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H0: 1=2=3=. . . = k
Ha: Not all population means are equal
If H0 is rejected, we cannot conclude that all
population means are different.
Rejecting H0 means that at least two population
means have different values.
Slide 1
Assumptions for Analysis of Variance
Slide 2
Analysis of Variance:
Testing for the Equality of K Population Means
Between-Samples Estimate of Population Variance
Within-Samples Estimate of Population Variance
Comparing the Variance Estimates: The F Test
The ANOVA Table
Slide 3
Between-Samples Estimate
of Population Variance
A between-samples estimate of 2 is called the mean
square between (MSB).
k
n (x
j 1
j j x )2
MSB
k 1
The numerator of MSB is called the sum of squares
between (SSB).
The denominator of MSB represents the degrees of
freedom associated with SSB.
Slide 4
Within-Samples Estimate
of Population Variance
The estimate of 2 based on the variation of the
sample observations within each sample is called the
mean square within (MSW).
k
2
(n j 1) s 2j
j1
MSW
nT k
The numerator of MSW is called the sum of squares
within (SSW).
The denominator of MSW represents the degrees of
freedom associated with SSW.
Slide 5
Comparing the Variance Estimates: The F Test
Slide 6
Test for the Equality of k Population Means
Hypotheses
H0: 1=2=3=. . . = k
Ha: Not all population means are equal
Test Statistic
F = MSB/MSW
Rejection Rule
Reject H0 if F > F
where the value of F is based on an F distribution
with k - 1 numerator degrees of freedom and nT - 1
denominator degrees of freedom.
Slide 7
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
J. R. Reed would like to know if the mean number of
hours worked per week is the same for the department
managers at her three manufacturing plants (Buffalo,
Pittsburgh, and Detroit).
A simple random sample of 5 managers from each of
the three plants was taken and the number of hours
worked by each manager for the previous week is
shown on the next slide.
Slide 8
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
Plant 1 Plant 2 Plant 3
Observation Buffalo Pittsburgh Detroit
1 48 73 51
2 54 63 63
3 57 66 61
4 54 64 54
5 62 74 56
Sample Mean 55 68 57
Sample Variance 26.0 26.5 24.5
Slide 9
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
Hypotheses
H0: 1= 2= 3
Ha: Not all the means are equal
where:
1 = mean number of hours worked per
week by the managers at Plant 1
2 = mean number of hours worked per
week by the managers at Plant 2
3 = mean number of hours worked per
week by the managers at Plant 3
Slide 10
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
Mean Square Between
Since the sample sizes are all equal
x= = (55 + 68 + 57)/3 = 60
SSB = 5(55 - 60)2 + 5(68 - 60)2 + 5(57 - 60)2 = 490
MSB = 490/(3 - 1) = 245
Mean Square Within
SSW = 4(26.0) + 4(26.5) + 4(24.5) = 308
MSW = 308/(15 - 3) = 25.667
Slide 11
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
F - Test
If H0 is true, the ratio MSB/MSW should be near 1
since both MSB and MSW are estimating 2. If Ha
is true, the ratio should be significantly larger than
1 since MSB tends to overestimate 2.
Rejection Rule
Assuming = .05, F.05 = 3.89 (2 d.f. numerator,
12 d.f. denominator). Reject H0 if F > 3.89
Slide 12
Example: Reed Manufacturing
Analysis of Variance
Test Statistic
F = MSB/MSW = 245/25.667 = 9.55
Conclusion
F = 9.55 > F.05 = 3.89, so we reject H0. The mean
number of hours worked per week by department
managers is not the same at each plant.
Slide 13
Example
Economic position of Household Reference Person
Unoc -
Ret unoc
Self- Fulltime Pt under
Unempl. over min
employed employee employee min ni
ni age
age TOTAL
EFS: Total
Alcoholic Mean 18.56 14.64 12.39 19.48 7.34 11.99 12.67
Beverages,
Tobacco
St. Dev. 19.0 18.5 15.0 19.7 14.6 19.1 17.8
Overall mean x
TOTAL VARIATION
Target variable
Factor