ANSYS Explicit Dynamics Material Models

Chapter 9
Material Models
ANSYS Explicit Dynamics
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

2009 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. 9-1 Inventory #002665
Material Models
Material Behavior Under Dynamic Loading Training Manual
In general, materials have a complex response to dynamic loading

The following phenomena may need to be modelled
Non-linear pressure response
Strain hardening
Strain rate hardening
Thermal softening
Compaction (porous materials)
Orthotropic behavior (e.g. composites)
Crushing damage (e.g. ceramics, glass, geological materials, concrete)
Chemical energy deposition (e.g. explosives)
Tensile failure
Phase changes (solid-liquid-gas)
No single material model incorporates all of these effects

Engineering Data offers a selection of models from which you can choose
based on the material(s) present in your simulation
Material Models
Modeling Provided By Engineering Data Training Manual

Material Models
Material Deformation Training Manual
Material deformation can be split into two independent parts

Volumetric Response - changes in volume (pressure)
Equation of state (EOS)
Deviatoric Response - changes in shape
Strength model
Also, it is often necessary to specify a Failure model as materials
can only sustain limited amount of stress / deformation before they
break / crack / cavitate (fluids).
Change in Change in
Volume Shape

Material Models
Principal Stresses Training Manual
A stress state in 3D can be described by a tensor with six stress

components
Components depend on the orientation of the coordinate system used.
The stress tensor itself is a physical quantity

Independent of the coordinate system used
When the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with the

eigenvectors of the stress tensor, the stress tensor is represented by
a diagonal matrix
where 1, 2 , and 3, are the principal stresses (eigenvalues).
The principal stresses may be combined to form the first, second and
third stress invariants, respectively.
Because of its simplicity, working and thinking in the principal

coordinate system is often used in the formulation of material models.

Material Models
Elastic Response Training Manual
For linear elasticity, stresses are given by Hookes law :
where and G are the Lame constants (G is also known as the Shear Modulus)
The principal stresses can be decomposed into a hydrostatic and

a deviatoric component :
where P is the pressure and si are the stress deviators
Then :

Material Models
Non-linear Response Training Manual
Many applications involve stresses considerably beyond the elastic

limit and so require more complex material models
Hookes Law Generalized Non-Linear

Response
Equation of State
Strength Model
Failure Model i (max,min) = f

Material Models
Models Available for Explicit Dynamics Training Manual
AUTODYN
Equation of State
Strength Model
Failure Model

Material Models
Elastic Constants Training Manual
Shear Youngs Poissons Bulk

Modulus G Modulus E Ratio n Modulus K
Shear Modulus E - 2G GE
Youngs Modulus 2G 3 (3G - E)
Shear Modulus 2G (1 + n)
2G (1 + n)
Poissons Ratio 3 (1 - 2n)
Shear Modulus 9KG 3K - 2G
Bulk Modulus 3K + G 2 (3K + G)
Youngs Modulus E E
Poissons Ratio 2 (1+ n) 3 (1 - 2n)
Youngs Modulus 3EK 3K - E
Bulk Modulus 9K - E 6K
Poissons Ratio 3K (1 - 2n) 3K (1 - 2n)
Bulk Modulus 2 (1 + n)

Material Models
Physical and Thermal Properties Training Manual
Density
All material must have a valid
density defined for Explicit
Dynamics simulations.
The density property defines the

initial Mass / unit volume of a
material at time zero
This property is automatically
included in all models
Specific Heat
This is required to calculate the
temperature used in material models
that include thermal softening
This property is automatically
included in thermal softening models

Material Models
Linear Elastic Training Manual
Isotropic Elasticity
Used to define linear elastic material
behavior
suitable for most materials subjected to

low compressions.
Properties defined
Youngs Modulus (E)

Poissons Ratio ()
From the defined properties, Bulk modulus

and Shear modulus are derived for use in
the material solutions.
Temperature dependence of the linear

elastic properties is not available for explicit
dynamics

Material Models
Orthotropic Elasticity
Used to define linear orthotropic elastic
material behavior
suitable for most orthotropic materials

subjected to low compressions.
Properties defined
Youngs Modulii (Ex, Ey, Ez)

Poissons Ratios (xy, yz, xz)
Shear Modulii (Gxy, Gyz, Gxz)
Temperature dependence of the properties

is not available for explicit dynamics

Material Models
Viscoelastic
Represents strain rate dependent elastic behavior
Long term behavior is described by a Long Term

Shear Modulus, G.
Specified via an Isotropic Elasticity model or
Equation OF State
Viscoelastic behavior is introduced via an

Instantaneous Shear Modulus, G0 and a
Viscoelastic Decay Constant .
The deviatoric viscoelastic stress at time n+1 is

calculated from the viscoelastic stress at time n
and the shear strain increments at time n:
Deviatoric viscoelastic stress is added to the

elastic stress to give the total stress
Material Models
Viscoelastic
= Constant = Constant
Strain
Stress
Time Time
Stress Relaxation Creep

Material Models
Hyperelastic Training Manual
Several forms of strain energy potential () are

provided for the simulation of nearly
incompressible hyperelastic materials.

Forms are generally applicable over different

ranges of strain.
6.00
Tensile tests on vulcanised rubber

5.00
Mooney-Rivlin
Arruda-Boyce
4.00 Ogden
Eng. Stress (MPa)
Treloar Experiments
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Eng. Strain
Need to verify the applicability of the model

chosen prior to use.
Currently hyperelastic materials may only be
used for solid elements
Material Models
Hyperelastic Training Manual
Examples of Hyperelasticity

Material Models
Plasticity Training Manual
If a material is loaded elastically and subsequently unloaded, all the distortion energy is
recovered and the material reverts to its initial configuration.
If the distortion is too great a material will reach its elastic limit and begin to distort plastically.
In Explicit Dynamics, plastic deformation is computed by reference to the Von Mises yield
criterion (also known as PrandtlReuss yield criterion) . This states that the local yield
condition is
where Y is the yield stress in simple tension. It can be also written as
or
(since )
Thus the onset of yielding (plastic flow), is purely a function of the deviatoric stresses
(distortion) and does not depend upon the value of the local hydrostatic pressure unless the
yield stress itself is a function of pressure (as is the case for some of the strength models).

Material Models
If an incremental change in the stresses

violates the Von Mises criterion then
each of the principal stress deviators
must be adjusted such that the criterion
is satisfied.
If a new stress state n + 1 is calculated
from a state n and found to fall outside
the yield surface, it is brought back to the
yield surface along a line normal to the
yield surface by multiplying each of the
stress deviators by the factor
By adjusting the stresses perpendicular

to the yield circle only the plastic
components of the stresses are affected.
Effects such as work hardening, strain

rate hardening, thermal softening, e.t.c.
can be considered by making Y a
dynamic function of these

Material Models
Bilinear Isotropic / Kinematic Hardening

Used to define the yield stress (Y) as a linear function
of plastic strain, p
Properties defined
Yield Strength (Y0)

Tangent Modulus (A)
Isotropic Hardening
Total stress range is twice the maximum yield stress, Y
Kinematic Hardening
Total stress range is twice the starting yield stress, Y0

Models Bauschinger effect
Often required to accurately predict response of thin
structure (shells)
Material Models
Isotropic vs Kinematic Hardening
2 2
Current Yield surface
1 1
Initial Yield surface
Isentropic Hardening (3 = 0) Kinematic Hardening (3 = 0)

Material Models
Multilinear Isotropic / Kinematic Hardening

Used to define the yield stress (Y) as a
piecewise linear function of plastic strain, p
Properties defined
Up to ten stress-strain pairs
Isotropic Hardening
Total stress range is twice the maximum yield
stress, Y
Kinematic Hardening
Can only be used with solid elements

Material Models
Johnson Cook Strength

Used to model materials, typically metals, subjected to
large strains, high strain rates and high temperatures.
Defines the yield stress, Y, as a function of strain, strain rate

and temperature
p = effective plastic strain

p* = normalized effective plastic strain rate (1.0 sec-1)
TH = homologous temperature = (T - Troom) / (Tmelt - Troom)
The plastic flow algorithm used with this model has an

option to reduce high frequency oscillations that are
sometimes observed in the yield surface under high
strain rates. A first order rate correction is applied by
default.
A specific heat capacity must also be defined to enable

the calculation of temperature for thermal softening
effects

Material Models
Effects of Strain Hardening (Johnson-Cook Model)

Hypervelocity Impact
Normal impact of tungsten

sphere on thick steel plate
at 10 kms-1
Lagrange Parts used with
erosion
Johnson-Cook strength
model used to model
effects of strain hardening,
strain-rate hardening and
thermal softening
including melting

Material Models
Cowper Symonds Strength

Used to define the yield strength of isotropic
strain hardening, strain rate dependant materials.
Hardening term is same as that used in the Johnson

Cook Model
Strain rate dependent term has different form
No thermal softening term
The plastic flow algorithm used with this model

has an option to reduce high frequency
oscillations that are sometimes observed in the
yield surface under high strain rates. A first order
rate correction is applied by default.
Strain rate properties should be input assuming
that the units of strain rate are 1/second.

Material Models
Steinberg Guinan Strength

Computes the shear modulus and yield strength as functions
of effective plastic strain, pressure and internal energy
(temperature)
Fits experimental data on shock-induced free surface
velocities
Yield Stress and Shear modulus increase with increasing
pressure and decreases with increasing temperature
Yield stress reaches a maximum value which is subsequently
strain rate independent.
subject to Y0 [1 + ]n Ymax
= effective plastic strain

t = temperature (degrees K)
= compression = v0 / v
Primed parameters (with subscripts P and ) are derivatives

with respect to pressure and temperature
Constants for 14 metals in the library.

Material Models
Zerilli Armstrong Strength

Used to model materials subjected to large strains, high strain rates
and high temperatures.
Based on dislocation dynamics.

Applicable to a wide range of bcc (body centered cubic) and fcc (face
centered cubic) metals.
bcc
fcc
For fcc metals (e.g. Copper, Nickel, Platinum ),

set C1 = 0
For bcc metals (e.g. Iron, Chromium, Tungsten,
Vanadium), set C2 = 0
A specific heat capacity must also be defined

to enable the calculation of temperature for
thermal softening effects

Material Models
Brittle / Granular Training Manual
Drucker-Prager Strength
Yield stress is a function of Pressure
Used for dry soils, rocks, concrete and

ceramics where cohesion and compaction
cause increasing resistance to shear up to a
limiting value of the yield stress.
Three forms
Linear
Original Drucker-Prager model
Stassi
Constructed from yield strengths
in uniaxial compresion and tension
Piecewise
Yield stress is a piecewise linear
function of pressure

Material Models
Johnson-Holmquist Strength
Use to model brittle materials (glass,
ceramics) subjected to large pressures,
shear strain and high strain rates
Combined plasticity and damage model
Yielding is based on micro-crack growth

instead of dislocation movement (metallic
plasticity)
Fully cracked material still retains some

strength in compression due to frictional
effects in crushed grains
Yield reduced from intact value to

fractured value via a Damage function
Damage accumulates due to effective
plastic strain

Material Models
Johnson-Holmquist Strength Continuous (JH2)

Strength is modeled as smoothly varying functions of
intact strength, fractured strength, strain rate and
damage via dimensionless analytic functions
Damage is accumulated as ratio of incremental

plastic strain over a pressure-dependant fracture
strain
Two methods for application of damage
Gradual (default)
Damage is incrementally applied as it accumulates
Instantaneous
Damage accumulates over time, but is only applied to failure
when it reaches 1.0
Can be used with a Linear or Polynomial Equation of

State

Material Models
Johnson-Holmquist Strength Segmented (JH1)

Strength is modeled using piecewise linear segments
Damage is always applied instantaneously

Damage accumulates over time, but is only applied to failure
when it reaches 1.0
Can be used with a Linear or Polynomial Equation of

State
The gradual softening in the more recent continuous

model (JH2) has not been supported by experimental
data, so this earlier variant is still commonly used

Material Models
Johnson-Holmquist Strength Segmented

Example: Penetrator dwell
High Velocity Low Velocity Medium (Dwell) Velocity

Material Models
RHT Concrete Strength

Advanced plasticity model for brittle materials developed by Riedel,
Hiermaier and Thoma at the Ernst Mach Institute (EMI)
Models dynamic loading of concrete and other brittle materials such
as rock and ceramic.
Combined plasticity and shear damage model in which the deviatoric
stress in the material is limited by a generalised failure surface of the
form:
Represents the following response of geological materials

Pressure hardening
Strain hardening
Strain rate hardening in tension and compression
Third invariant dependence for compressive and tensile meridians
Strain softening (shear induced damage)
Coupling of damage due to porous collapse
Input can be scaled with compressive strength, fc

Data for 35MPa and 140MPa in the distributed material library

Material Models
RHT Concrete Strength

Examples
Impact onto plain concrete
Impact onto reinforced concrete

Material Models
MO Granular
Extension of the Drucker-Prager model
Takes into account effects associated with granular materials such as
powders, soil, and sand.
In addition to pressure hardening, the model also represents density

hardening and variations in the shear modulus with density.
Yield stress has two components, one dependent on the density

and one dependent of the pressure
Where Y , p , and denote the total yield stress, the pressure yield
stress and the density yield stress respectively.
The un-load / re-load slope is defined by the shear modulus

which is defined as a function of the density of the material at
zero pressure
The yield stress is defined by a yield stress pressure and a
yield stress density curve with up to 10 points in each curve.
The shear modulus is defined by a shear modulus density
curve with up to 10 points.
All three curves must be defined.

Material Models
Equation of State Training Manual
Equation of State Properties

Bulk Modulus
A bulk modulus can be used to define a linear,
energy independent equation of state
Combined with a Shear modulus property, this material

definition is equivalent to using an Isotropic Linear
Elastic, model
Shear Modulus
A shear modulus must be used when a solid or
porous equation of state are selected.

To represent fluids, specify a small value.

Material Models
Equation Of State Training Manual
Mei-Gruneisen form of Equation of State

Covers entire (p,v=1/,e) space using a 1st order Taylor expansion
from a reference curve
Reference Curves
The shock Hugoniot
A standard adiabat
The 0 K isotherm
The isobar p = 0
The curve e = 0
The saturation curve

Material Models
Polynomial EOS
A Mie-Gruneisen form of equation of state that expresses
pressure as a polynomial function of compression
(density)
> 0 (compression):
< 0 (tension):
Commonly found in early papers

Shock EOS is more commonly used today
Material Models
Shock EOS
A Mie-Gruneisen form of EOS that uses the shock
Hugoniot as a reference curve
The Rankine-Hugoniot equations for the shock jump
conditions defining a relation between any pair of the
variables (density), p (pressure), e (energy), up (particle
velocity) and Us (shock velocity).
Us - up space is used to define the Hugoniot
In many dynamic experiments, measuring up and Us, it has

been found that for most solids and many liquids over a wide
range of pressure there is an empirical linear relationship
between these two variables:
Us = C1 + S1up
Gruneisen Coefficient, , is often approximated using
= 2s1 - 1

Material Models
Shock EOS Linear

Lets you define a linear or a quadratic relationship
Us = C1 + S1Up
Us = C1 + S1Up + S2Up2
Shock EOS Bilinear
Lets you define a bilinear relationship

Material Models
Porosity Training Manual
Some materials exhibit irreversible compaction

due to pore collapse
Examples
Foam
Powders
Concrete
Soils
Porous materials are extremely effective in

attenuating shocks and mitigating impact
pressures.
Compact to solid density at relatively low stress
levels
Volume change is large
Significant amount of energy is irreversibly
absorbed
Four models are available in Explicit Dynamics

Material Models
Crushable Foam
Relatively simple strength model designed to represent
the crush characteristics of foam materials under impact
loading conditions (non-cyclic loading).
Must be used with Isotropic Elasticity

automatically included
Compaction curve is defined as a piecewise linear

principal stress vs volumetric strain curve.
Youngs Modulus, E, is used for unloading / re-loading
Maximum Tensile Stress provides a tension cutoff

Material Models
Compaction EOS Linear

Plastic compaction path is defined as a piecewise
linear function of Pressure vs Density
The elastic unloading / reloading path is defined

via a piecewise linear function of Sound Speed vs
Density
The Bulk Modulus of the material is calculated from
Model can be combined with a variety of strength

and failure models

Material Models
Compaction EOS Non-Linear

Plastic compaction path is defined as a piecewise
linear function of Pressure vs Density
Elastic unloading / reloading path is defined via a

piecewise linear function of Bulk Modulus vs
Density
For Non-Linear unloading, if the current pressure is

less than the current compaction pressure, the
pressure is obtained from the bulk modulus using:

Material Models
P-alpha EOS
Crushable Foam and Compaction EOS give good results for low
stress levels and for materials with low initial porosities, but they
may not do well for highly porous materials over a wide stress
range
Herrmanns P- alpha EOS is a phenomenological model which
gives the correct behavior at high stresses but at the same time
provides a reasonably detailed description of the compaction
process at low stress levels.
Principal assumption is that specific internal energy is the same for
a porous material as for the same material at solid density at
identical conditions of pressure and temperature.
Solid EOS
Porous EOS
where V is the specific volume of the porous material and Vs is the

specific volume of the solid material
= g (p,e) (fitted to experimental data)

Material Models
Failure Training Manual
Material failure has two components

Failure initiation
When specified criteria are met within a material, a

post failure response is activated
Post failure response
After failure initiation, subsequent strength

characteristics will change depending on the type of
failure model
Instantaneous Failure
Deviatoric stresses are immediately set to zero and remain so

Only compressive pressures are supported
Gradual Failure (Damage)
Stresses are limited by a damage evolution law

Gradual reduction in capability to carry deviatoric and / or
tensile stresses

Material Models
Plastic Strain Failure

Models ductile failure
Failure occurs if the Effective Plastic Strain in the

material exceeds the Maximum Equivalent Plastic
Strain
Material fails instantaneously
This failure model must be used in conjunction with

a plasticity or brittle strength model

Material Models
Principal Stress / Strain Failure

Models brittle failure or ductile failure (Strain only)
Failure is based on one of two criteria

Maximum Tensile Stress / Principal Strain
Maximum Shear Stress / Shear Strain

from the maximum difference in the principal stresses / strains
Failure is initiated when either criteria is met

Material fails instantaneously
If used in conjunction with a plasticity model, deactivate

Maximum Shear Stress / Strain criteria
specify a value of +1.0e20
then shear response is handled by the plasticity model.
Crack Softening Failure can be combined with these model

for fracture energy based softening

Material Models
Stochastic Failure
Real materials have inherent microscopic flaws, which
cause failures and cracking to initiate. Stochastic Failure
reproduces this numerically by randomizing the Failure
stress or strain of a material
Can be used with most other failure models
Mott distribution is used to define the variance in failure

stress or strain.
Stochastic Variance must be specified
Distribution Type
Fixed
The same random distribution is used for each Solve
Random
A new distribution is calculated for each Solve

Material Models
Stochastic Failure
Example: Fragmenting Ring

Material Models
Tensile Pressure Failure

Used to represent dynamic spall (or cavitation)
Tensile pressure is limited by
If the pressure (P) becomes less than the Maximum

Tensile Pressure (Pmin), failure occurs
Material instantaneously fails.
If Material also uses damage evolution, the

Maximum Tensile Pressure is scaled down as the
damage, D, increases from 0.0 to 1.0
Can only be applied to solid bodies.
Can be combined with Crack Softening Failure to
invoke fracture energy based softening

Material Models
Tensile Pressure Failure

Example: Dynamic Spall

Material Models
Crack Softening Failure

Fracture energy based damage model which provides a gradual reduction in the
ability of an element to carry tensile stress.
Primarily used to investigate failure of brittle materials
Applied to other materials to reduce mesh dependency effects.
Failure initiation based on any of the standard tensile failure models
On failure initiation, a linear softening slope is used to reduce the maximum possible
principal tensile stress in the material as a function of crack strain
Softening slope is defined as a function of the local cell size and the Fracture Energy Gf
Fracture energy is related to the fracture toughness by Kf2 = EGf
After failure initiation, a maximum principal tensile stress failure surface is defined to
limit the maximum principal tensile stress in the cell and a Flow Rule is used to
return to this surface and accumulate the crack strain
Flow Rule:
No-Bulking (Default)
Associative in -plane only
Good results for impacts onto brittle materials such as glass, ceramics and concrete
Radial Return
Non-associative in - and meridional planes
Bulking Associative
Associative in - and meridional planes
Can only be used with Solid elements

Can be used in combination with any solid equation of state, plasticity model or
brittle strength model.

Material Models
Example : Impact on Ceramic Target

1449m/s impact of a 6.35mm diameter steel
ball on a ceramic target
Johnson-Holmquist Strength model used in
conjunction with Crack Softening
Simulation
Experiment (Hazell)

Material Models
Johnson Cook Failure

Used to model ductile failure of materials
experiencing large pressures, strain rates and
temperatures.
Consists of three independent terms that define
the dynamic fracture strain (f) as a function of
pressure, strain rate and temperature:

Material Models
Grady Spall Failure

Used to model dynamic spallation of metals under shock
loading.
Critical spall stress for a ductile material is calculated
using:
is the density
c is the bulk sound speed
Y is the yield stress
c is a Critical Strain Value
If maximum principal tensile stress exceeds the critical

spall stress (S), instantaneous failure of the element is
initiated.
Typical value for the Critical Strain is 0.15 for Aluminum.
Must be used in conjunction with a Plasticity model
Material Models
Workshop 8 1D Shock Propagation Training Manual
Goal:
Simulate the propagation of a 1-D shock wave
Procedure:
Restore the Explicit Dynamics (ANSYS) Project Shock_1D
Review the predefined loading and boundary conditions
Set-up the postprocessing result items and run the simulation
Review the Result Tracker, Probe, and Profile Path results


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Chapter 9

ANSYS Explicit Dynamics

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

In general, materials have a complex response to dynamic loading

No single material model incorporates all of these effects

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

Material deformation can be split into two independent parts

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

A stress state in 3D can be described by a tensor with six stress

The stress tensor itself is a physical quantity

When the coordinate system is chosen to coincide with the

where 1, 2 , and 3, are the principal stresses (eigenvalues).

Because of its simplicity, working and thinking in the principal

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

For linear elasticity, stresses are given by Hookes law :

The principal stresses can be decomposed into a hydrostatic and

where P is the pressure and si are the stress deviators

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary February 27, 2009

Many applications involve stresses considerably beyond the elastic

Hookes Law Generalized Non-Linear

Failure Model i (max,min) = f

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Shear Youngs Poissons Bulk

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The density property defines the

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suitable for most materials subjected to

Youngs Modulus (E)

From the defined properties, Bulk modulus

Temperature dependence of the linear

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suitable for most orthotropic materials

Youngs Modulii (Ex, Ey, Ez)

Temperature dependence of the properties

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Long term behavior is described by a Long Term

Viscoelastic behavior is introduced via an

The deviatoric viscoelastic stress at time n+1 is

Deviatoric viscoelastic stress is added to the

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Several forms of strain energy potential () are

Forms are generally applicable over different

Tensile tests on vulcanised rubber

Need to verify the applicability of the model

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where Y is the yield stress in simple tension. It can be also written as

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If an incremental change in the stresses

By adjusting the stresses perpendicular

Effects such as work hardening, strain

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Bilinear Isotropic / Kinematic Hardening

Yield Strength (Y0)

Total stress range is twice the maximum yield stress, Y

Total stress range is twice the starting yield stress, Y0

Isotropic vs Kinematic Hardening

Initial Yield surface

Isentropic Hardening (3 = 0) Kinematic Hardening (3 = 0)

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Multilinear Isotropic / Kinematic Hardening

Up to ten stress-strain pairs

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Johnson Cook Strength