Index

A ASTM Test Method D2887, 71

Abel closed-cup tester, 2, 24, 33 (table), 73 ASTM Test Method D3143, 5, 7980
automated, 27, 29 (figure) procedure and, 53
design features, 2627 surface film and, 54
manual, 24, 25 (figure), 26 (figure), 2627 test specimens and, 40
See also ISO 13736 ASTM Test Method D3278, 12, 40, 54, 80, 83
Abel, Frederick, 77 flash/no-flash procedure and, 55, 56
Abel-Pensky tester, 73 result reporting and, 56
accepted reference value (ARV), 4647, 47 (table) test specimens and, 41
actual flash point, 47 (table). See also flash point ASTM Test Method D3699, 1
American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 2, 6 ASTM Test Method D3828, 40, 45 (table), 54, 56, 57, 80, 83
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 2, 33. flash/no-flash procedure and, 55
See also ASTM crosscheck programs; specific ASTM speci- simulated distillation and, 71
fications; specific ASTM test methods; ASTM Test Methods ASTM Test Method D3934, 55, 56, 57, 83
apparatus. See test apparatus ASTM Test Method D3941, 12, 40, 54, 80
apparatus design features, 2627 ASTM Test Method D4057, 35, 3637, 38, 39
Arnoboldis tester, 73 ASTM Test Method D4177, 35, 38
asphalts, 63 ASTM Test Method D4206, 12
ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, 51, ASTM Test Method D4485, 88
5455, 63, 6869 ASTM Test Method D56, 2, 5, 9, 25, 26, 60, 79, 87
ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubri- automated testers and, 27
cants, 711, 19, 36, 51, 63, 68, 69, 8588 procedure and, 51, 53, 55
ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard Potential of Chemicals, relative bias and, 68
53, 64 simulated distillation and, 71
ASTM Coordinating Committee on Flash Point, 67 test specimens and, 40
ASTM crosscheck program, 46 verification and quality control and, 44
ASTM Practice D5854, 35, 39 ASTM Test Method D5842, 36
ASTM Practice D6299, 4546 ASTM Test Method D6450, 31, 68, 80
ASTM Research Report D01-1002, 6263 procedure and, 55
ASTM Research Report D02-1214, 63 test specimens and, 40
ASTM Research Report D02-1350, 69 ASTM Test Method D7215, 71
ASTM Research Report E27-1000, 64 ASTM Test Method D7236, 80
ASTM Research Report S15-1007, 67 ASTM Test Method D92, 5, 19, 21, 24, 60, 79, 88
ASTM Research Report S15-1009, 67 automated testers and, 27
ASTM Specification D1655, 8 surface film and, 54
ASTM Specification D2069, 10 (table) test specimens and, 40
ASTM Specification D2880, 8, 10 (table) ASTM Test Method D7094, 6364, 68, 80
ASTM Specification D3699, 10 (table) ASTM Test Method D93, 5, 8, 79, 87
ASTM Specification D396, 911, 10 (table) apparatus instillation and, 43
ASTM Specification D4293, 11 (table) automated testers and, 28
ASTM Specification D4304, 11 (table) calculated precision and, 62 (table)
ASTM Specification D4485, 11 (table) procedure and, 51, 53
ASTM Specification D6158, 11 (table) Procedures A-C, 6062
ASTM Specification D6448, 10 (table) relative bias and, 68, 6970
ASTM Specification D6751, 10 (table) simulated distillation and, 71
ASTM Specification D6823, 10 (table) storage and, 39, 40
ASTM Specification D7223, 10 (table) test procedures and, 1819
ASTM Specification D7467, 10 (table) test specimens and, 40
ASTM Specification D7544, 10 (table) testing apparatus and, 25, 26
ASTM Specification D975, 10 (table) ASTM Test Method E502, 53, 54, 56, 64, 80
ASTM Standard Practice D6300, 5960 ASTM Test Method E681, 17
ASTM Test Method D1310, 12, 24, 6263, 79 ASTM Test Method, D4177, 36
apparatus instillation and, 43 ASTM Test Method, E659, 17, 18
procedure and, 51, 53 ASTM Test Methods, 45 (table), 83. See also specific ASTM
result reporting and, 56 Test Methods
surface film and, 54 Australia, 8 (table)
test specimens and, 40 autoignition, 18

89
90 INDEX

automated apparatus, 2729, 29 (figure), 48 E

versions of dynamic manual testers, 5455 Elliott tester, 74
See also specific testers Energy Institute (London) Test Methods, 80, 83
automatic sample changers, 33 (figure) Englers electric tester, 74
automatic sampling, 35 English language standards for flash point determination,
7981
B equilibrium flash point, 18, 19, 51, 5455, 57 (table)
barometer, 3233 estimating precision, 59
barometric corrections, 56 experimental errors, 59
barrels, 37
Bernsteins tester, 73 F
bias, between flash point determinations, 6769 fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 70
boiling point, and flash point relationship, 7071, 71 (figure) field sample, 35
boiling range, kerosine, 1 finite equilibrium flash point methods, 5455, 57 (table)
boring-sampling technique, 39 flash point masking, 1920, 5354
Brauns modification of the Abel tester, 73 flash point methods. See Committee D02 Specifications;
Brazil, 8 (table) Committee D03 Specifications; specific ASTM Test
Brenken tester, 73 Methods
Bureau of mines modified tester, 73 flash point
definition of, 1, 19
C calculations, 52, 71
calculations, flash point, 56, 71 English language standards for determination, 7981
calibration and standardization, flash point apparatus, 44 history of, 1, 5
Canada, 8 (table) international government regulation and, 7
cans, 37 in the paint and coatings industry, 1214, 1213 (table).
certified reference material (CRM), 4344, 45 (table) See also specific ASTM and ISO standards
check interval, 52, 53 (table) procedures, 1819
check temperature and interval, 5253 relationships, 6771, 71 (figure)
Cleveland open-cup tester (COC), 5, 6, 19, 2122, 22 (figure), significance, 12, 5
23, 24, 33 (table), 73 situations, 1920
automated, 27, 29 (figure) in the United States, 57
bias and, 67 use of, 57
manual, 22 (figure) See also flash/no flash tests; specific ASTM and ISO test
procedure, 5253 methods; test apparatus; test methods; test procedures
See also ASTM Test Method D92 flash/no-flash tests, 55, 56, 57, 8384
closed-cup apparatus, 2427, 25 (figure), 26 (figure), 28 Form and Style for ASTM Standards (ASTM publication), 36
(figure), 33 (table), 54. See also ASTM Test Method D3941; 41 CFR, 7
specific testers 49 CFR, 7
closed-cup methods, 51. See also ASTM Test Method D56; 46 CFR, 7
ASTM Test Method D93; ISO 13736 Foster automatic tester, 74
Coat Guard regulations, 7 France, 8 (table)
Code of Federal Regulation (CFR), United States, 67 fuel specifications, 811, 9 (table), 10 (table), 8687
combustion, 1718
Committee D01 Specifications. See ASTM Committee D01 on G
Paint and Related Coatings gasoline, 70
Committee D02 Specifications. See ASTM Committee D02 on Gaussian distribution curve, 60 (figure)
Petroleum Products and Lubricants glassware, 31
compression ignition, 18 government regulation
Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 7 hazardous material handling and, 2
containers, 3940 international, 7, 8 (table)
continuous closed-cup flash point (CCCFP) testers, 2931, 32 test methods and, 43
(figure), 33, 5556, 68, 7374. See also ASTM Test Method United States, 57
D6450; specific testers Grade No. 1-K, kerosine, 1
corrected flash point, 56 Grade No. 2-K, kerosine, 2
Graniers tester, 74
D Grays tester, 74
Danish tester, 74
determinability, 64 H
drums, 38 Haass modification to Victor Meyers method, 74
dynamic flash point, 18 hazard control, 12
dynamic manual testers, 54 heating rate, 52
dynamic methods, 51 Heumanns modification of Engler tester, 74
 INDEX 91

homogenization, 39 miscellaneous product specifications, 10 (table), 11, 85

horizontal tank sampling, 37 modified continuously closed-cup flash point tester
hydraulic fluid specifications, 9 (table), 11 (table), 85, 87 (MCCCFP), 31, 33, 68. See also ASTM Test Method D709
(table), 8788 Montemayor, Rey, 70

I N
ignition flame size, 52 National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA), United States,
ignition source, 2223, 2526 6
Indiana State tester, 74 New York City Administrative Code 27, 6
industrial lubricant specifications, 9 (table), 11 (table), 85, 87 n-heptane, 6263
(table), 88 n-hexadecane, 44
interlabratory programs, 62 (table) n-tetradecane, 44
International Standards Organization (ISO), 2, 33, 8081.
See also specific ISO test methods O
IP 170, 80 Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA),
IP 34, 80 United States, 5, 6, 7
IP 35, 80 open-cup apparatus, 2124, 24 (figure), 33 (table). See also
IP 403, 80 specific testers
IP 404, 80 open-cup methods, 51, 53. See also ASTM Test Method
IP 491, 83 D92; ASTM Test Method D1310; ASTM Test Method
IP 492, 80 D3143
IP 523, 80
IP 524, 83 P
ISO 13736, 4041, 54, 56 paint, 64. See also paints and coatings
ISO 1516, 8384 paints and coatings, 1214, 1213 (table)
ISO 1523, 80 Parrish-Engler naphthometer, 75
ISO 2592, 81 Parrishs naphthometer, 75
ISO 2719, 81, 87 Peases electric tester, 75
ISO 3679, 81 Pennsylvania Title 37, 6
ISO 3679, 41, 54, 56 Pensky-Martens closed-cup tester (PMCC), 6, 19, 24, 75. See
ISO 3680, 84 also ASTM Test Method D93
ISO 3680, 57 Pensky, Berthold, 78
isokinetic sampling, 35 Pensky-Martens apparatus, 5, 2627, 33 (table), 67. See
also ASTM Test Method D93; Pensky-Martens closed-
J cup tester; Pensky-Martens open-cup tester
Japan, 8 (table) Pensky-Martens open-cup modification (PMOC), 75
Pensky-Martens test method, 54. See ASTM Test Method D93
K Peoples Republic of China, 8 (table)
Keates testers, 74 Petroleum Act (Britain), 2
Kennedy, P. M., 19 pipeline sampling, 3738
kerosine, 13 precision values, 60, 6465
precooling, 4041, 41 (table), 5152
L preventive maintenance, 47
laboratory sample, 35 Procedure A, ASTM Test Method D93, 6061
Lethebys electric tester, 74 Procedure B, ASTM Test Method D93, 61
lower flammable limit (LFL), 17 Procedure C, ASTM Test Method D93, 6162
lower flash materials, 70 procedures. See test procedures
lubricating oil, 60
lubricating oil specifications, 9 (table), 11 (table), 85, 87 R
(table), 88 rail car sampling, 37
Luchaire tester (Luchaire-Finances), 74 rapid equilibrium closed-cup method. See ISO Standard
3679
M rate, 69
Manns lamp apparatus, 74 Reid vapor, 37, 38
manual closed-cup apparatus, 2427, 25 (figure), 26 (figure), relationships. See flash point, relationships
28 (figure) relative bias between test methods, 6869
manual open-cup apparatus, 2124, 24 (figure) repeatability, 61 (table)
Marcusson tester, 75 reporting, 5657
marine cargoes sampling, 3637 reproducibility, 61 (table), 65
Martens, Adolf, 7778 result reporting, 5657
measurement devices, 3132 round robin, 5960
Millspaughs tester, 75 Russian Vniipo tester, 75
92 INDEX

S temperature rise, 69
Salleron-Urbain apparatus, 75 test apparatus, 18, 21 33 (table)
sample stirring, 52, 69 automated, 2729, 29 (figure), 30 (figure)
sample volumes, 33 (table) auxiliary equipment, 3133
sample calibration and standardization, 44
containers, 36 closed-cup, 2427, 25 (figure), 26 (figure), 28 (figure), 29
division, 39 (figure), 30 (figure), 33. See also continuously closed-
field, 35, 3639 cup flash point (CCCFP) tester; specific testers
homogenization, 37 installation, 4344; open-cup, 2124, 24 (figure), 29
laboratory, 35, 4041 (figure), 33. See also Cleveland open-cup tester
precooling, 4041, 41 (table) preventative maintenance, 4748
storage, 40 verification and quality control, 4447
transportation, 3940 See also Abel closed-cup tester; Cleveland open-cup
sampling, 3536 tester; closed-cup apparatus; continuous closed-cup
drums, barrels, and cans and, 37 flash point (CCCFP) testers; modified continuously
equipment, 36 closed-cup flash point tester (MCCCFP); open cup
solids and semisolids and, 3839 apparatus; Setaflash tester; small-scale closed cup
See also sample; test specimens tester; Tag closed-cup tester; Tag open-cup tester;
Saybolts electric tester, 75 specific testers
scope, 73 test cup, 21 2425
secondary working standard (SWS), 45, 46, 47 test methods
semisolid sampling, 3839 errors, 59
Setaflash tester, 2, 6, 7, 21. See also ASTM Test Method estimation, 5960
D3278; small-scale closed-cup tester relative bias, 6869
shipping and safety regulations, 5 requirements, 2729
simulated distillations, 71 specific, 6064
small-scale closed cup tester, 30, 31 (figure), 32 (figure), 54, values, 60, 6465
9596. See also ASTM Test Method D3828; Setaflash tester See also specific ASTM and ISO test methods
solids sampling, 3839 test procedures, 1819, 5156
spontaneous combustion, 18 barometric corrections and, 56
Squires tester, 76 reporting of results, 5657
standards organizations, 23, 6. See also American National test specimens, 35, 4041. See also samples; sampling
Standards Institute (ANSI); American Society for testers operating on a different principle, 2931
Testing and Materials (ASTM); International Standards testing apparatus features, 2627
Organization (ISO) testing cycle time, 52
stirring, 52, 69 testing history, flash point, 1, 5
stoichiometric considerations, 17 33 CFR, 7
storage, sample, 40 29 CFR, 7
subsampling, 4041
surface film formation, 54 U
surface to ignition source distance, 33 (table) Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 6
Sweden, 8 (table), 24 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), former, 7, 8
(table)
T United Kingdom, 8 (table)
Tag closed-cup test methods, 69 United States
Tag closed-cup tester (TAG or TCC), 2, 5, 6, 2124, 23 code organizations, 67
(figure), 24 (figure), 33 (table), 76 government regulation, 2, 57
automated, 30 (figure) standards organizations, 23, 6
manual, 24, 25, 26 (figure), 27 (figure), 28 (figure), 29 tariff-writing organizations, 6
(figure) upper flammable limit (UFL), 17
See also ASTM Test Method D1310; ASTM Test
Method D56 V
Tag open-cup test methods, 51 verification, flash point apparatus, 4446
Tag open-cup tester (TOC), 76. See ASTM Test Method Victor Meyers instrument, 76
D1310; ASTM Test Method D3143 vinyl acetate, 6263
Tagliabue, Charles, 78 viscosity, 69, 70
Tagliabues large closed tester, 76 viscous materials, 41
Taglabues original small closed tester, 76
tank sampling, 37 W
temperature measurement, 2324, 26 Wisconsin tester, 76
temperature range, 51 Wray, H. A., 2