unity of of Elements Companies, 2003

Form and Function, Third
Edition

Appendix A
Periodic Table of the Elements

Nineteenth-century chemists discovered that when they with one valence electron, in family IA. Progressing from
arranged the known elements by atomic weight, certain left to right, the metallic properties of the elements become
properties reappeared periodically. In 1869, Russian less and less pronounced. Elements in family VIIA are
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev published the first modern highly reactive gases called halogens, with seven valence
periodic table of the elements, leaving gaps for those that electrons. Elements in family VIIIA, called noble (inert)
had not yet been discovered. He accurately predicted gases, have a full valence shell of eight electrons, which
properties of the missing elements, which helped other makes them chemically unreactive. Ninety-one of the ele-
chemists discover and isolate them. ments occur naturally on earth. Physicists have created ele-
Each row in the table is a period and each column is a ments up to atomic number 118 in the laboratory, but the
group (family). Each period has one electron shell more International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry has
than the period above it, and as we progress from left to established formal names only through element 109 to date.
right within a period, each element has one more proton The 24 elements with normal roles in human physi-
and electron than the one before. The dark steplike line ology are color-coded according to their relative abun-
from boron (5) to astatine (85) separates the metals to the left dance in the body (see chapter 2). Others, however, may be
of it (except hydrogen) from the nonmetals to the right. Each present as contaminants with very destructive effects
period begins with a soft, light, highly reactive alkali metal, (such as arsenic, lead, and radiation poisoning).

IA VIIIA
1 2
Hydrogen Helium
1 H He
IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA
1.0079 4.0026
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
2 Li Be B C N O F Ne
Transition metals
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.0112 14.0067 15.9994 18.9984 20.179
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
3 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
22.989 24.305
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB 26.9815 28.086 30.9738 32.064 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Period

Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39.098 40.08 44.956 47.90 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.847 58.933 58.71 63.546 65.38 69.723 72.59 74.992 78.96 79.904 83.80
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rubidium Strontium Yitrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
85.468 87.62 88.905 91.22 92.906 95.94 (99) 101.07 102.905 106.4 107.868 112.40 114.82 118.69 121.75 127.60 126.904 131.30
55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
6 Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Ti Pb Bi Po At Rn
132.905 137.34 178.49 180.948 183.85 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.09 196.967 200.59 204.37 207.19 208.980 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109
Francium Radium Rutherfordium Hahnium Seaborgium Neilsbohrium Hassium Meitnerium
7 Fr Ra Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt
(223) (226) (261) (262) (263) (261) (265) (266)
Key
1 Atomic number
5771, Lanthanides Hydrogen Name
57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
H Symbol
Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium 1.0079 Atomic mass
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Percent of human
138.91 140.12 140.907 144.24 144.913 150.35 151.96 157.25 158.925 162.50 164.930 167.26 168.934 173.04 174.97 body (by weight)

98.5% (6 elements)
89 103, Actinides
89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 0.8% (6 elements)
Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 0.7% (12 trace
(227) 232.038 (231) 238.03 (237) 244.064 (243) (247) (247) 242.058 (254) 257.095 258.10 259.10 260.105 elements)

A-1